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PubMed1996

Chlorinated pesticides and PCB content in thermal aquaculture of sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii).

One hundred sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) with an initial weight of about 80 g each were fed on wet pellets (3% of live weight) for about 2 years and bred in part of the cooling water of a thermoelectric power station. Every 3 months five fish were sacrified and muscle samples were collected. Pesticide and PCB concentrations were measured by high resolution gas chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the multiple ion detection mode. The mean levels of PCBs and DDT metabolites after 24 months of breeding were 28.4 +/- 2.1 micrograms/kg d.w. respectively. Values were negligible compared with those observed in other fish species living in the River Po. Furthermore, a remarkable growth of fishes was observed owing to the use of cooling water.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Serodiagnosis of haemonchosis with a somatic antigen (Hc26) in several breeds of sheep.

Sera from 53 sheep belonging to Castellano, Churro, Manchego, and Merino breeds were analyzed to test the diagnostic value of a 26-kD antigen from adult Haemonchus contortus at prepatency and early and late patency of experimental haemonchosis. Animals that received zero, 1, or 2 infections with the parasite were tested. In addition, sera from 20 experimentally infected and 10 noninfected Texel sheep were used to test the antigen. Sera from 37 infected animals at prepatency as well as at patency in primary and secondary infection were found positive with the 26-kD antigen. However, sera from 10 animals with the lowest worm burdens (second infection) did not recognize the antigen during early patency (day 28 postinfection). IgG1 was the only isotype implicated in antigen recognition because IgG2, IgA, and IgM, in the same sera, showed no reactivity with the peptide. Antigen specificity was confirmed because hyperimmune sera against infective larvae and adult stages of the most common gastrointestinal nematodes found in natural infections in sheep (Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Teladorsagia circumcincta) did not recognize this peptide. The antigen was recognized only by anti-adult H. contortus hyperimmune sera and appeared to be absent in the L3 parasite stage. In addition, the partial N-terminal amino acid sequence of the diagnostic peptide is reported.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Characteristics of the menstrual cycle in nonhuman primates. IV. Timed mating in Macaca nemestrina.

The events of the perineal swelling cycle in Macaca nemestrina have been correlated with the optimal time for conception. The mean cycle length of the animals was 32.8 days with the follicular and luteal phases of the cycle 17.6-19.2 and 13.6-15.2 days respectively. The time of ovulation, relative to the tumescence peak, ranged from 1 to 13 days. The optimal time for mating, based on the ratio between day of breeding and cycle length was 0.46, a value comparable with similar calculations for other macaque species.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

The durable resistance gene Tm-22 remains partially resistant to tomato brown rugose fruit virus.

The tomato Tm-22 gene is a highly effective, and durable resistance gene in agriculture that has protected tomato production against viruses of the Tobamovirus genus, such as tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) for over 60 years. This dominant R gene, originally sourced from wild tomato species (Solanum peruvianum), acts by recognizing the viral movement protein (MP) and triggering an immune response, often resulting in extreme resistance (ER). However, this durable protection is challenged by a recently emerged new tobamovirus named tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV, Tobamovirus fructirugosum). ToBRFV-encoded MP is responsible for ER breakdown. Here, we present evidence that while ToBRFV can evade Tm-22-mediated ER, Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato plants carrying Tm-22 still remain partially resistant to ToBRFV. We show that ToBRFV MP is recognized by and interacts with Tm-22 to trigger an attenuated hypersensitive response. Moreover, we discover that overexpression of Tm-22 can enhance resistance to ToBRFV. These findings demonstrate the practical value of Tm-22 in ongoing resistance breeding programs and open a potential avenue to restore Tm-22 immunity through upregulation of Tm-22 expression.

Solanum lycopersicum↗

PubMed2005

Seed-specific expression of the lysine-rich protein gene sb401 significantly increases both lysine and total protein content in maize seeds.

