PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Generalization, Psychological”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,027 records · Page 57Linked to original sources
PubMed1970

Rate of response as a visual social stimulus.

In Exp. 1, a high rate of responding (chain pulling) of a stimulus monkey was established as a visual positive discriminative stimulus for the operant behavior (bar pressing) of an observer monkey. The terminal performance of the observer under conditions in which a high rate of response of the stimulus monkey alternated in a variable temporal arrangement with a zero rate of response of the stimulus monkey (negative discriminative stimulus) was essentially the same as when nonbehavioral stimuli are correlated with the availability of reinforcement. By manipulating the schedule of reinforcement to change the rate of responding of the stimulus subject without changing its rate of reinforcement, Exp. 2 showed that the effective behavioral stimulus for the observer was the rate of chain pulling by the stimulus subject. A novel intermediate rate of responding by the stimulus monkey resulted in an intermediate rate (generalization) on the part of the observer during an extinction test. These experiments demonstrated that the rate of responding of one organism can function as a discriminative stimulus to control the rate of responding of another organism; and that the rate of responding is similar to other physical stimuli in terms of discrimination and generalization.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Relation between psychological strain and carotid atherosclerosis in a general population.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the hypothesis that psychological strain is related to carotid atherosclerosis in a large general population sample. METHODS: Intima-media thickness and the prevalence of atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries were quantitatively assessed by high resolution ultrasound among 2164 participants (1112 women and 1052 men, aged 45 to 75 years) of the SHIP (study of health in Pomerania), an epidemiological survey of a random sample of the population of north eastern Germany. Psychological strain was measured by 13 items reflecting typical psychological complaints. Each item was graded by the study participants on a four point scale (from 0, absent, to 3, severe) and a psychological strain score was generated by summing these 13 items. RESULTS: Mean psychological strain score was 10.8 (7.0) (median score 10) among women and 8.5 (6.2) (median score 8) among men. Psychological strain did not predict carotid intima-media thickness among either men or women. However, after adjustment for covariates, high psychological strain and carotid plaques were independently and linearly related, with plaque prevalence odds of 1.03 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01 to 1.05, p = 0.009) per increment of the psychological strain score among women and 1.04 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.07, p = 0.003) among men. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified a relation between general psychological strain and carotid atherosclerosis.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Clinical psychology: a consultative approach in general practice.

General practitioners tend to regard psychologists as an alternative resource for patients. This paper describes an approach to clinical psychology in general practice in which a team of psychologists works with a general practitioner on a consultancy basis. In this way the psychologists and general practitioner work together, with the general practitioner retaining responsibility for the patient. The method pays special attention to the context in which the problems occur, and to the set of relationships in which difficulties are experienced. The relevance of brief focused work is discussed and illustrated with clinical examples.

Family Practice↗
PubMed1963

GENERALIZATION OF AUDITORY INTENSITY AS A FUNCTION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF DISCRIMINATION TRAINING.

Rats were trained on a two-valued auditory-intensity discrimination for 5, 2, 1 or 0 days. Then, the bar-press response rate was sampled in the presence of seven added discrimination stimuli (generalization) for seven days. Daily training sessions were 4 hr in length throughout the experiment. Only the five-day group exhibited a marked superiority on the multi-valued discrimination when contrasted with the group having had no prior simple discrimination training.

Discrimination Learning↗
PubMed2004

General practice encounters for psychological problems in rural, remote and metropolitan areas in Australia.

OBJECTIVE: Previous Australian research suggests there is very little difference in the prevalence of mental health disorders across rural, remote and metropolitan areas. However, mental health specialists are particularly scarce in rural and remote areas and some researchers have argued that non-metropolitan residents rely heavily on general practitioners (GPs) for mental health care. This article investigated rates of GP services for psychological problems across rural, remote and metropolitan areas. METHOD: The Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH) program, Medicare and Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme data were used in this report. Data included all psychological, depression and anxiety problems reported as managed by GPs and prescriptions for mental health medications (written and filled). Problem and medication rates are given per 100 patient encounters and per 1000 population. RESULTS: Only a few regional differences were evident in the rate of psychological problems and prescriptions for mental health medications per 100 GP-patient encounters. However, rural and remote residents visited GPs less frequently than their metropolitan counterparts. Lower rates of GP encounters for psychological problems were evident for residents of most non-metropolitan areas (per 1000 population). Additionally, GPs prescribed mental health medications at half the rate for residents of remote areas than capital cities. CONCLUSIONS: General practitioners provide fewer mental health services per capita in non-metropolitan areas. This difference could represent completely untreated psychological problems or fewer follow-up consultations. While non-metropolitan residents have limited access to specialists, rates of GP encounters for psychological problems are also very low.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗
PubMed1990

Relationship between using conceptual comprehension of academic material and thinking abstractly about global life issues.

