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PubMed2005

Does eating while watching television influence children's food-related behaviours?

To assess children's food-related behaviours and their relationships with eating while watching television (TV), data were collected from 534 ten-year-old French-Canadian children. A self-administered questionnaire was used. Almost 18% of girls and over 25% of boys reported eating in front of the TV every day. Although, overall, the boys' eating pattern was less healthy than the girls', all of the children's food choices deteriorated with increased frequency of eating in front of the TV. Compared with girls, boys gave more importance to coloured and attractive foods, and to selecting foods similar to those eaten by others. Over 50% of children reported always receiving negative weight-related comments from family members. For boys, significant correlations were found between the frequency of eating in front of the TV, the importance given to a food's appearance, and their requests to parents for advertised foods. Significance was at the p<0.05 level for all findings. These results suggest that gender should be considered in attempts to understand children's food motivations and behaviours. The findings also indicate the need to document children's eating environments, and to inform children and their families about eating behaviours that may be associated with a given environment.

Advertising↗

PubMed2006

Definitions of healthy eating among university students.

PURPOSE: To identify definitions of healthy eating in terms of food characteristics, eating behaviours, barriers, and benefits in university students. METHODS: Four focus groups were conducted; verbatim transcripts were analyzed and coded using qualitative methods. Participants were nine students of dietetics and six students of other subjects. All were females in their third or fourth year at the University of British Columbia (UBC). RESULTS: Participants often described healthy eating as consuming all food groups of Canada's Food Guide to Healthy Eating, with the associated notions of moderation and balance. Benefits of healthy eating were cited as a healthy weight, good physical appearance, feeling better, preventing disease, and achieving personal satisfaction. Barriers to healthy eating included lack of time, choice, taste preferences, and finances. There was some discrepancy between what the dietetics students perceived as barriers for clients (e.g., lack of information), and barriers the potential clients (other students) perceived for themselves. CONCLUSIONS: As dietitians, we must try to understand our clients' definitions of healthy eating and their barriers to achieving it, which likely differ from our own.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Psychosocial correlates of disordered eating in female collegiate athletes: validation of the ATHLETE questionnaire.

Female athletes may be at greater risk for disordered eating than their nonathletic peers, but the psychological antecedents of this dysfunctional behavior in athletes have yet to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to develop an athletics-oriented measure of psychological predictors of disordered eating and to test its initial reliability and validity. Female athletes from 3 National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) Division I universities completed the ATHLETE, a written questionnaire designed to assess psychosocial factors associated with disordered eating in athletes. Five distinct and internally consistent factors (Drive for Thinness and Performance, Social Pressure on Eating, Performance Perfectionism, Social Pressure on Body Shape, and Team Trust) were positively associated with and predictive of disordered eating behaviors in female athletes. The ATHLETE is a reliable and valid measure of psychological predictors of disordered eating in athletics and will be useful in studying the etiology of disordered eating in female athletes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Recovery from disordered eating: what life histories reveal.

There are few studies seeking to understand the illness from the experiential perspective of a person who has recovered from an eating disorder. The clinical and research literature shows inconsistencies and varying degrees of support for the risk factors associated with eating disordered behaviour. It is important to note, however, that most contemporary research relies upon brief self-report questionnaires, which may be providing a fragmented picture of the behaviour. The focus of the current study is to gain a greater understanding of women's perceptions of developing, living with and recovering from an eating disorder. This study reports interviews with five former eating disorder sufferers who were recruited via an advertisement placed in an Eating Disorders Support Network newsletter. Life histories were gathered from each woman and the paper reports how these women perceive the origins of their illness and what event(s) lead to their recovery. Participants' narratives were analysed to elucidate themes pertaining to the lived experience of illness and recovery. The women talk about a lack of control of their lives and unrealistic family expectations as reasons for the development of their eating disordered behaviour. Recovery was very strongly related to self-determination and self-acceptance. Suggestions concerning new ways of conceptualising recovery from eating disordered behaviour are posited.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence of eating disorders in secondary level students: A preliminary study].

