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PubMed1986

Sudden death and the competitive athlete: perspectives on preparticipation screening studies.

Sudden death in healthy athletes is uncommon but, when it occurs, the primary mechanism is cardiovascular. The major cause of sudden death in the young athlete is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or related conditions characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy, aortic rupture due to cystic medial necrosis and congenital coronary artery abnormalities. In the middle-aged or older athlete, coronary artery disease is the most significant cause of sudden death. Noninvasive screening procedures are currently available that can detect most subjects at risk of sudden death. However, although some potentially lethal diseases can be excluded by a relatively simple screening program, other diseases require expensive procedures, such as echocardiography and exercise electrocardiographic stress testing. This means that the sensitivity of detecting diseases leading to sudden death increases in proportion to the financial resources that can be applied to the screening program. Thus, when a screening program designed to identify all cardiac diseases that have the potential to cause sudden death is planned by a community, school or nonprofessional athletic team, the costs will almost undoubtedly be considered prohibitive. The practicality of applying a community- or school-initiated screening program can be questioned because of the very low incidence of sudden unexpected death in young healthy individuals. It is therefore likely that comprehensive screening programs will be confined to individuals or organizations with adequate financial resources. Less expensive, limited screening can be undertaken by individuals or groups to identify some subjects at risk of sudden death during athletic competition.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Mitral valve prolapse: definition and implications in athletes.

Mitral valve prolapse is probably the most common cardiac valve disorder, affecting approximately 5% of the population. Although it is genetically determined, its clinical manifestations do not usually become evident before adulthood. In the setting of a cardiology referral center, a mitral valve prolapse syndrome, consisting of nonspecific symptoms, repolarization changes on the electrocardiogram and arrhythmias, has been identified. However, doubt has recently been expressed about the existence of such a syndrome. The prognosis of mitral valve prolapse is generally favorable but infrequent complications do occur and include transient ischemic attacks, progression of mitral regurgitation with or without ruptured chordae tendineae, infective endocarditis and sudden death. The symptoms and the complications are not usually related to physical activity. A permissive attitude toward participation of patients with mitral valve prolapse in competitive athletics is probably warranted; however, it would appear reasonable to disqualify athletes with mitral valve prolapse in the following circumstances: history of syncope; disabling chest pain; complex ventricular arrhythmias, particularly if induced or worsened by exercise; significant mitral regurgitation; prolonged QT interval; Marfan's syndrome; and family history of sudden death.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The efficacy of cyanoacrylate-derived surgical adhesive for use in the repair of lacerations during competitive athletics.

Octylcyanoacrylate (Dermabond) is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for laceration closure. International studies have shown its utility in wound closure and have shown it to be as good or better than suture closure for speed, patient preference, and cosmesis, with no difference in the rate of dehiscence or infection. We sought to determine whether it retains its tensile strength, durability, and skin apposition when an athlete is allowed to reenter competition, where it is subject to recurrent stress, moisture, and trauma. The study was performed at two professional hockey sites. Wounds were anesthetized, irrigated, and debrided. The skin was closed with Dermabond. The athlete was returned immediately to competition. Wounds were examined at the end of competition and again at 7 days. A total of 32 lacerations on 28 players were studied. The mean size of laceration was 2.3 cm (range 0.8 cm to 4.5 cm). The majority (95%) of wounds were on the face. Of the 32 lacerations, 31 (97.6%) had good results at the conclusion of the game. Of these 31, all had good results at 7 days following repair. Dermabond retained its strength, durability, and skin apposition when the athlete was allowed to reenter competition following wound repair.

Competitive Behavior↗
PubMed1999

Biological control and invading freshwater snails. A case study.

Introductions of four species of freshwater snails occurred between 1972 and 1996 onto Guadeloupe Island. Two of them, Melanoides tuberculata and Marisa cornuarietis, were subsequently used as biological control agents against Biomphalaria glabrata, the snail intermediate host of intestinal schistosomiasis. In 1996, a general survey was carried out in 134 sites which had already been investigated in 1972. The total number of mollusc species had increased from 19 to 21. Site numbers housing B. glabrata and two other species had strongly declined. This decline may be mainly attributed to a competitive displacement by M. tuberculata and M. cornuarietis as illustrated by several biological control programmes. There were no changes in the remainder of the malacological fauna.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Treating fluid noncompliance in the hemodialysis population using unit wide contests.