The study explored whether more frequent use of conceptual comprehension of academic material generalized to greater use of abstract thinking about global life issues, such as death, goal in life, marriage, AIDS, etc. Undergraduate and graduate students (28 men and 61 women) voluntarily completed a questionnaire which assessed their conceptualizations using three indices. These were an intelligence scale and two learning style indices, namely, Deep Processing and Elaborative Processing of R. R. Schmeck. Also assessed were their levels of abstract thinking about Death Issues and about Other Real Life Issues, and their Denial of Death and their Denial of Dying. All three indices of conceptualization correlated with thinking more abstractly about Other Real Life Issues, but only Elaborative Processing correlated with thinking more abstractly about Death Issues. None of the three indices correlated with Denial of Death or Denial of Dying. It appears conceptualization skills were selectively generalized.

Attitude to Death↗
PubMed2005

The relationships of adolescent school-related deviant behaviour and victimization with psychological distress: testing a general model of the mediational role of parents and teachers across groups of gender and age.

Deviant behaviour and victimization at school have been consistently related to poor psychological adjustment in adolescents. This research explores the mediating role that parents and teachers have in adolescent psychological distress in 973 Spanish students aged 11-16 years old. Structural equation analyses results showed that adolescent deviant behaviour and victimization were positively related to psychological distress as seen by the total effects. However, while victimization was directly related to psychological distress, the association of deviant behaviour and psychological distress was mediated by adolescent-parent communication and adolescent-teacher relationships. Multigroup analyses showed that relationships among variables were not significantly different for groups of age and gender.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

A psychiatric-psychological study of XYY males found in a general male population.

The psychological test results of five XYY males from in a population study showed an intellectual level within the normal range but with a mean full scale IQ and educational level lower than expected. The cognitive as well as emotional function was characterized by immaturity, manifested in passivity, unreflectiveness and emotional liability, in three resulting in uncontrolled aggressive outbursts. Conflict material also appeared immaturely resolved, centering around unfulfilled needs of contact and insecure masculine identification. The defense mechanisms used were generally rather weak, but only in one subject did the anxiety level seem to be excessively low. All five males differed to a certain extent from their siblings; three of them were hyperactive, restless, hot-tempered and impulsive at school and four of them had difficulties at school. Three learned a trade, but only one stayed in his trade, and one was applying for disablement pension on account of personality deviation. Two of the five had a criminal record. It is concluded that the presence and degree of the above-mentioned characteristics of XYY males varied. It is evident that environmental factors play as great a role for the development of personality and behaviour in males with karyotype 47, XYY as in males with a normal chromosome constitution.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The course of post-disaster health problems of victims with pre-disaster psychological problems as presented in general practice.

BACKGROUND: Survivors of disaster with pre-disaster psychological problems are believed to be at risk for presenting post-disaster psychological and physical morbidity. Up till now this statement is based on cross-sectional studies with self-reported data and without pre-disaster measurement. OBJECTIVE: To monitor post-disaster health care utilization and morbidity presented in general practice after a man-made disaster by victims and controls with and without pre-disaster psychological problems. METHODS: A controlled cohort study with pre-disaster (1 year) and post-disaster (two-and-a-half years) data. Victims (N = 2518) of an exploding fireworks depot in a residential area and matched controls (N = 2512), representing patients in 30 general practices, were included. Main outcome measures were utilization measured by GP attendances, and psychological and physical problems registered by the GP using the International Classification of Primary Care. RESULTS: Only victims without pre-disaster psychological problems demonstrated a significant increase in utilization in the first half year post-disaster. Victims with pre-disaster psychological problems did not. Being a victim (OR = 6.13; 95% CI = 4.84-7.77) had a greater effect than pre-disaster psychological problems (OR = 4.96; 95% CI = 3.96-6.21) on presenting post-disaster psychological problems. Pre-disaster psychological problems had more effect (OR = 1.93; 95% CI = 1.79-2.08) than the effect of being a victim (OR = 1.25; 95% CI = 1.18-1.32) on the development of post-disaster physical symptoms. CONCLUSION: Post-disaster increases in utilization and psychological morbidity were observed. Post-disaster psychological problems were more influenced by the disaster, while post-disaster physical symptoms were more influenced by pre-disaster psychological problems. GPs should concentrate on the pre-disaster health history of victims of man-made disasters in their practices.

Accidents↗