The sb401 gene from potato (Solanum berthaultii) encoding a pollen-specific protein with high lysine content was successfully integrated into the genome of maize plants, and its expression was correlated with increased levels of lysine and total protein content in maize seeds. A plasmid vector containing the sb401 gene under the control of a maize seed-specific expression storage protein promoter (P19z) was constructed and introduced into maize calli by microprojectile bombardment. The integration of the sb401 gene into the maize genome was confirmed by Southern blot analysis, and its expression was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Quantification of the lysine and protein contents in R1 maize seeds showed that, compared with the nontransgenic maize control, the lysine content increased by 16.1% to 54.8% and the total protein content increased by 11.6% to 39.0%. There were no visible morphological changes in the vegetative parts and seeds of the transgenic maize plants. Lysine and protein analysis of the transgenic maize grains showed that the levels of lysine and total protein remained high for six continuous generations, indicating that the elevated lysine and total protein levels were heritable. These results indicate that the sb401 gene could be successfully employed in breeding programs aimed at improving the nutritional value of maize.

Consumer Product Safety↗

PubMed1991

[Hemocytological and hemobiochemical studies in black pied, clinically healthy breeding calves in Morocco].

In the following study, normal blood values were performed on 58 Friesian calves (30 males and 28 females) under preexisting Moroccan management conditions. The following parameters were evaluated: pH-value, p.CO2, actual HCO3, BE, BB, RBC, WBC, PCV, Hb, MCV, MCHC, Glucose, lactate, urea, creatinine, total protein, total bilirubin, enzyme activities of AST and GGT and electrolyte-values (Na, K, Cl). The values of all parameters varied significantly with age with the exception of MCV, MCHC and K. The female calves presented higher values of act. HCO3, BE, BB, Hb, PCV and MCV than the male calves (p less than 0.01). The calves were born in mixed acidosis stage which was largely restored 24 hours later. At the weaning, the calves showed a slight metabolic acidosis with a partial respiratory compensation. The metabolic acidosis was accompanied with an increase of lactate level in blood plasma. During the first month of life, the development of an anaemia (PCV decreased) was observed. The mean values of glucose and total protein increased after colostrum intake, whereas the electrolyte values in blood plasma decreased. In general, the mean values of lactate, creatinine, urea, total bilirubin and the activities of AST and GGT decreased with age, while glucose and total protein remained nearly unchanged. The age and the sex should be taken in consideration judging the above mentioned parameters in a new born calf from birth to weaning (here: two months).

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗

PubMed1990

Treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis in cattle: 11 cases (1974-1988).

A mixed population of 11 cattle (7 dairy, 4 beef; 9 male, 2 female) were examined because of acute onset of non-weightbearing hind limb lameness. Radiography revealed slipped capital femoral epiphyseal fracture in all cattle, with the exception of one large bull. Ten of the 11 cattle were treated with open reduction and internal fixation, using intramedullary pins. Cattle affected with slipped capital femoral epiphyseal fracture in previous reports typically have been calves that required forced extraction during dystocia. Cattle in this report were in the following 2 age groups in which trauma was the likely cause: 3 to 5 months and 1.5 to 2.3 years. Follow-up information was provided for 7 of the 10 cattle. Four of the 7 were functional and had no clinical signs of arthritis, abnormal gait, atrophy, scarring, contralateral compensation, breakdown, or other difficulty 6 months after surgical correction. If early diagnosis is achieved, it appears that reduction with intramedullary pinning can provide a good long-term prognosis in cattle when function as breeding animals is important to their future value.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Comparison of lateral and sternal recumbent positions for electrocardiography of the cat.

