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PubMed1982

Measurement and analysis of Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Epilepsy and Persons with Epilepsy.

The Scale of Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Epilepsy and Persons with Epilepsy (ATPE) was developed as a contemporary, brief, easy to administer and score, psychometrically sound instrument. The 32 item scale consists of 25 statements from which an attitude score is derived and 13 statements from which a knowledge score is derived. Data were collected and analyzed which indicate satisfactory item characteristics, scale reliability and internal consistency. Scale development supports the content validity of the scale, while data from multiple regression and factor analyses support its construct validity. The scale should be useful for the investigation of questions concerning the formation, structure, correlates and modification of knowledge and attitudes regarding epilepsy and persons with epilepsy.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A psychophysical task to quantify smoking cessation-induced irritability: the reactive irritability scale (RIS).

A psychophysical rating scale using magnitude estimation was developed as a tool to quantify irritability as one index of drug withdrawal. The scale measures reactive irritability by using environmental sounds as probes. Three studies are described in which target and reference stimuli are selected, tested for reliability, and presented to cigarette smokers abstaining from smoking, cigarette smokers who are not abstaining, and nonsmokers. This reactive irritability scale (RIS) was found to have test/re-test reliability and content validity. The RIS significantly differentiated abstaining smokers from nonsmokers and from smokers allowed to smoke, whereas the commonly used self-report measures of irritability failed to distinguish the two groups of smokers. By measuring irritability as a type of reactivity rather than as a static attribute, a different type of irritability is measured than that which is assessed by self-report questionnaires. The RIS should be used in the study of withdrawal from nicotine and other drugs of abuse.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Psychological functions served by nicotine chewing gum.

All 43 participants in a smoking cessation study complete Russell's (1974) Smoking Motivation Questionnaire (SMQ) before quitting, and an equivalent Nicotine gum Questionnaire (NGQ) during cessation. The profiles of SMQ and NGQ scores were very similar, showing that nicotine gum served a range of psychological functions similar to that provided by cigarettes: stress modulation, feelings of arousal and pleasure, hand/mouth activity, and nicotine dependency. Gum scores were, however, around 45% of cigarette values, as would be expected from its lower nicotine dose. Failed quitters (less than 2 weeks abstinence, N = 15), short-term quitters (3-12 weeks abstinence, N = 14), and successful quitters (+13 weeks abstinence: N = 14), did not differ on any SMQ subscale. However, they did differ significantly on the NGQ habit subscale. Thus the development of a regular gum-chewing habit during the first week of cessation was associated with eventual success in quitting. Sex differences were also apparent, with females reporting higher sedative, stimulant, and hand/mouth activity gum-questionnaire scores than males. These findings provide evidence for the construct and content validity of the NGQ, but further studies into its criterion validity and test-retest reliability are required.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Reasons related to adherence in community-based field studies.

This study identified participants' reasons for good, marginal or poor adherence, or withdrawing from community-based clinical studies using a dietary and/or drug intervention. Adults aged 48-75 years participated in one of three studies related to decreasing colon polyp recurrence. Qualitative data from progress notes (N = 675) and end-of-study evaluations (N = 87) were coded using constant comparative analysis with 100% content validity panel agreement. Most common reasons for non-adherence were barriers such as side-effects, interference with vacation plans, unrelated illness, forgetting and competing outside stressors. Participation motivators were benefits such as altruism, medical benefits, free service and staff rapport. Findings supported the Health Behavior in Cancer Prevention model-based approach to adherence interventions and provided directions for adherence promotion in future community-based clinical studies.

Aged↗

PubMed1993

Performance objectives for the self-management of cystic fibrosis.

Performance objectives for the self-management of cystic fibrosis (CF) were developed and subjected to a two-stage content validation. A multidisciplinary team of health care professionals generated a list of 149 medical and adjustment performance objectives. Behaviors included monitoring symptoms and judging their significance, treating symptoms and communicating with health care providers about symptoms and treatment plans. In the first stage a panel of experts in the medical and behavioral aspects of CF rated each behavior. In general, the eleven panelists rated the 149 behaviors as somewhat important or important (mean 2.6, S.D. 0.17, on a 3-point scale). In the second stage, 84 of 155 CF center directors rated all behaviors as somewhat important or important (mean 2.9, S.D. 0.23). Specific behaviors related to medical regimens were more consistently rated as important than were those related to psychosocial adjustment. The performance objectives provide a framework for developing and evaluating health education programs for the self-management of CF in order to promote optimum health and adjustment.

