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PubMed2003

A mimic osseointegrated implant model for three-dimensional finite element analysis.

The purpose of this study was to develop a new three-dimensional (3D) mimic model of an osseointegrated implant for finite element analysis (FEA) and to evaluate stress distributions in comparison with a model commonly used in most studies as a control. Based on the 3D computer graphic data obtained by serial in vivo bucco-lingual peri-implant bone structure at 75 microm interval in monkey, a mimic FEA model with trabecular structure and a control model with uniform cancellous bone were constructed. A vertical load of 143 N was applied at the top of the implant and induced stress was evaluated at the peri-implant bone. In the mimic model, stress was distributed at both cortical and cancellous bones (1-5 MPa) in bucco-lingual central planes, but concentrated at the cortical crest (3-7 MPa) in the mesio-distal central plane. In contrast, the control model presented stress concentration at the cortical crest around the implant (5-14 MPa), with less stress (0-1 MPa) at the peri-implant cancellous bone in both planes. The findings, that stress distribution at the peri-implant bone were quite different between the mimic and control models, suggest the need to carefully interpret stress distribution in previous studies with models of uniform cancellous peri-implant bone.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Segmental durations in connected speech signals: preliminary results.

The data base, methods for a study of the durations of phonetic units in connected speech, and some preliminary results are described. From readings of two scripts by many talkers, two sets of seven talkers each were selected, based on total reading time, to form a fast group and a slow group of talkers. Using computer graphics and digital playback procedures, the recordings were segmented into breath groups and pauses, and the first four sentences in each script were segmented into phones. The hold and release (that is, plosion and/or frication) portions of stops were identified and measured; less than 50% of the stops included releases. To establish the usefulness of the data base, the first-order statistics of the phonetic segments were determined, and a variety of durational characteristics were compared to existing reports. Analysis of number of breath groups, phonation time, and pause characterized the difference between so-called average fast and average slow talkers; however, no script-independent measure of these variables was found which would accurately predict the classification of individual talkers. The mean durations of various phonetic categories showed essentially the same percentage change when the fast and slow talkers were compared. Preliminary analyses of contextual influences on durations showed some expected changes, and also indicated that certain traditional predictions may not hold for informal connected speech. Gamma functions were fitted to the distributions of durations of various gross categories.

Computers↗

PubMed1993

The spatial distribution of spindle microtubules in anaphase 3Y1 cells.

The spatial distribution of the microtubules (MT) in the rat 3Y1 cells in mitosis was investigated by immunoelectron microscopy and computer-graphic reconstruction of serial thin sections. In anaphase the interzone-MT increased in number gradually with advancing phase, while the kinetochore-MT in half-spindles decreased. The interzone-MT overlapped with each other at the equatorial region of the cell, and they formed a specific structure called the 'stem bodies'. The ends of the interzone-MT opposite to the stem bodies often attached to chromosomes but not to the poles. The stem bodies were not labeled with immunogold particles of anti-alpha tubulin. Some of the stem bodies or MT which originate from stem bodies were found just beneath the plasma membrane in the equatorial region where abundant actin filaments appear showing the formation of the contractile ring and subsequently the cleavage furrow begins. On the basis of these observations it is assumed that the interzone-MT is involved both in the separation of chromosomes in anaphase and in the formation of the cleavage furrow in telophase.

Anaphase↗

PubMed1997

How muscle architecture and moment arms affect wrist flexion-extension moments.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine how the moment arms and architecture of the wrist muscles influence their isometric moment-generating characteristics. A three-dimensional computer graphic model was developed that estimates the moment arms, maximum isometric forces, and maximum isometric flexion-extension moments generated by 15 muscles about the wrist over a range of wrist flexion angles. In combination with measurements of muscle strength, we used this model to answer three questions: (1) why is peak wrist flexion moment greater than peak extension moment, (2) why does flexion moment vary more with wrist flexion angle than does extension moment, and (3) why does flexion moment peak with the wrist in a flexed position? Analysis of the model revealed that the peak flexion moment is greater than the peak extension moment primarily because of the larger (110%) summed physiologic cross-sectional area of the flexors. The larger variation of flexion moment with flexion angle is caused mainly by greater variation of the moment arms of the major wrist flexors with flexion angle. The location of the peak flexion moment is determined by the wrist flexion moment arms (which tend to increase with wrist flexion) in combination with the force-length characteristics of these muscles.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed1985

Molecular basis for the transfer of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide among dehydrogenases.