Our dialysis unit observed fluid noncompliance over a wide variety of patients. The consequences of fluid abuse that can include systemic and cardiovascular overload are a frequent clinic complication of hemodialysis patients. In spite of all our attempts, our dialysis unit continued to have a substantial group of patients who could not adhere to their fluid restriction. Our dialysis unit needed a novel program to help motivate patients to comply with diet/medication fluid regimens. A method that seems to work well in our dialysis unit is playing unit-wide games. We developed "The Fluid Game," an original patient education idea, for providing renal patients with a fun incentive to keep their interdialytic weight gains within acceptable limits.

Body Water↗
PubMed1998

Are you being sabotaged by your coworkers?

Men and women are both guilty of sabotaging coworkers, but men and women do it differently and for different reasons. Men tend to do it more overtly and for more work-related reasons. However, women are more covert; their reasons are motivated more by jealousy of another's success or their own insecurity. Once women are betrayed by another, they take it more personally than their male counterparts. Men confront the betrayer and move on; that is business. Women do not confront the betrayer and see betrayal in the workplace as being let down by their friends. Women need to treat business relationships and situations as business, not as friendships.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Marine biotechnology in education: a competitive approach.

This paper describes the development of a practical, which is taught to third year biotechnology students. We wanted to motivate the students by making them responsible for a research project. Competition was added as a stimulus for interaction between the students. A virtual company called CaroTech employed the students for 2 weeks. They worked in groups of two persons and each group was responsible for a 0.8 l flat panel photobioreactor. They had to produce as much beta-carotene as possible using the marine alga strain Dunaliella salina in this photobioreactor. On the first day, students developed a strategy to obtain optimal algal growth rate. They putted this plan into practice the second day and while cultivating the organism, they developed a second strategy how and when to stress the alga to initiate beta-carotene production. At the end of the ninth day, the total amount of beta-carotene was measured. To stimulate competition, the group that produced the most beta-carotene obtained half a point bonus on the final practical mark. On the tenth day, each group presented their results and an evaluation of their chosen strategies to the CaroTech board. Most groups were successful in growing algae. In the second phase some groups failed to stress the alga. The best group produced more than two times beta-carotene than the runner-up. The students were motivated by being responsible for their own results and the competitive approach. All students liked the practical and indicated that they learned a lot by following this practical.

Bioreactors↗
PubMed2000

A multistage shuttle swim test to assess aerobic fitness in competitive water polo players.

A 10m multistage shuttle swim test (MSST) was designed for the assessment of aerobic fitness of competitive water polo players. Test-retest reliability was determined using a sample of 22 female and 22 male trained water polo players. An intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.99 (p>0.05) was calculated between the two test scores. The technical error of measurement for the test was 2.3 shuttles or 5.0%. The validity of the test was determined using a sample of 13 female and 12 male water polo players. A validation correlation coefficient of 0.88 resulted between the number of shuttles completed during the MSST and VO2max [litres/body surface area/ minute (l x BSA-1 x min-1)] measured during an incremental tethered swim test to exhaustion. A stepwise multiple regression revealed that VO2max (l x BSA-1 x min-1) accounted for approximately 78% of the MSST variance. It was concluded that the 10m multistage shuttle swim test is a reliable and valid field test of aerobic fitness for use with trained water polo players.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

A prospective study of injuries in basketball: a total profile and comparison by gender and standard of competition.

The study aimed to determine prospectively a basketball injury profile, including severity of injury, and to compare the injury profile by gender and standard of competition. Trained observers viewed basketball games, noting the occurrence of injuries, and confirmed injuries by questioning all players on site after the game. Injured players completed a questionnaire and the progress of their injury was monitored by telephone interview. A total of 10,393 basketball participations were observed. An overall injury rate was documented of 18.3 per 1,000 participations (24.7 per 1,000 playing hours), and was comparable by gender and standard of competition. Serious injuries (missing one or more weeks of play) occurred at a rate of 2.89/1,000 participations; with the ankle joint the most common serious injury (1.25/1,000 participations), followed by the calf/anterior leg (0.48/1,000 participations) and knee joint (0.29/1,000 participations). The severity of the injury was significantly associated with the body region injured, with more serious injuries incurred to the lower limb than other body regions (p <.05). The severity of the injury incurred was not related to the standard of competition, gender, age, height, number of games played per week, amount of training undertaken, type of injury, or the mechanism of injury (p> .05).