Cystic Fibrosis↗

PubMed1994

Evaluation of the MOS SF-36 physical functioning scale (PF-10): I. Unidimensionality and reproducibility of the Rasch item scale.

Indexes developed to measure physical functioning as an essential component of general health status are often based on sets of hierarchically-structured items intended to represent a broad underlying concept. Rasch Item Response Theory (IRT) provides a methodology to examine the hierarchical structure, unidimensionality, and reproducibility of item positions (calibrations) along a scale. Data gathered on the 10-item Physical Functioning Scale (PF-10) from a large sample of Medical Outcomes Study patients (N = 3445) were used to examine the hierarchical order, unidimensionality, and reproducibility of item calibrations. Rasch-IRT analyses generated an empirical item hierarchy, confirmed the unidimensionality of the PF-10 for most patients, and established the reproducibility of item calibrations across patient populations and repeated tests. These findings support the content validity of the PF-10 as a measure of physical functioning and suggest that valid Rasch-IRT summary scores could be generated as an alternative to the current Likert summative scores. Unidimensionality and reproducibility of the item scale are essential prerequisites for the development of Rasch-based person measures of physical functioning that can be used across populations and over repeated tests.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2003

[French translation and cultural adaptation of the "Back Book"].

OBJECTIVES: To develop an information booklet for French speaking low back pain patients, promoting staying active as a single treatment for low back pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A four-step procedure was used to obtain the information booklet. Selection of a booklet using a literature search and pre-defined criterias. Translation/back-translation technique with a method used for health-related quality of life cross-cultural adaptation method. Content validity assessment by a knowledge questionnaire submitted to 32 low back pain patients hospitalized for treatment and a review by two independent MD. Check accordance of the translated document with original authors and editor guidelines. RESULTS: The use of a standardized translation/back-translation procedure permitted to obtain a translation of the back book suitable for French patients. The significant improvement (P = 10(-6)) in patients' knowledge confirmed the quality of the translation. CONCLUSIONS: Translation and cultural adaptation of an information booklet should allow cross-cultural studies in the field of information for low back pain patients.

Cultural Characteristics↗

PubMed2004

Structural stability and reliability of the Swedish occupational fatigue inventory among Chinese VDT workers.

The aim of the present study was to test the structural stability and reliability of the Swedish occupational fatigue inventory (SOFI) for use in a group of Chinese visual display terminal (VDT) workers. A qualified translator was recruited to translate the Chinese version of the SOFI (SOFI-C). The content validity was established with 12 bilingual practitioners and seven professional experts. The translated SOFI was administered to 104 sedentary workers on two occasions with an interval of 60 min. Most of them were female (80.8%) and they had a mean age of 34.5 years. Fifty-one percent of them reported using a VDT for 4h or more at work. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a five-factor solution, which was comparable to the original latent factors. Cronbach's alpha for the five-factor scales was between 0.88 and 0.95. The test-retest reliability was satisfactory with intra-class correlations ranging from 0.69 to 0.83. The workers who used a VDT for 4h or more had significantly higher SOFI scores than those who used one for less than 4 h (p = 0.007 - 0.046). The results indicated that the SOFI-C was valid and reliable for measuring fatigue among Chinese sedentary workers. The satisfactory structural stability suggested that cultural influences on the construct of fatigue were not strong. Its characteristics of discrimination of the sedentary workers who had high VDT exposure suggested that the SOFI-C would be a useful instrument for prevention and intervention programs designed for work-related injuries in the workplace.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Exploring parental grief: combining quantitative and qualitative measures.

PURPOSE: This study explores parental grief on the death of a child of any age. STUDY DESIGN: The sampling frame for the study consisted of 74 respondents reporting that they experienced the death of a living child. With the exception of standard demographic measures, the quantitative and qualitative items in the instrument were designed specifically for this project. The content validity of the instrument was assessed by a panel of experts on grief. Key quantitative items related to child loss and grief were formatted with between three- and five-point ordinal answer categories. Two types of qualitative items were developed by the authors. The reliability of the instrument designed for this study was not determined. RESULTS: This survey of parents who experienced the death of a child during their lifetime explores and extends current understanding of the complex emotional response of grief. The study offers empirical support for the notion of grief as ongoing in the life of a parent whose child had died. The findings have significant implications for further clinical research supporting studies to explore commonalities in the experience of grieving families regardless of the cause of and time since the death of their child. In addition, the findings may serve to inform the development and provision of services for bereaved parents.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The psychogeriatric and risk behavior assessment scale (PARBAS): a new measure for use with older adults living in the community.