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of eating disorders in secondary level students, as well as to determine the relationship between eating behaviour and personality traits. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: During the 1997-98 school year, 816 secondary level students from Langreo (Asturias) were evaluated. EVALUATION: Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Adult Form (EPQ-A). RESULTS: The sample was made up of 415 males and 401 females [mean age (SD): 15.91 (1.37)]. Seventy-two < > of eating disorders were detected, 87.5% of which were females (p= 0.0000). The < > scored higher (p< 0.05) than their < > counterparts on all EDI subscales, except perfectionism. The < > females scored higher (p< 0.05) than the < > males on the drive for thinness and dissatisfaction with one's body subscales, whereas the < > males scored higher than the females on the perfectionism and maturity fears subscales. In both sexes, clinical features of neuroticism, introversion, and psychoticism were associated with higher scores (p< 0,05) on various EDI subscales. CONCLUSIONS: Greater prevalence of < > eating disorders in females. The < > subjects present a different eating behaviour profile based on sex. In both sexes, neuroticism, introversion, and psychoticism features favour a possible distortion of eating behaviour.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Eating disorders in adolescent females with and without type 1 diabetes: cross sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of eating disorders in adolescent females with type 1 diabetes mellitus compared with that in their non-diabetic peers. DESIGN: Cross sectional case-control led study. SETTING: Diabetes clinics and schools in three Canadian cities. SUBJECTS: 356 females aged 12-19 with type 1 diabetes and 1098 age matched non-diabetic controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Eating disorders meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria. RESULTS: Eating disorders that met DSM-IV criteria were more prevalent in diabetic subjects (36, 10%) than in non-diabetic controls (49, 4%) (odds ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.5 to 3.7; P<0.001). Subthreshold eating disorders were also more common in those with diabetes (49, 14%) than in controls (84, 8%) (odds ratio 1.9, 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 2.8; P<0.001). Mean haemoglobin A(1c) concentration was higher in diabetic subjects with an eating disorder (9.4% (1.8)) than in those without (8.6% (1.6)), P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: DSM-IV and subthreshold eating disorders are almost twice as common in adolescent females with type 1 diabetes as in their non-diabetic peers. In diabetic subjects, eating disorders are associated with insulin omission for weight loss and impaired metabolic control.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Health-related quality of life in obesity: the role of eating behaviour.

A poor health-related quality of life (HRQL) has been repeatedly documented in obesity. Overweight per se and associated diseases affect physical fitness, whereas mental well-being depends on social, cultural and behavioural components. Very few studies are available on HRQL in obese persons in relation to eating behaviour. We measured HRQL by means of Short-Form-36 questionnaire in 183 obese subjects, seeking specific treatment at a University-based weight management center. Only half had a Body Mass Index exceeding 35 kg/m2. Data were compared to age- and gender-adjusted normative values of the Italian population (2031 subjects). The Binge Eating Scale (BES) and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) were used to assess eating behaviour. Most domains of HRQL were impaired in obese subjects, more severely in younger subjects and in females. The severity of overweight progressively affected physical fitness, but had a minor effect on mental status. In over 50% of subjects, BES and TFEQ identified a binge eating pattern, more frequently in females. A positive BES, as well as lower restriction, higher disinhibition and hunger values at TFEQ, identified subjects with poorer HRQL. Logistic regression analysis identified in a positive BES the variable more closely associated with low scores in mental domains of perceived HRQL. Waist-to-hip ratio, degree of obesity, osteoarticular and respiratory diseases, but also positive BES, were selected as variables more closely associated with poor physical fitness. HRQL is variably impaired in obese persons seeking treatment for their disease, mainly in patients with binge eating. Treatment of binge eating may be as important as any weight-reducing intervention for the overall well-being of the majority of obese persons.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

[Definition and classification of eating disorders].

This paper describes definition and classification of Eating Disorders which centered on the atypical cases. Eating disorders in DSM-IV were further classified into 3 groups. Three groups were Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified. Binge Eating Disorders frequently transfer to obese patient. This disease entity become independent of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. Body weight changing trend evaluated not only cross section but also longitudinal observation. There are some experience cases which Anorexia Nervosa cause by diet therapy of obesity patient. A lot of Eating Disorder patients revealed atypical courses during clinical treatment. The symptom of disturbances in the way in which their body weight and sharp could not easy to confirm routine history taking. One type of eating disorders eat throughout the day with no planned mealtimes.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Obesity, alexithymia, psychopathology and binge eating: a comparative study of 40 obese patients and 32 controls].