NADH is transferred directly from one dehydrogenase enzyme site to another without intervention of the aqueous solvent whenever the two dehydrogenases are of opposite chiral specificity as regards the C4 H of NADH which is transferred in the catalyzed reduction reaction. When both enzymes catalyze the transfer of hydrogen from the same face of the nicotinamide ring, direct enzyme-enzyme transfer of NADH is not possible [Srivastava, D. K., & Bernhard, S. A. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 4538-4545; Srivastava, D. K., & Bernhard, S. A. (1985) Biochemistry (preceding paper in this issue)]. Utilizing an advanced computer graphics facility, and the known three-dimensional coordinates for three dehydrogenases, we have investigated the feasibility of various aspects of the direct transfer of dinucleotide from the site of one enzyme to the site of the other. The facile passage of the coenzyme through the first enzyme site requires an open protein conformation, characteristic of the apoenzyme rather than the holoenzyme structure. Since two dehydrogenases of the same chirality bind coenzyme in the same conformation, the direct transfer of coenzyme from one site to the other is impossible due to the restriction in molecular rotation of the coenzyme in the path of transfer from one binding site to the other; therefore, coenzyme can only be transferred from one dehydrogenase site to another site via the intermediate dissociation of coenzyme into the aqueous milieu. In contrast, when an A dehydrogenase and a B dehydrogenase are juxtaposed, it is stereochemically feasible to transfer the nicotinamide ring from its specific binding site in one enzyme to the site in the other.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗

PubMed1991

Probing the structural basis for enzyme-substrate recognition in Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase.

A full understanding of enzyme-substrate interactions requires a detailed knowledge of their structural basis at atomic resolution. Crystallographic and biochemical data have been analyzed with coupled computational and computer graphic approaches to characterize the molecular basis for recognition of the superoxide anion substrate by Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD). Detailed analysis of the bovine SOD structure aligned with SOD sequences from 15 species provides new results concerning the significance and molecular basis for sequence conservation. Specific roles have been assigned for all 23 invariant residues and additional residues exhibiting functional equivalence. Sequence invariance is dominated by 15 residues that form the active site stereochemistry, supporting a primary biological function of superoxide dismutation. Using data from crystallographic structures and site-directed mutants, we are testing the role of individual residues in the active site channel, including (in human SOD) Glu 132, Glu 133, Lys 136, Thr 137, and Arg 143. Electrostatic calculations incorporating molecular flexibility suggest that the region of positive electrostatic potential in and over the active site channel above the Cu ion sweeps through space during molecular motion to enhance the facilitated diffusion responsible for the enzyme's rapid catalytic rate.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1982

Microtubular disarray in cortical dendrites and neurobehavioral failure. II. Computer reconstruction of perturbed microtubular arrays.

A previous report details morphological alterations in dendritic structure of cortical neurons in severe neurobehavioral retardation of unknown etiology. Using computer graphic techniques, the present study describes perturbations in the 3-dimensional character of the microtubular array, which correspond to degenerative change in dendritic geometry. In large proximal processes, two types of array have been reconstructed. Segmented microtubules may form a continuous helical swirl which underlies a bulge in the dendritic cylinder. Alternatively, small groups of microtubules, while maintaining orderly internal organization, may be disoriented with respect to the long axis of the process. In varicose regions of the dendrite the microtubular array is discontinuous. Microtubules course side by side through constructed regions, only to splay out and terminate within expanded regions. These pathological alterations in the microtubular array contrast sharply with the cortical dendritic microtubular array reconstructed from the normal adult mouse. Perturbation in those parameters which determine packing of microtubules within the dendritic process is also documented. In the pathological condition, microtubules lose the ability to exclude one another from close approach. The role of cross-linking molecules in maintaining the integrity of the microtubular array, and the role of microtubules in maintaining the geometry of the dendrite, are considered.