Comparison was made of the effects of lateral and sternal recumbent positions for recording (by electrocardiography) cardiac functions in nonanesthetized normal cats of various breeds and ages and both sexes. Reference values of the cats in lateral recumbency were P wave, 0.2 mV by 0.04 s; PR interval, 0.09 s, QRS complex, 0.9 mV by 0.04 s; QT interval, 0.18 s; and 0 to 160 degree axis. Similar values were obtained in the cats in sternal recumbency except that the height of the P wave was 0.3 mV, the height of QRS complex was 1.0 mV, and the axis was -10 degrees to 150 degrees. The only differences between these values and values previously reported were faster heart rate, higher P wave, narrower QRS complex, and more variable electrical axis.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Effects of various methods of preservation on the stability of uric acid in frozen canine urine.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of dilution and alkalinization, separately and together, on the stability of uric acid in canine urine stored at -20 C. DESIGN: Prospective-controlled study. ANIMALS: 5 dogs with confirmed ammonium urate uroliths, 6 Beagles, and 6 mixed-breed dogs. PROCEDURE: Dogs were fed a 31.4% protein (dry weight), meat-based diet for 21 days, and urine samples were collected on day 22. Urine samples were preserved, using combinations of dilution and alkalinization, and divided into 1-ml aliquots for storage at -20 C for 1 to 12 weeks. Urine uric acid concentrations were measured, using high-performance liquid chromatography, on day of collection (baseline), and after 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. RESULTS: Alkalinization did not have a significant effect on reproducibility of measurements of uric acid concentrations in urine; however, dilution did have a significant effect. Compared with baseline, uric acid concentrations in urine samples collected from dogs with ammonium urate uroliths and Beagles and diluted 1:10 or 1:20 with deionized water were not different after storage for 1 to 12 weeks. Uric acid concentrations in urine samples collected from mixed-breed dogs did not differ from baseline values during the 12-week storage period whether samples were undiluted or were diluted 1:10 or 1:20 with deionized water. CONCLUSIONS: Measurements of uric acid concentration are most reproducible in canine urine samples stored at -20 C for 1 to 12 weeks when samples are diluted 1:20 with deionized water. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: To ensure reproducibility of measurements of uric acid concentration in urine samples collected from dogs affected with urate uroliths, urine should be diluted 1:20 with deionized water. Alkalinization is not necessary, and is not recommended because of the additional step in processing and its potential to interfere with measurement of other urinary analytes.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Domestic Aedes aegypti breeding site surveillance: limitations of remote sensing as a predictive surveillance tool.

This project tested aerial photography as a surveillance tool in identifying residential premises at high risk of Aedes aegypti breeding by extending the use of a recently developed, ground-based, rapid assessment technique, the modified Premise Condition Index (PCI2). During 1995, we inspected 360 premises in Townsville, Australia for Ae. aegypti breeding, and PCI2 scores were recorded. The PCI2 values were also estimated from 1:3,000 color and infrared aerial photograph interpretation for the same premises. We found that shade levels can be accurately identified from both color and infrared images, and the PCI2 can be accurately identified from infrared photographs. Yard conditions, however, cannot be accurately identified from either aerial photograph type. The airborne PCI2 did not significantly correlate with breeding measures, and logistic regression further demonstrated that neither aerial photograph type allows the accurate prediction of Ae. aegypti breeding risk. Therefore, the ability of low-level aerial photography to enhance Ae. aegypti breeding site surveillance is at present limited, with ground surveillance remaining our most reliable tool for identifying the probability of Ae. aegypti breeding in the residential environment.

Aedes↗

PubMed1992

The comparative haematology of cross-bred and indigenous east African goats of Tanzania and breeds reared in Denmark.

Erythrocyte counts, haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration, red blood cell indices, total and differential leukocyte counts were determined in 202 cross-bred and 14 indigenous East African goats aged 6-12 months and also in 59 Norwegian dairy goats, of which 24 were 15-45 days old, 8 were 8 months old and 27 were over 3 years and pregnant. These were reared in Tanzania. Comparisons were made with 24 Dwarf and 57 Danish Landrace goats at 6-12 months of age and 76 adult pregnant Danish Landrace goats reared in Denmark. The purpose was to determine reference ranges for cross-bred and indigenous East African goats and to compare these with those of other breeds. The haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, erythrocyte and white blood cells were lowest in the Norwegian kids. The highest values were observed in 6-12-month-old goats in all the breeds, whereafter they decreased to relatively constant adult levels. The mean corpuscular volumes were highest in kids followed by adult pregnant Norwegian and Danish Landrace goats, and lowest in 6-12 months old goats. East African and cross-bred goats had the smallest mean corpuscular volumes. The haemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte and leukocyte counts were highest in indigenous East African, followed by young Norwegian and cross-bred goats. The mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration was highest in the cross-breds, while the mean corpuscular haemoglobin was higher in pregnant than in other goats. The age and breed differences were statistically significant.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Condition-dependent nesting in bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus.