Alexithymia may be considered as a personality feature characterized by poorness of imaginary life, speech focused on actual facts and physical sensations, general inaccuracy in or paucity of the words used to express emotions, and recourse to acting out to avoid intrapsychic conflicts. The possible link between alexithymia and psychosomatic or psychopathological disorders is now well documented. In particular, studies suggested that alexithymia may be frequently observed in obese or bulimic patients. This study was designed to investigate the link between obesity and alexithymia according to the presence or not of binge eating problems; 40 obese female patients (BMI > or = 27.3) seeking obesity treatment and 32 normal weight women used as controls were included in the study. In the obese group, 11 patients (27.5%) exhibited binge-eating disorder according to the DSM IV criteria. Alexithymia was assessed using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), and past and current mental disorders were assessed by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM III-R (SCID). In addition, current depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The mean TAS score was found significantly higher in obese patients than in controls (72.6 +/- 11.8 vs 65.2 +/- 9.3, respectively; p < 0.005). In the same way, alexithymia (defined by TAS score > or = 74) was found significantly more frequent in obese patients than in controls (52.5% vs 21.8%, respectively; p < 0.03). However, among obese patients no significant difference was found between patients with and without binge-eating disorder. Current major depression was also found significantly more frequent in obese patients than in controls (15% vs 0%, respectively; p < 0.03), and the mean BDI score was very significantly higher in obese patients (12.2 +/- 8.7 vs 4.6 +/- 4.6, respectively; p < 0.0001). Comparisons between obese patients with and without binge-eating disorder showed that only past major depression was found significantly more frequent in those with binge-eating disorder (81.8% vs 10.3%, respectively; p < 0.0001), although the mean BDI score was significantly higher in patients with binge-eating disorder (18.5 +/- 11.7 vs 9.8 +/- 5.9, respectively; p < 0.02). Group by group comparisons suggested that two factors may play a role in the correlation found between obesity and alexithymia. First, the mean TAS score was found significantly higher in subjects with low educational level (p < 0.05), obese patients exhibiting significantly lower educational level when compared to controls (p < 0.002). Then, a significant positive correlation was found between TAS scores and BDI scores (Spearman's test: p < 0.01), obese patients showing significantly higher BDI scores than controls (p < 0.0001). In order to confirm these results, a logistic regression procedure was performed in the total sample (obese patients + controls). Three factors were found significantly increasing the risk to get a TAS score > or = 74: low educational level (odds ratio: 3.56), past and/or current major depression (odds ratio: 2.77), and BDI score > or = 8 (odds ratio: 2.18). Obesity in itself had no significant effect on TAS scores. Our results confirm that alexithymia is a psychological feature frequently observed in obese patients. In our study, the correlation found between obesity and alexithymia appears to be irrespective of binge-eating disorder, and seems to be mediated by the educational level and the frequency of associated depression. However, further investigations need to be done in order to specify the relationships between obesity, alexithymia, low educational level, and depression.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Eating problems and the observed quality of mother-daughter interactions among girls with type 1 diabetes.

This study examined how eating problems are linked to autonomy and intimacy in the observed interactions of 88 diabetic girls (M = 14.9 years) and their mothers. On the basis of self-reported symptoms, teens were classified as having no eating problems (n = 40), mild eating problems (n = 30), and frequent eating problems (n = 18). Mothers and daughters participated in 2 videotaped problem-solving tasks (1 diabetes related and I a general parent-teen issue) that were rated with a macroanalytic coding system (Autonomy and Intimacy Rating System). Compared with interactions among mothers and daughters with no eating problems, interactions among mothers and daughters with eating problems simultaneously constrained the expression of autonomy and intimacy. Findings support clinical theory that links eating problems to emotional misattunement in the mother-daughter relationship, which is postulated to interfere with the teen's capacity for individuation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

[Sleeping and eating disorders].

Over the last three decades there has been a dramatic increase in the prevalence of eating disorders (ED) in western society. The main syndromes are anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) and non-specified eating disorders (ED-NOS). These disorders are with high morbidity and life threatening complications. Sleep disturbances are predominant symptom in these disorders. Researches have examined sleep disorders among people suffering from eating disorders, using different methods: sleep polysomnography, actigraph and self report questionnaires. The article presents the diagnostic criteria of eating disorders, sleep structure and review of researches, which examined sleep patterns among people with AN, BN and binge eating disorder (BED). In addition the article reviews the night eating syndrome. This syndrome is considered to be a combination of eating disorder and sleeping disorder. The article describes the characteristic sleep-wake patterns of each syndrome and in comparison to the control group. The discussion suggests some possible explanations for the discrepancies between subjective and objective experience of sleep.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Attitudes towards change in eating disorders (ACTA). Development and psychometric properties].