Cerebral Cortex↗

PubMed1986

Topological similarities between a cyclic enkephalin analogue and a potent opiate alkaloid: a computer-modeling approach.

The cyclic enkephalin analogue H-Tyr-cyclo[-D-N delta-Orn-Gly-Phe-Leu-] (1-c) and the rigid narcotic alkaloid 7 alpha-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl]-6,14- endo-ethenotetrahydrooripavine (PEO) were studied by using computer graphics methods to investigate potential geometrical congruencies of their respective pharmacophoric elements. Particular emphasis was placed on the relative spatial disposition of the tyramine moiety and the additional aromatic ring that occurs in both molecules. A three-dimensional vector map was generated defining the locus of the C21 aromatic ring for all those conformers of PEO having up to 10 kcal above the minimum energy conformer. A systematic conformational search on the cyclic peptide afforded four allowable sets of conformers whose side chain of the phenylalanine residue coincided with the vector map of PEO. Local energy minima for the peptide within the revised mutual vector space were found and subjected to bimolecular energy refinement with correspondingly local energy minima for the opiate alkaloid. Several low-energy conformers of the cyclic peptide were identified that permitted a good fit with the alkaloid provided that the tyramine moiety of the respective molecules does not coincide. In the designated conformations the basic nitrogen of the former occupies a distinct geometrical locus, and the side chain of the leucine residue has no structural correlate in the alkaloid.

Chemical Phenomena↗

PubMed2002

Panic and agoraphobia in a virtual world.

Virtual reality (VR) offers a great new perspective on what it can offer an individual. These new approaches can give an individual the immersion and cognitive guidance that they need to help overcome his or her disorder. VR differs from the traditional displays in computer graphics as these various displays are integrated to give the user a sense of presence or immersion in the virtual world. To more effectively treat panic and agoraphobic patients using VR, it is necessary to determine the physiological responses of nonphobics when placed in the virtual panic and agoraphobia environments. This study exposed nonphobic participants to virtual panic and agoraphobia worlds with a program entitled "Virtual Medicine." Individuals without a diagnosis of panic and agoraphobia, as confirmed by intake and self-report questionnaires, were exposed to four different VR environments (elevator, supermarket, town square, and beach). During these VR experiences, physiology was measured by noninvasive sensors (peripheral skin temperature, heart rate, heart rate variability, respiration, and skin conductance). These measurements were compared to baseline physiology, which was recorded for five min prior to the VR exposure. These levels of physiological arousal will be useful in comparing against the phobic responses during virtual exposure. It will be useful to explore differences between immersion, physiological responses, and self-report responses in nonphobics versus phobics.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Deformable modeling of facial tissue for craniofacial surgery simulation.

While deformable object modeling has been studied by computer graphics specialists for more than two decades, only a few applications in the field of surgical simulation have been developed which provide both real-time and physically realistic modeling of complex, nonlinear tissue deformations. Particularly in craniofacial surgery, the prediction of soft-tissue changes--which result from alterations in the underlying bone structure--is critical to the surgical outcome. The prediction these tissue changes and, therefore, the prognosis of the postoperative appearance of the patient, is still based on empirical studies of the relationship between bone and tissue movements: There exists no physical model which takes into account the individual patient anatomy to simulate the resulting tissue changes during craniofacial surgery. In this article we present two different deformable tissue models which are intergrated in an interactive surgical simulation test bed. Both techniques allow precise preoperative simulation of the resulting soft tissue changes during craniofacial surgery and visualization of the patient's postoperative appearance. The different deformable models are described in detail and both are applied to the same craniofacial case study. The simulation results are shown and compared with regard to the speed and accuracy of the prediction of the patient's postoperative appearance.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed1996

Anatomy of the temporal bone: detailed three-dimensional display based on image data from high-resolution helical CT: a preliminary report.