1. There are two prominent, nonmutually exclusive hypotheses to explain the timing of reproduction in animals: energetic constraint and adaptive behaviour. 2. We tested these hypotheses by quantifying the costs and benefits of nesting at different times in the season for male bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus, a species with paternal care, in Lake Opinicon (Ontario, Canada). 3. The value of nesting at different times during the breeding season (RSb) was determined from spawning individuals as RSb = Pb x Cb x Sb x Ob, where Pb is the probability of spawning during each bout b, Cb is the expected brood size, Sb is the expected brood survivorship to 'swim-up', and Ob is the survivorship of free-swimming fry to age 1 year. 4. The results show that the value of nesting peaks during the middle of the season. However, nesting patterns varied with male condition and not all males nested at the peak. 5. Larger males, which were able to nest multiple times, first nested early in the season when overwinter survivorship of offspring and renesting opportunities later in the season were maximized. These males had the highest seasonal reproductive success. 6. Smaller males, which nested a single time, delayed nesting until the middle of the season when spawning opportunities and brood sizes were greatest. 7. These data suggest that both energetics and adaptive behaviour play roles in determining the timing of reproduction.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2002

Effects of GnRH agonist (leuprolide) on reproduction and behaviour in female wapiti (Cervus elaphus nelsoni).

Fertility control offers a potential alternative to traditional methods for regulating the growth of overabundant wild ungulate populations. However, current technology is limited due to practical treatment application, undesirable side-effects and economic considerations. A promising non-steroidal, non-immunological approach to contraception involves the use of a potent GnRH agonist. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a GnRH agonist (leuprolide) for controlling fertility in captive female wapiti and to assess physiological and behavioural side-effects of the treatment. In Expt 1, the optimum dose of agonist treatment was determined by measuring serum LH response of eight female wapiti to four formulations of leuprolide (0, 45, 90 and 180 mg) administered as a subcutaneous (s.c.) bioimplant. In Expt 2, the effects of leuprolide on wapiti pregnancy rates, duration of suppression of serum LH and progesterone secretion, and short-term behavioural and physiological side-effects were evaluated. All concentrations of leuprolide in Expt 1 were equally effective in reducing serum LH to non-detectable values throughout the 130 day trial. In Expt 2, leuprolide administered before the breeding season was 100% effective at preventing pregnancy in treated females. Serum LH and progesterone were reduced to baseline values by day 92 and remained at this concentration for 195-251 days after treatment, and returned to pretreatment concentrations in the following breeding season. Reproductive behaviour rates were similar for treated and untreated wapiti for all behaviour categories for both the breeding and post-breeding seasons. Haematology and blood chemistry parameters of treated and un-treated females were similar, and seasonal intake and body weight dynamics appeared normal. In conclusion, leuprolide is a safe, effective contraceptive agent and can potentially suppress fertility in female wapiti for one breeding season.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular dimensions in clinically normal English cocker spaniels.

Seventeen clinically normal adult English Cocker Spaniels from a kennel population with a history of cardiomyopathy were assessed, using M-mode echocardiography, to establish reference values for left ventricular (LV) dimensions for this breed of dog. Echocardiographic measurements were compared with postmortem measurements in 10 of 17 dogs. The LV weight calculated from the echocardiographic measurements correlated significantly with LV weight at postmortem (P less than 0.05). Echocardiographic measurements of end diastolic and end systolic diameters for the 17 dogs correlated significantly with body surface area (P less than 0.01). Measurements of the interventricular septum were in close agreement with values in clinically normal dogs and were significantly correlated with postmortem measurements (r = 0.94, P less than 0.01). However, 76% of the measurements for LV caudal wall thickness in this group of dogs were above the normal range. Calculation of fractional shortening values identified a group of 5 dogs with reduced fractional shortening (mean +/- SD, 20.97 +/- 3.66%), which indicates that a depression in contractility may be present in some apparently healthy dogs of this kennel population. The remaining 12 dogs had fractional shortening values of mean +/- SD, 34.26 +/- 4.54%.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

[Effects of different selection strategies on breeding towards scrapie resistance in the German Grey-horned Heath population].