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was the development of a self-reported instrument in Spanish to assess attitudes towa rds change in eating disord e rs (AC TA ) and to analyze its reliability and validity. METHODS: The questionnaire was elaborated following the transtheoretical approach of stages of changes, proposed by Prochaska and DiClemente and using the clinical records systematically registered regarding patients cognitions, behaviors and emotions related to the disorder. It was administered to 186 patients who where diagnosed an eating disorder according DSM-IV criteria. Subsequently, the process of refinement and validation of the scale was initiated. Moreover, a set of self-reported instruments was used to assess the eating disorder psychopathology: the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), the Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh (BITE), the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI-2) and the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). RESULTS: The final version consisted of 59 items divided into six subscales: precontemplation, contemplation, determination, action, maintenance and relapse. All of them s h owed an internal consistency over 0.70 which corresponded to the six factor obtained after the factorial analysis. Furthermore, the subscales were logically correlated to each other and to the questionnaires measuring eating psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest that the ACTA be an easily administered, reliable and valid questionnaire, which could be used withinthe motivational approach. This could provide interesting information regarding the knowledge of the therapeutical process.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed1992

Eating disorders among adolescent female athletes: influence of athletic participation and sport team membership.

Female athletes have been identified as a potential risk group for the development of eating disorders. Although adolescents in general are particularly vulnerable to the onset of eating disorders, little research has examined the problem among high school female athletes. The present study explored this population by comparing female athletes and nonathletes in terms of (a) behavioral and psychological traits associated with eating disorders and (b) use of pathogenic weight control techniques (laxatives, vomiting, fasting, and diet aids). Sport-by-sport comparisons were also investigated to determine if athletes in specific sports were more at risk. Moreover, in an attempt to link athletic participation and eating disordered behavior, the gender-role orientation of athletes was examined. Results indicated that (a) athletes were more likely than nonathletes to possess certain behavioral and psychological correlates of eating disorders, (b) there were few differences among the various sport teams, and (c) gender-role orientation was generally not a critical variable. Although group comparisons yielded limited significant differences, athletes nevertheless reported traits associated with eating disorders as well as use of pathogenic weight control techniques. The unique contributions of the sport context and coaching practices exacerbating disordered eating are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Virtual food in virtual environments for the treatment of eating disorders.

Eating disorders (Eds) are one of the problems with higher social repercussion in the last years. Sometimes, these clinical syndromes, which are characterized by an altered eating behavior, can have dramatic consequences. In eating disorders, one of the more critical situations, in addition to other of equal or more importance, is the patient's confrontation with food: the visual confrontation, the eating process and the repercussion on his weight. Virtual Reality (VR) technology has been used in psychology, as a therapeutic help tool for the treatment of different psychological problems, for several years now. Their helpfulness is increasingly being recognized. Some developed virtual environments (VE) and their corresponding published studies endorse the efficiency of this tool. Nevertheless, in order to increase the possibilities of success, it is very important to obtain a complete patient immersion in the VE: visual, auditory and interactive. Sometimes there are processes or actions of reality, which are difficult to simulate virtually, and simulating them coarsely would result in the patient lack of immersion in the VE, thus seriously decreasing the possibilities of success. The eating process is an example, since it consists of several steps, some of which (biting, chewing, etc.) don't have an evident virtual solution. This article shows how food and eating process have been simulated virtually in the development of a virtual environment for the treatment of eating disorders.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Prevalence and profile of females at risk of eating disorders in Singapore.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of young females at risk of developing eating disorders (ED) and the associated socio-demographical variables. METHODS: A set of self-administered questionnaires consisting of an Eating Attitude Test (EAT), an Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) and a socio-demographical questionnaire was administered to 4,461 young females. Based on scores for EAT and/or EDI-drive for thinness (EDI-DT) subscale, subjects were categorised into either "normal" (NM) or "at risk" (AR) of ED. RESULTS: Mean age of the subjects was 16.7 years (range 12-26 years). The ethnic composition was 78.8 percent Chinese, 11.7 percent Malay, 6.6 percent Indian and 3 percent other ethnic groups. Prevalence of AR was 7.4 percent (95 percent confidence interval [CI] 6.7-8.2 percent). Mean EAT and EDI-DT scores for AR were significantly higher than that of NM (EAT: mean difference is 22.1, 95 percent CI 20.7-23.4, p-value is less than 0.0001; EDI-DT: mean difference is 10.9, 95 percent CI 10.5-11.4, p-value is less than 0.0001). Female Malays constituted a significantly larger proportion of AR (20.6 percent) as compared to NM (10.9 percent). AR females are more likely to use Malay as a spoken language at home (prevalence rate ratio 1.70, p-value is 0.001) and to be better educated with completion of General Certificate of Education (GCE) "O" levels. However, the parents of AR females are likely to be less well educated (below GCE "A" levels). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of females at risk of developing ED is 7.4 percent. Malay ethnic group, using Malay language at home and the educational levels of both the subjects and their parents appear to be associated with an increased risk for development of ED.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Adolescence and eating disorder: the obsessive-compulsive syndrome.

