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PubMed2000

Unique hemagglutination activity of an isolate of Newcastle disease virus.

The MET95 strain of a lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolated from a broiler in Japan, showed unique hemagglutination (HA) activity. The MET95 strain failed to show HA when examined by rapid glass plate method although they showed HA titer of 1:1,024 by micro-plate method. This unique HA was also observed after the MET95 strain was passaged ten times in chickens. The failure of HA by rapid glass plate method was not shown in any other NDVs examined.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Neutralizing test of hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV) in FS-L3 cells cultured without serum.

FS-L3 cells, originating from porcine kidney, were used for propagation of Hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV) and development of a virus neutralizing (VN) test. Sera of pigs, rats, cows and dogs had VN activities to HEV. On the other hand, sera of mice, rabbits, goats, sheep, horses, cats, chickens, hamsters and human did not have measurable VN activities, although these sera had high HI activities. Our results support the idea that the VN is a more reliable measure of HEV infection than the conventionally used HI test.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Detection of thyroid microsomal and thyroglobulin antibodies by new sensitive radioimmunoassay in Hashimoto's disease; comparison with conventional hemagglutination assay.

We evaluated clinical usefulness of thyroid microsomal antibody (MCAb) and thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb) measured by new sensitive radioimmunoassays (RIA). These assays are simple and reproducible; the intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 3.6-6.8% and 6.6-13.2% in the MCAb assay, and 3.2-7.7% and 7.6-12.3% in the TGAb assay, respectively. In 126 patients with Hashimoto's disease, the antibody activity determined by this RIA correlated with that determined by the hemagglutination assay (HA) (r = 0.848 for MCAb, r = 0.686 for TGAb, p less than 0.001). MCAb was detected by RIA in all of 115 HA-positive and 4 of 11 HA-negative patients, and TGAb by RIA in all of 84 HA-positive and 29 of 42 HA-negative patients: the prevalence of MCAb was 94% and that of TGAb was 90% in the disease. Moreover, some showed high antibody activity only in RIA. In another group of 14 patients with biopsy-proved Hashimoto's disease with no antibody activity by routine HA tests, serum MCAb was detected in 3 (21%), TGAb in 11 (79%), and both activities in 2 (14%). Our results indicate that (1) the RIA tests are more sensitive than the conventional HA test, and that (2) the present RIA test for TGAb is more sensitive than that for MCAb in detecting autoimmune abnormalities, especially in patients with biopsy-proved Hashimoto's disease who give negative results in the HA test.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Surveillance of arbovirus infections in the Atlantic Forest Region, State of São Paulo, Brazil. I. Detection of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies in wild birds between 1978 and 1990.

We report data related to arbovirus antibodies detected in wild birds periodically captured from January 1978 to December 1990 in the counties of Salesópolis (Casa Grande Station), Itapetininga and Ribeira Valley, considering the different capture environments. Plasmas were examined using hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests. Only monotypic reactions were considered, except for two heterotypic reactions in which a significant difference in titer was observed for a determined virus of the same antigenic group. Among a total of 39,911 birds, 269 birds (0.7%) belonging to 66 species and 22 families were found to have a monotypic reaction for Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), Western equine encephalitis (WEE), Ilheus (ILH), Rocio (ROC), St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), SP An 71686, or Caraparu (CAR) viruses. Analysis of the data provided information of epidemiologic interest with respect to these agents. Birds with positive serology were distributed among different habitats, with a predominance of unforested habitats. The greatest diversity of positive reactions was observed among species which concentrate in culture fields.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Purification and partial characterization of a hemagglutinating factor (HAF): a possible adhesive factor of the diffuse adherent of Escherichia coli (DAEC).

The mannose-resistant hemagglutinating factor (HAF) was extracted and purified from a diffuse adherent Escherichia coli (DAEC) strain belonging to the classic enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) serotype (0128). The molecular weight of HAF was estimated to be 18 KDa by SDS-PAGE and 66 KDa by Sephadex G100, suggesting that the native form of HAF consists of 3-4 monomeric HAF. Gold immunolabeling with specific HAF antiserum revealed that the HAF is not a rigid structure like fimbriae on the bacterial surface. The immunofluorescence test using purified HAF on HeLa cells, in addition to the fact that the HAF is distributed among serotypes of EPEC, suggests that HAF is a possible adhesive factor of DAEC strains.

Adhesins, Escherichia coli↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Hemagglutination test for the diagnosis of human neurocysticercosis: development of a stable reagent using homologous and heterologous antigens.