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Penalty shot importance, success and game context in international water polo.

To establish the incidence, timing and quantitative importance of penalty shots in water polo and to test whether or not penalty shot success would vary with the context (closeness, quarter, criticality) of the game, official records from six major international tournaments (n= 296 games) were analysed. Across all tournaments, penalties (n= 206) were awarded (1-3 per game) in 51% of games with no difference in frequency between game quarters. Penalty goals (n= 165) comprised only 3.7% of all goals scored, whereas the outcome of penalties (goal/no goal) within each game affected the final outcome (win/loss/tie) of 20% of games. The success rate of penalty shots (80.1%) was not significantly different between games classed as either close or non-close, by a mathematical expression of the running average goal difference up until the time of the penalty, and by the absolute difference of the score at the time of the penalty. Nor was this success rate significantly different between game quarters (72.7, 83.0, 81.5, and 81.8%), or between games classified by their criticality to final tournament placing (80.0, 79.5, and 80.6%, from highest to lowest). Thus, during international water polo, penalties contribute only modestly to game outcome, and penalty shot success is not significantly related to the closeness, quarter, or criticality of the game being played.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Physiological and performance benefits of halftime cooling.

This study examined the effect of a 10-min, halftime cooling application on physiological and psychological parameters known to affect performance. Fourteen volunteers (10 male, 4 female) completed two randomised trials 48 hr to 7 days apart. Trials consisted of a 1-hr cycling protocol: 30 min at 75% VO2max followed by 10 min cooling (application of a cooling jacket) or passive recovery (control), and a second 30-min exercise bout consisting of 20 min at 75% VO2max, immediately followed by a 10-min maximal effort, where work was measured as energy expended (kJ). Performance of the 10-min maximal intensity phase tended to improve (171.5 +/- 30.4 kJ vs 165.4 +/- 29.2 kJ, p = 0.087) following the cooling trial. Heart rate during the 5th min of the maximal effort, (183 +/- 9 beats.min(-1) vs 180 +/- 7 beats.min(-1), p = 0.024), blood lactate concentration at 6 min post-exercise (9.3 +/- 3.1 mmolxL(-1) vs 7.9 +/- 3.2 mmolxL(-1), p = 0.007), rating of perceived exertion at the 20th min post-halftime recovery (15 +/- 2 vs 16 +/- 2, p = 0.042), and subjective rating of feelings and emotions differed between the cooling and control conditions. Sweat loss, core and mean skin temperature and rating of thermal sensation failed to differ significantly between conditions. Halftime cooling tended to result in greater aerobic performance. Psychological assessment revealed a dramatic placebo effect from the cooling application confounding these results. Furthermore, the cooling intervention failed to induce any significant thermoregulatory effects.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Upper body aerobic fitness comparison between two groups of competitive surfboard riders.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the upper-body aerobic fitness characteristics in 2 groups of competitive surfers with different performance levels. Thirteen male competitive surfers performed an incremental dry-land board paddling test to determine specific peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), peak power output (Wpeak) and the exercise intensity (%VO2peak) that elicits a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol x L(-1) (LT4). As a measure of surfing performance, surfers were ranked according to their competitive season performance (RANK) and divided into 2 groups based on their performance level; European top-level competitive surfers (ELS) (n = 7) and regional level competitive surfers (RLS) (n = 6). ELS reached significantly higher values than RLS for Wpeak (154.71 +/- 36.82 W vs. 117.70 +/- 27.14 W: P = 0.04) and LT4 (95.18 +/- 3.42 %VO2peak vs. 88.89 +/- 5.01 %VO2peak; P = 0.02) but not VO2peak (3.34 +/- 0.31 L x min(-1) vs. 3.40 +/- 0.37 L x min(-1); P = 0.77). Spearman-rank order correlation analysis revealed that RANK was inversely correlated with Wpeak (r = -0.65, P = 0.01) and LT4 (r = -0.58, P = 0.03). These findings identify that better surfers have higher upper body aerobic fitness scores.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The fair sex? Foul play among female rugby players.