Although it is widely recognized that eating disorders primarily begin during the adolescent period, the centrality of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology and dynamisms and their relationship to adolescent conflict and development has not been generally accepted or understood. Social pressures toward conformity with the ideal of feminine thinness, which are especially influential during the adolescent period, combine with obsessive-compulsive predispositions to produce eating disorder symptoms and patterns of behavior. Obsessive preoccupation with images of food as well as ruminative calorie counting, and ritualistic behavior regarding food, use of laxatives, and vomiting, together with an underlying focus on control, undoing and other obsessive-compulsive defenses, and a sado-masochistic orientation to the body all point to an essential obsessive-compulsive disorder. The presence of dysphoric affect and the erratic success of antidepressant medication with eating disorder patients has led to a belief in an underlying affective disorder. However, careful assessment of eleven studies presenting differential diagnostic data regarding anorexia nervosa reveals that noneating related obsessive-compulsive patterns and symptoms are second overall in incidence to depressive patterns and symptoms. With critical re-evaluation of data presented, the obsessive-compulsive condition equals or supersedes the depressive one in many samples. Moreover, given the intense achievement orientation of persons with obsessive-compulsive illness, along with other psychodynamic factors, depressive symptoms could well be considered a secondary breakdown effect. If the all-pervasive obsessive-compulsive nature of eating-related symptomatology discussed here is taken into consideration, depressive symptoms must be considered either secondary or incidental. As patients with eating disorders are notoriously secretive and oftentimes misleading about their symptoms and themselves, a diagnostic assessment of such patients in intensive treatment at a long-term hospital facility was carried out. Compared with a control group randomly selected from the remainder of the hospital patient population, obsessive-compulsive manifestations of rumination, ritualistic behavior, excessive cleanliness, excessive orderliness, perfectionism, miserliness, rigidity, and scrupulousness and self-righteousness were all significantly associated with the eating disorder patient group. The current eating disorder picture, therefore, appears to be a modern form of obsessive-compulsive illness beginning during the adolescent period.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

School counselors' knowledge of eating disorders.

The purpose of this study was to examine school counselors' knowledge of adolescent eating disorders, specifically anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Participants were drawn from the national membership of the American Association of School Counselors; they were requested to complete a 43-item questionnaire on eating disorders. Of the 500 participants randomly selected, 337 (67%) returned usable questionnaires. There were 220 female and 117 male counselors; the mean age was 45.2 years. The majority held a master's degree and counseled high school students; the mean number of years they had been school counselors was 12.2. When asked how competent they were in helping students with eating disorders, 11% rated themselves as very competent, 49% believed they were moderately competent, and 40% believed they were not very competent. The majority (75%) did not believe it was their role to treat students with eating disorders; they were instead referred to an eating disorders program (40%), their parents (34%), or a psychiatrist or other physician (34%). The majority of counselors (72%) had encountered anorexic or bulimic students; the most common method of discovering students with a problem was by being informed by fellow students (35%). The majority of respondents were very knowledgeable regarding the signs and symptoms of anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Examination of their general knowledge of eating disorders revealed that they knew more about anorexia than bulimia. The two sources of eating disorders information utilized by at least half of the respondents were professional journals (70%) and workshops/professional conferences (56%).

Child↗

PubMed1989

Eating disorders among selected female student populations at UCLA.

Seven hundred sixteen female UCLA students--drawn from Primary Care Clinic, Women's Health Clinic, sorority, athletic team, dance major, and undergraduate psychology class populations--completed questionnaires regarding eating disorders symptoms and attitudes compatible with the diagnostic criteria published by the American Psychiatric Association in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, (3rd ed., DSM-III), the Eating Disorders Inventory, and related information. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of eating disorders and eating disorder-related symptoms in particular subgroups for targeting intervention and prevention programs. Although between 7.5% and 46% of subgroup populations reported the presence of individual eating disorder-related symptoms, the prevalence of active eating disorders for the group as a whole at the time of the survey was 2.1%, with the prevalence of disorders at any time during life 4.8%, using DSM-III diagnosis. The Eating Disorders Inventory scores for the group as a whole were comparable with norms reported by other researchers in the literature. Primary Care Clinic attenders and dance majors reported the highest rates of symptoms and disorders, while athletes reported the lowest rates.

Adult↗