A hemagglutination (HA) test was standardized using formalin- and tannin-treated gander red blood cells sensitized with a total salt extract of C. cellulosae (HA-Cc) and an antigenic extract of Cysticercus longicollis (HA-Cl) vesicular fluid. A total of 61 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were assayed, 41 from patients with neurocysticercosis and 20 from a control group which were, respectively, reactive and non-reactive to ELISA using C. cellulosae. The CSF samples from the control group did not react and 35 (85.4%) and 34 (82.9%) CSF samples from patients were reactive to the HA-Cc and HA-Cl tests, respectively. The reagents ready for use were stable up to 6 months when stored at 4 degrees C in 50% glycerol. The present results confirm that the reagent using Cysticercus longicollis stabilized with glycerol can be used as an alternative in the immunological diagnosis of neurocysticercosis.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Identification of Toxoplasma gondii antigens involved in the IgM and IgG indirect hemagglutination tests for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis.

Crude Toxoplasma gondii antigens represent raw material used to prepare reagents to be employed in different serologic tests for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, including the IgM and IgG indirect hemagglutination (IgG-HA and IgM-HA) tests. So far, the actual antigenic molecules of the parasite involved in the interaction with agglutinating anti-T. gondii antibodies in these tests are unknown. The absorption process of serum samples from toxoplasmosis patients with the IgG-HA reagent (G-toxo-HA) demonstrated that red cells from this reagent were coated with T. gondii antigens with Mr of 39, 35, 30, 27, 22 and 14 kDa. The immune-absorption process with the IgM-HA reagent (M-toxo-HA), in turn, provided antibody eluates which recognized antigenic bands of the parasite corresponding to Mr of 54, 35 and 30 kDa, implying that these antigens are coating red cells from this reagent. The identification of most relevant antigens for each type of HA reagent seems to be useful for the inspection of the raw antigenic material, as well as of reagent batches routinely produced. Moreover the present findings can be used to modify these reagents in order to improve the performance of HA tests for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Serodiagnosis of Chagas disease: new reagent for the indirect hemagglutination test (THAI(IAL))].

A new reagent was designed to the indirect hemagglutination test (IHATIAL), utilizing goose red blood cells as inert matrix and standardized for the field diagnosis of American trypanosomiasis. The objective was to substitute the lyophilized or frozen reagent of IHAT produced routinely using human erythrocytes in the Adolfo Lutz Institute (São Paulo/Brazil). The standardized reagent presented a long stability in liquid suspension, and was evaluated in 137 serum samples from patient with and without Chagas' disease, by IHATIAL. The diagnostic performance of this test was similar to the IHAT utilizing human erythrocytes and to that of a commercial IHAT kit. The sensitivity was 1.00, specificity 0.98, predictive value of positive 0.96 and of negative 1.00. Different batches of reagent successively produced proved to be reproducible in a quality control method. The new reagent is more economic than the former reagent, it can be produced easily and may be applicable to the seroepidemiologic studies.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Comparison of a recombinant-antigen enzyme immunoassay with Treponema pallidum hemagglutination test for serological confirmation of syphilis.

A recombinant-antigen enzyme immunoassay (EIA), BioSCREEN anti-Treponema pallidum, was compared favorably with the T. pallidum hemagglutination test, in the detection of specific antibodies in different groups of sera from patients with primary (n = 38), secondary (n = 10), early latent (n = 28) and congenital syphilis (n = 2), patients with leptospirosis ( n= 8), infectious mononucleosis (n = 7), hepatitis (n = 9), diabetes mellitus (n = 11), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 13), leprosy (n = 11), tuberculosis (n = 9), HIV/Aids ( n= 12), systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 4), rheumatic fever (n = 3), old-persons (n = 9), pregnant women (n = 29) and blood donors (n = 164). The coincidence between them was 95.1%. The sensitivity and specificity of the EIA were 93.3% and 95.5%, respectively. Fifteen serum specimens belonging to old-persons, pregnant women, blood donors, and patients with human leptospirosis, hepatitis, diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis and rheumatic fever gave false-positive results by Venereal Disease Research Laboratory and/or Rapid Plasma Reagin. The EIA can be used as alternative method for the serological confirmation of syphilis.

Antigens, Bacterial↗

PubMed2005

Evaluation of adherence, hemagglutination, and presence of genes codifying for virulence factors of Acinetobacter baumannii causing urinary tract infection.