Our purpose was to demonstrate the application of helical computed tomography (CT) for computer graphics of the normal temporal bone with special regard to inner ear structures. Three-dimensional reconstruction of temporal bones was performed from helical CT data on 41 patients with various otologic diseases. Image postprocessing was carried out on an independent work station. In contrast to former surface-rendered three-dimensional visualizations of the temporal bone, a volumetric-rendering algorithm was used. This technique allows automated segmentation, thresholding, and simultaneous visualization of different planes (cube-cutting) in near-real time. We were able to demonstrate the three-dimensional display of the labyrinth during clinical routine. Anatomic details (internal auditory canal, cochlea, vestibulum, semicircular canals, distal part of the vestibular aqueduct, complete ossicular chain, fallopian canal, internal carotid canal) were comprehensively demonstrated by interactive segmentation or thresholding. Difficulties were found in three-dimensional delineation of the complete vestibular and cochlear aqueduct, as well as the modiolus. Initial experience with an advanced helical CT-based three-dimensional display showed excellent images of temporal bone anatomy. Validation studies with correlative histologic sections and surgical dissections remain to be done.

Ear, External↗

PubMed2006

Facilitating coronary artery evaluation in MDCT using a 3D automatic vessel segmentation tool.

The purpose of this study was to investigate a 3D coronary artery segmentation algorithm using 16-row MDCT data sets. Fifty patients underwent cardiac CT (Sensation 16, Siemens) and coronary angiography. Automatic and manual detection of coronary artery stenosis was performed. A 3D coronary artery segmentation algorithm (Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics, Darmstadt) was used for automatic evaluation. All significant stenoses (>50%) in vessels >1.5 mm in diameter were protocoled. Each detection tool was used by one reader who was blinded to the results of the other detection method and the results of coronary angiography. Sensitivity and specificity were determined for automatic and manual detection as well as was the time for both CT-based evaluation methods. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the automatic and manual approach were 93.1 vs. 95.83% and 86.1 vs. 81.9%. The time required for automatic evaluation was significantly shorter than with the manual approach, i.e., 246.04+/-43.17 s for the automatic approach and 526.88+/-45.71 s for the manual approach (P<0.0001). In 94% of the coronary artery branches, automatic detection required less time than the manual approach. Automatic coronary vessel evaluation is feasible. It reduces the time required for cardiac CT evaluation with similar sensitivity and specificity as well as facilitates the evaluation of MDCT coronary angiography in a standardized fashion.

Aged↗

PubMed2007

The Freiburg Visual Acuity Test-variability unchanged by post-hoc re-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The Freiburg Visual Acuity and Contrast Test (FrACT) has been further developed; it is now available for Macintosh and Windows free of charge at http://www.michaelbach.de/fract.html . The present study sought to reduce the test-retest variability of visual acuity on short runs (18 trials) by post-hoc re-analysis. METHODS: The FrACT employs advanced computer graphics to present Landolt Cs over the full range of visual acuity. The sequence of optotypes presented follows an adaptive staircase procedure, the Best-PEST algorithm. The Best-PEST threshold obtained after 18 trials was compared to the result of a post-hoc re-analysis of the acquired data, where both threshold and slope of the psychometric function were estimated via a maximum-likelihood fit. RESULTS: Testing time was 1.7 min per run on average. Test-retest reproducibility was +/-2 lines (or +/-0.2 logMAR) for a 95% confidence band (using 18 optotype presentations per test run). Post-hoc psychometric fitting reproduced the Best-PEST result within 1%, although the individual slopes varied widely; test-retest reproducibility was not improved. CONCLUSIONS: The FrACT offers advantages over traditional chart testing with respect to objectivity and reliability. The similarity between the results of the Best-PEST vs. post-hoc analysis, fitting both slope and threshold, suggest that there is no disadvantage to the constant slope assumed by Best PEST. Furthermore, since variability was not reduced by post-hoc analysis, for high reliability more trials should be employed than the 18 trials per run used here.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Modelling human burn injuries in a three-dimensional virtual environment.