Rugby, a full contact sport, exposes participants to a high risk of injury. While several studies have explored injuries among male rugby players, few have investigated injuries among females. We conducted a cross-sectional study of United States of America (USA) female rugby players to assess the players' perception of foul play and the referee response to foul play and to evaluate the association between players' perception of foul play and injury. An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire reporting injury status, history of player perceived foul play and referee response was administered to 258 players recruited at a women's rugby tournament. The overall rate of injury was 4.4 injuries/100 matches, 0.2 injuries/100 practices and 1.4 injuries/100 total rugby exposures (matches and practices), with 107 (41.5%) players classified as injured. While 16.5% of players admitted to perpetrating foul play without an assessed penalty and 13.8% to being penalised for foul play, a smaller proportion reported being sent to the 'sin bin' (temporarily removed from play) or being ejected from a match (3.3% and 1.3% respectively). Of the 107 injured, 24.3% believed they had been injured as a result of foul play. Among all 258 players, self-perception of having been hurt due to unpenalised foul play was associated with study-defined injury (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.0-5.9, p = 0.046). To make the sport safer, efforts should be made to minimise foul play. Suggested preventive methods include educating referees, coaches and players about the prevalence of foul play in women's rugby and the association between foul play and injury.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Promoting respect for the rules and injury prevention in ice hockey: evaluation of the fair-play program.

OBJECTIVE: To reduce the number of transgressions to the rule, the occurrence of violent acts and to prevent injuries, Hockey Québec adopted the Fair-Play Program (FPP). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the FPP. METHODS: 52 Bantam (14-15 years) teams participated in this cohort study. In total, 49 games (13 with the FPP, 36 without FPP) were systematically assessed for transgressions to the rule. Body checking was allowed in all games. Transgressions to the rule data were obtained using a real time observation system in a natural setting, while injury data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analysed using generalised linear models with generalised estimating equations accounting for potential team effect. RESULTS: The number of penalties per game was significantly lower (p < 0.01) for games played with the FPP. Overall, no difference was noted in the number of transgressions observed during games played with or without the FPP. Players in leagues where the FPP was used held their opponents more frequently (p < 0.0001). On the other hand, players in leagues without the FPP shoved and hit more (p = 0.05). No difference was noted in the injury rate for games played with or without the FPP. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the FPP is one of the tools available to help those in the hockey world promote fair play values. Moreover, this project clearly showed the importance of program evaluation and the value of direct observation in a natural setting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Intensity and direction of competitive anxiety as a function of goal attainment expectation and competition goal generation.

Jones's control model was adopted to investigate differences in the labelling of symptoms associated with pre-competition anxiety and self-confidence as a function of goal attainment expectation and competition goal generation. Team sport performers (N = 96) were divided into outcome, performance and process goal groups. Anxiety intensity and direction, and self-confidence were then examined as a function of goal expectancy (positive or negative) and perceived input into goal production (input or no input). MANOVA and follow-up ANOVA supported the study predictions. Specifically, participants who reported positive expectations of goal achievement and indicated some input into the goal generation process experienced the most facilitative interpretations of cognitive symptoms and greater self-confidence. The results highlight the need to consider how goals are generated when attempting to foster a sense of control and help athletes cope with the psychological demands of competition.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Are differences between twins a result of mutual rivalry?

The sexual index included in the Szondi test makes it possible to define the domains of an individual's "internal sex" or gender-especially the degree of the subject's bisexuality. This index was employed in a comparison between partners reared together in 62 monozygotic and 23 dizygotic pairs of twins. The observed incongruence in 1/3 MZ pairs would not appear to derive totally from errors of measurement. In most of these pairs it is competition which underlies the incongruence seen on the sexual index. It was further observed that the congruence here as in general in female pairs is clearly more marked than in males. A hypothesis was proposed, whereby competition for dominance is a distinctively major-tonality (masculinity) characteristic. The incongruence is more conspicuous among males because males are in general more markedly major-toned than females. This hypothesis was borne out. It is thus necessary here as in general to adopt two sex variables in parallel: external (i.e. matricular) sex and internal sex (gender). It is due to the presence of these competitive pairs that the means and especially deviations of twins' test results will consistently diverge from those in the population at large.

Adult↗