In the context of decreased access to inpatient mental health care, the assessment of risk behavior in older adults living in the community is a growing concern. The purpose of the study was to develop a risk behavior screening tool to help community practitioners plan early intervention for frail older adults with severe mental illness (SMI) referred to community health and social service centers. The initial instrument development involved discussion-based work among practitioners and researchers. It was followed by a content validation phase (involving nine experts), preliminary testing of inter-rater reliability (27 subjects, 12 pairs of raters), and item analysis procedures combining previous data. The psychogeriatric and risk behavior assessment scale (PARBAS) includes 34 items organized in 10 sections of risk behavior: (i) self neglect; (ii) non-compliance; (iii) substance abuse; (iv) risk toward oneself and others; (v) aggressive behavior; (vi) emotional distress; (vii) suicidal behavior; (viii) personal security; (ix) risk of victimization by others and (x) financial security. It can provide professionals with essential information about their clients' risky behaviors, thereby contributing to timely and appropriate preventive interventions. Future research is needed to establish its psychometric properties.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2006

Patient satisfaction with anaesthesia care: what is patient satisfaction, how should it be measured, and what is the evidence for assuring high patient satisfaction?

Patient satisfaction is a part of outcome quality. Many theories of satisfaction include patients' expectation. One definition of satisfaction is therefore the degree of congruence between expectation and accomplishment. The involvement of patients as well as experts is therefore an important step in the development of an instrument to measure patient satisfaction. Results of single-item ratings or overall satisfaction surveys are over-optimistic and do not represent the true indication of care. The construction of highly standardized (psychometric) questionnaires should include elements of content validity, criterion and construct validity, reliability and practicability. Based on the few available studies in anaesthesia, patient satisfaction is primarily determined by information and communication. There is great potential for improvement in this area. However, we do not know the best way to continuously improve patient satisfaction with anaesthesia care, or to what extent decisions should be shared between the anaesthetist and the patient.

Anesthesia↗

PubMed2006

A generic health-related quality of life instrument, the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36, in women with urinary incontinence.

The paper reviews the literature concerning health-related quality of life in women with urinary incontinence by using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF-36). The aim of this study was to determine the role of the SF-36 in the evaluation of urinary incontinence. Although some information regarding factors associated with health-related quality of life in women with urinary incontinence is currently available, this issue remains controversial since these factors had not been consistently found to have effects on quality of life. The scales of the SF-36 questionnaire have poor content validity for urinary incontinence, multidimensionality with difficulty of interpretation of any changes, and limited sensitivity to small changes in symptoms. The problem with using the SF-36 is that results are often insensitive to the specific condition measured and therefore fail to address many of the issues relevant to the disease. As a result, disease-specific instruments may be more beneficial in evaluating the impact of a specific urinary incontinence on quality of life and are more sensitive than their generic counterparts in detecting changes as a result of treatment. Since generic quality of life may be more susceptible to other factors such as co-morbid diseases than disease severity and reflect a wider aspect of daily life, these factors should also be evaluated in future studies.

Female↗

PubMed2006

The premenstrual syndrome revisited.

More women - and their families - are affected by the physical and psychological irregularities due to premenstrual symptoms than by any other condition. Up to 90% of women of childbearing age report perceiving one or more symptoms during the days before menstruation, symptoms which can alter their behaviour and wellbeing and which, therefore, can affect their family, social and work circle. However, and notwithstanding this general prevalence, the clinical entity that in a large number of cases results from these symptoms, commonly known as the premenstrual syndrome, still lacks defined and validated contents so that recommendations of treatments backed by adequate experimental and clinical evidence are only slowly appearing. In the present paper, we review recent experimental data as to a possible aetiology of the premenstrual problem. We propose a Premenstrual Profile, i.e. a new register of symptoms, to be used for the differential diagnosis of the three forms of the premenstrual alteration. Finally, we review the evidence-based recommendations from reliable sources as regards the treatment of "normal" and "abnormal" premenstrual symptoms.

Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal↗

PubMed2005

What knowledge do ICU nurses have with regard to the effects of noise exposure in the Intensive Care Unit?

This small-scale study was undertaken to assess what knowledge nursing staff from a General Intensive Care Unit held with regard to noise exposure. To assess knowledge a self-administered multiple-choice questionnaire was used. Rigorous peer-review insured content validity. This study produced poor results in terms of the knowledge nurses held with regard to noise related issues in particular the psychophysiological effects and current legislation concerning its safe exposure. Non-parametric testing, using Kruskal-Wallis found no significant difference between nursing grades, however, descriptive analysis demonstrated that the staff nurse grade (D and E) performed better overall. Whilst the results of this study may seem self-evident in some respects, it is the problems of exposure to excessive noise levels for both patients and hospital personnel, which are clearly not understood. The effects noise exposure has on individuals for example decreased wound healing; sleep deprivation and cardiovascular stimulation must be of concern especially in terms of patient care but more so for nursing staff especially the effects noise levels can have on cognitive task performance.

Environmental Exposure↗

PubMed2004

The impact of a stage-matched intervention to promote exercise behavior in participants with type 2 diabetes.

This study was designed to develop and evaluate a stage-matched intervention (SMI) in Korean participants with type 2 Diabetes. The SMI was based on main constructs derived from the Transtheoretical Model match to the individual's stages of readiness for exercise behavior. The SMI was developed according to the results of the content validity tested by an expert group (n = 9). A control group pre- and post-test design was used for evaluating the impact of the SMI: the intervention group (n = 22) participated in the SMI for 3 months, while the control group (n = 23) received usual educational advice. The intervention group, compared to the control group, showed significant improvements in stages of change for exercise behavior (p < 0.001), physical activity levels (p < 0.001), and reductions in FBS (p < 0.05) and HbA(1)c (p < 0.05). This study yielded evidence for the beneficial impact of the SMI in participants with type 2 Diabetes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Development of an instrument to measure caring behaviors in nursing students in Taiwan.

The purpose of this study was to develop a culturally sensitive instrument to measure caring behaviors in nursing students in Taiwan from the patient perspective. The study, involving expert assessment of content validity and face validity, a first test (n = 196), and a second test (n = 192) in medical-surgical patients, and the generation of descriptive statistics, resulted in a 28-item questionnaire, the caring behavior measurement (CBM). The findings suggest the CBM is a valid and reliable assessment tool of caring behaviors in students and practicing professional nurses, as well as offering a descriptive answer to "what is caring in nursing in Taiwan".

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Assessing nurse-patient interactions from a caring perspective: report of the development and preliminary psychometric testing of the Caring Nurse--Patient Interactions Scale.

While there is a large body of literature regarding caring in nursing and some measurement tools addressing the concept have been developed, limitations of existing instruments constrain theory-driven research on nurse-patient interactions. The purpose of this paper is to describe the development and initial psychometric evaluation of the Caring Nurse-Patient Interactions Scale in a sample of 332 nurses and nursing students. The tool intended to facilitate research on the links between caring and patient outcomes. A content validity approach involving 13 expert nurses resulted in a 70-item tool sub-divided into 10 nursing carative factors. Alpha coefficients between sub-scales varied from .73 to .91 and sub-scales inter-correlations ranged from .53 to .89. Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from --.02 to .32 between the sub-scales and social desirability suggesting low to moderate bias. Results of the contrasted group approach partially supported the hypotheses while all differences were in the expected direction. Results suggest that the scale has strong potential for use in research, clinical and educational settings.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Geriatric fear of falling measure: development and psychometric testing.

Development of the geriatric fear of falling measure (GFFM) was based on a previous qualitative study of Taiwanese community-dwelling elders. Relevant parameters or items for assessing subscales were identified and tested in a three-stage process: item development, content validity testing and reliability testing. The GFFM was tested on two groups of community-dwelling elders in Taiwan (N=100 and 384) to examine validity and reliability. Good test-retest, internal consistency and inter-rater reliability were found. Confirmatory factor analysis and good overall model fits supported construct validity of the GFFM. Although these data are preliminary, the GFFM could be used as a quick screening instrument to evaluate fear of falling and an outcome indicator of nursing interventions.

Accidental Falls↗