This paper gives a work-in-progress report on our research project BurnCase, a virtual environment for modelling human burn injuries. The goal of the project is to simplify and improve the diagnosis and medical treatment of burns. Due to the lack of electronic and computational support for current diagnosis methods, enormous variations regarding the approximated size of burned skin regions exist. And although Simplifications like the Rule-Of-Nines-Method ([Weidringer, 2002]), Lund and Browder ([LundBrowder, 1944]) and others try to compensate for these errors, the fact remains that different physicians overestimate the BSA (Body Surface Area) by 20% up to 50%, depending on the different experience and subjectivity of the approximation process. Nevertheless, different supporting mechanisms have been developed to assist the process of burn region transfer so that after transferring all burned regions on the virtual human body, calculations can be applied in order to evaluate standard indices like the ABSI (Abbreviated Burn Severity Index), and Baux ([Baux, 1989]) as well as ICD10 (International Classification of Diseases) diagnosis encoding. The virtual body simulation is based on state-of-the-art 3D computer graphics (OpenGL). Thus a simulation system, providing a graphical user interface, allows surgeons to transfer a patient's burn injury regions onto an appropriate 3-dimensional model. As such, the BurnCase system improves surface determination by calculating region surfaces up to a precision of one cm2. This improves the average variation to less than 5%, limited by the precision of the surface transfer onto the virtual model. The system already allows the transfer of burned regions by using standard input devices. For this purpose different reference models of human bodies have been created in order to receive appropriate results based on measured physical data of different patients. Moreover, an underlying database stores all entered case studies so that it is possible to perform comparisons of burn cases and animation sequences of the healing process of single wounds or whole bodies. When used as centralized burn accident registration service, a huge knowledge base of burn diagnoses and consequent medical treatment will emerge. This knowledge base will allow medical advices and diagnosis support for any kind of burn accidents, and it will consequently improve and support the primary diagnosis process of burn accidents. Thus, an enormous reduction of time and costs of medical burn treatment will be reached.

Burns↗

PubMed1992

The metabolic pathways for hormonal steroids appear to be reflected in the stereochemistry of DNA.

Computer graphics and energy calculations were employed to examine the relative fit of progesterone and its major biosynthetic precursors and inactive metabolites into partially unwound double stranded DNA. Progesterone was found to be the best fitting molecule; moreover, it was the only compound which exhibited full stereochemical complementarity by inserting completely between base pairs and forming optimal hydrogen bonds with both deoxyribose-phosphate backbones. Intermediates in each step of the biosynthetic and degradation pathways were progressively increasing and decreasing fits into DNA, respectively. When the fits of various possible stereoisomers were examined, the positions of functional groups manifest in the known biosynthetic precursors were found to provide the best possible fitting structures. Conversely, the positions of functional groups of known inactive metabolites provided the worst possible fitting structures. These findings coupled with previous reports showing that the specific biological function assigned to each class of steroid hormone correlates with the formation of a unique pattern of donor/acceptor linkages confirms that hormonal structures are indeed rare in their capacity to form "lock and key" complexes with DNA. Given that all possible linkages to DNA are not yet accounted for, the existence of other naturally occurring compounds with salient biological function is predicted.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed1983

Chemical inhibitors of phagosome-lysosome fusion in cultured macrophages also inhibit saltatory lysosomal movements. A combined microscopic and computer study.

The effects on lysosomal movements produced by the weak base ammonium chloride and by a representative polyanion poly-D-glutamic acid (PGA), previously reported to inhibit phagosome-lysosome (P-L) fusion, have been studied in cultured mouse macrophages using direct visual phase-contrast microscopy, a previously described (1, 3, 7) fluorescence assay of fusion, and computer analysis techniques. Treatment of the macrophages with 5-10 mM NH4Cl for 0.5-2 h or with 100 micrograms PGA/ml for 5 d caused a striking inhibition of saltatory lysosomal movements, as well as the expected inhibition of P-L fusion. Two other anionic fusion inhibitors tested, dextran sulphate and suramin, inhibited movements similarly. Removal of the NH4Cl from the cell medium reversed the lysosomal stasis and restored P-L fusion. Computer analyses of changes in lysosomal positions in treated and untreated macrophages during 2, 10, and 30-s intervals, using data from photomicrographs, computer graphics, and quantitative nearest-neighbour techniques developed for this purpose, supported the qualitative visual observation of the inhibition of lysosomal movements by the fusion inhibitors NH4Cl and PGA. Over the chosen intervals, from 80 to 96% of the lysosomes could be paired within 1 micron of each other in the NH4Cl- and PGA-treated cells in comparison with 50-70% in normal cells. The differences between the drug-treated and normal cells were highly significant. In an analogous system, the lysosomal stasis induced by hypertonic sucrose was examined and it was observed that P-L fusion too was inhibited. Both effects were reversible. We conclude that inhibition of P-L fusion and of lysosomal movement are associated. We suggest a causal relationship between these changes, namely, that the lysosomotropic inhibitors of fusion under study produce their effects largely, though perhaps not exclusively, by reducing saltatory lysosomal motion and consequently periphagosomal assembly, rather than directly and independently on P-L contact or on the fusion process itself. The possibility is raised that microtubules may be involved in the effector mechanism of these modulations.