Scrapie resistance is related to polymorphisms of the prion protein (PrP) gene. The homozygous ARR/ARR genotype of the prion protein gene is associated with high resistance against conventional scrapie infections. But this can lead to a distinct loss of genetic variation in breeds with a small population size or a low frequency of the ARR allele. For these populations an optimal breeding scheme for breeding towards scrapie resistance and an arbitrarily chosen production trait with conservation of the genetic diversity is not known yet. A simulation programme was developed, in which the structures of local populations could be used as input parameters, and the development of the ARR allele frequency, of the inbreeding coefficient, of a production trait and the genetic drift were computed in dependence of different selection schemes for scrapie resistance. An optimal strategy for the German Grey Heath population from Lower Saxony should be found. An optimal strategy in a breeding programme for ARR homozygosis should also maintain the genetic diversity present in a breed. This could be achieved when initially ARR heterozygous sheep were bred until a certain threshold value of the ARR allele was reached. The speed and costs of the breeding progress towards fixation of the ARR allele should then be optimized with regard to the aims of the breeders and breeding organisations, whereas a faster breeding towards scrapie resistance goes along with higher genotyping costs and vice versa.

Alleles↗

PubMed1998

Alterations in acid-base balance and serum electrolyte concentrations in cattle: 632 cases (1984-1994).

OBJECTIVE: To determine typical alterations in acid-base balance and serum electrolyte concentrations in cattle grouped on the basis of age, breed type, hydration status, clinical signs, and underlying disease. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 632 cattle. PROCEDURE: Information on blood pH, PVO2, PVCO2, HCO3-concentration, and base excess (BE) as well as serum or plasma sodium, potassium, chloride, and total carbon dioxide concentrations was obtained. Values for calves (ie, cattle < 1 month old) were compared with values for cattle > or = 1 month old. Within each age-group, values were compared for cattle grouped on the basis of breed type, previous treatment, and hydration status. Proportions of cattle with various disorders for which values were within, greater than, or less than reference ranges were determined. RESULTS: BE, pH, and HCO3- concentration were significantly higher and PVCO2 and sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations were significantly lower among cattle > or = 1 month old than calves. Base excess and HCO3- concentration were significantly lower among dairy than beef calves. Sodium and potassium concentrations were significantly lower among dairy than beef cattle > or = 1 month old. A higher proportion of cattle that did not survive had a high anion gap than cattle that did survive. Sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations were significantly lower among dehydrated cattle than cattle that were not dehydrated. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Because certain alterations were consistently found in some groups of cattle, it may be possible to make reasonable predictions of alterations in acid-base balance and serum electrolyte concentrations when laboratory evaluations are not available.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗

PubMed1978

Haematological and blood chemistry "comparison values" for clinical pathology in poultry.

Twelve blood chemistry values, six haematological values and bodyweight were estimated for six-week-old specific-pathogen-free brown leghorns. Observations were based on 208 birds sampled from 11 groups. Subsequently the same values were estimated for specific pathogen free brown leghorns and broiler hybrids of differing ages. These estimates have been designated "comparison values" and were intended for reference use in clinical pathology. Results were compared with 14 "comparison value" estimated obtained previously for six-week-old commercial broiler hybrids. Haematological values varied with age and type of bird. Differences were observed between bird types in serum protein, serum cholesterol, uric acid, calcium and potassium levels and in weight. The significance of these differences is discussed.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1981

The reproductive cycle in the male hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus L.): a study of endocrine and exocrine testicular functions.

Seasonal changes in testicular and accessory gland weights, histological testicular structures, fructose and citric acid concentrations in two accessory glands and plasma testosterone levels were determined in adult male hedgehogs living in middle western France. Testicular activity started in winter (from December to February) during the last part of the hibernation period. During this resumption period, testis weights as well as all the testicular structural features (Leydig cell volume; length, diameter and volume of seminiterous tubules) increased. These changes were correlated with similar variations in plasma testosterone concentrations and accessory gland features (weight, fructose and citric acid contents). However, maximal development of endocrine testicular function was reached about one month before the completion of spermatogenesis and the maximal development of androgen target organs. Testicular activity was high from February-March to August-September, according to the year. After the spring peak corresponding to the main breeding period, a decrease in testicular activity was always noted in May-June. The values of the testicular features then remained high or increased again and a second breeding period always occurred. Finally, involution began at the end of summer but the endocrine function of the testis decreased before the exocrine function. All the gonadal functions were depressed from September to November. Our results show that in middle western France, one of the southern-most countries characterized by a mild, temperate climate, the testis of Erinaceus europaeus L. is activated earlier and the breeding season lasts longer than in any of the other European countries cited in the literature.

Animals↗