Acridine Orange↗

PubMed2000

An unusual structure formed by antisense-target RNA binding involves an extended kissing complex with a four-way junction and a side-by-side helical alignment.

The antisense RNA CopA binds to the leader region of the repA mRNA (target: CopT). Previous studies on CopA-CopT pairing in vitro showed that the dominant product of antisense RNA-mRNA binding is not a full RNA duplex. We have studied here the structure of CopA-CopT complex, combining chemical and enzymatic probing and computer graphic modeling. CopI, a truncated derivative of CopA unable to bind CopT stably, was also analyzed. We show here that after initial loop-loop interaction (kissing), helix propagation resulted in an extended kissing complex that involves the formation of two intermolecular helices. By introducing mutations (base-pair inversions) into the upper stem regions of CopA and CopT, the boundaries of the two newly formed intermolecular helices were delimited. The resulting extended kissing complex represents a new type of four-way junction structure that adopts an asymmetrical X-shaped conformation formed by two helical domains, each one generated by coaxial stacking of two helices. This structure motif induces a side-by-side alignment of two long intramolecular helices that, in turn, facilitates the formation of an additional intermolecular helix that greatly stabilizes the inhibitory CopA-CopT RNA complex. This stabilizer helix cannot form in CopI-CopT complexes due to absence of the sequences involved. The functional significance of the three-dimensional models of the extended kissing complex (CopI-CopT) and the stable complex (CopA-CopT) are discussed.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed1996

Interviewing young children about body touch and handling.

Children aged 3-6 years were interviewed following a scheduled pediatric clinic visit to assess the efficacy of two independent variables--interview strategy and number of interviews--on the accuracy, completeness, and consistency of children's reports. Four experimental interviews were created--a verbal interview and three interviews enhanced with anatomically detailed cues (dolls, line drawings, and computer graphics), photographs, and props. Initially, 130 children were interviewed after the clinic event. One month later, 124 were interviewed again, and 74 were interviewed a third time after 6 months. Children's reports were compared to videotapes and medical records of their pediatric visit in order to create three dependent reporting variables--accuracy, completeness, and consistency. In addition, the predictive power of four sets of covariates on reporting was assessed: (1) age and gender, (2) ethnicity, medical history, family stress, and mother's education; (3) number of invasive medical procedures, number of body touches, health status, and child's pain judgments; and (4) number of outpatient and inpatient visits between the initial and the follow-up interviews at 1 and 6 months. Initially, children's spontaneous reports of body touch were highly accurate, but sparse. After a 1-month delay, accuracy and completeness dropped significantly: accuracy was stable from 1 to 6 months; completeness rebounded at 6 months. Three-year-olds' reports of body touch were less complete and less consistent, but rarely less accurate, than those of older age groups. After 1- and 6-month delays, consistently reported information was more accurate than new information. Children's pain ratings contributed positively to predictions of completeness at the initial and 1-month interviews and to completeness and accuracy at 6 months. Complex events were reported more accurately but less consistently. Anatomically detailed cues in the three enhanced interviews increased completeness of reporting of total body and genital touch. Photos elicited more useful information for identification of persons and places than did questions, while medical props initially offered no advantage and subsequently led to errors. Children's feelings also influenced reporting: higher ratings of anger, sadness, and fright were positively related to reporting of extremely painful touch, while some children who failed to report painful, invasive medical procedures displayed shame when interviewed. The relative privacy of the computer-assisted interview holds promise for disclosure of sexual topics.

Child↗