Acinetobacter baumannii is a strictly aerobic bacterium which causes severe infections, however its pathogenic characteristics are not well defined. Thirteen A. baumannii strains isolated from urine of hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients with different ages were investigated for the presence of virulence factors. The isolates belonged to biotypes 2, 6, and 9 and were sensitive to imipenem. The majority of them showed resistance to amikacin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, norfloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. None of A. baumannii strains presented genes codifying for 17 different virulence factors previously described in uropathogenic Escherichia coli, when tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Nine isolates agglutinated human group AB erythrocytes, in presence of mannose, but none of them agglutinated group O erythrocytes. Adherence to polystyrene was observed in 7 isolates, and this result did not correlate with that obtained in hemagglutination assay. All the isolates were able to grow in iron-limiting conditions, showing that A. baumannii produces some type of siderophore. However, the genes iutA and fyuA, from iron uptake system of E. coli and Yersinia sp., respectively, were not present in the isolates, suggesting the presence of a different type of siderophore. The fimbriae of A. baumannii strains that mediates the adherence are possibly mannose-resistant, even though the mechanism of adherence to human epithelial cells still remains to be elucidated.

Acinetobacter Infections↗

PubMed1998

Toxic, antimicrobial and hemagglutinating activities of the purple fluid of the sea hare Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828.

The antimicrobial, hemagglutinating and toxic activities of the purple fluid of the sea hare Aplysia dactylomela are described. Intact or dialyzed purple fluid inhibited the growth of species of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and the action was not bactericidal but bacteriostatic. The active factor or factors were heat labile and sensitive to extreme pH values. The fluid preferentially agglutinated rabbit erythrocytes and, to a lesser extent, human blood cells, and this activity was inhibited by the glycoprotein fetuin, a fact suggesting the presence of a lectin. The fluid was also toxic to brine shrimp nauplii (LD50 141.25 micrograms protein/ml) and to mice injected intraperitoneally (LD50 201.8 +/- 8.6 mg protein/kg), in a dose-dependent fashion. These toxic activities were abolished when the fluid was heated. Taken together, the data suggest that the activities of the purple fluid are due primarily to substance(s) of a protein nature which may be involved in the chemical defense mechanism of this sea hare.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Application of immune adherence hemagglutination test in the screening of blood donors carrying a high titer antibody to varicella-zoster virus.

The immune adherence hemagglutination (IAHA) test was compared with the complement fixation (CF) test and fluorescent antibody (FA) test to measure the antibody titer to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in 70 sera of convalescents 2 to 8 weeks after herpes zoster onset. The IAHA titer correlated with the FA titer, but not with the CF titer which was lower than the IAHA and FA titers. Then, the IAHA test was used for screening of blood donors with a high titer (higher than 64 units) of antibody to VZV from 2,592 blood donors. About 14% of the sera from the donors aged 16 to 19 years had an antibody titer higher than 64 units, about 10% of sera from the donors aged 20 to 49 years, and 5.6% of sera from the donors older than 50 years. An average positive rate was about 9%, indicating that an enough VZV immune plasma with a high titer of antibody might be obtained from blood donors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Establishment of passive hemagglutination assay (PHA) system for anti-HBc in plasma.

A sensitive and specific assay system for anti-HBc, the passive hemagglutination (PHA) method, has been established. The reactivity of PHA cells prepared by conjugating purified recombinant HBcAg-particles with fixed sheep blood cells (SRBC) was highly specific to monoclonal- and polyclonal anti-HBc IgGs. The sensitivity of PHA method was higher than that of radioimmunoassay (RIA). However, uncertainty for the positivity of anti-HBc still remained in plasma with the PHA titers lower than 2(5). A relatively high ratio (19%, 37 of 196) of anti-HBc-positive plasma, which had been confirmed to be HBsAg negative, was demonstrated in blood donors whose bloods have been considered suitable for transfusion. The hazards of anti-HBc-positive bloods and the importance of anti-HBc detection in plasma are discussed in this paper.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed2004

A sialic acid-specific lectin from the mushroom Paecilomyces Japonica that exhibits hemagglutination activity and cytotoxicity.

The mushroom Paecilomyces japonica, grown on the silkworm larvae, has been used in Asia as a nutraceutical, tea, and Chinese medicine. In the present study, a sialic acid-specific lectin has been purified from the mushroom P. japonica using affinity chromatography on a fetuin-agarose column. Electrophoretical analyses indicated that this lectin, designated P. japonica agglutinin (PJA), is an acidic protein with a molecular mass of 16 kDa, and has no intermolecular disulfide bonds. PJA induced hemagglutination activity in human ABO, mouse, rat, and rabbit erythrocytes. This activity was inhibited by sialic acid and sialoglycoproteins, but not by any other carbohydrates. PJA was stable at pH 4.0-8.0, and at temperatures below 55 degrees C. The activity of PJA was independent of EDTA and divalent cations. In addition, PJA exerts cytotoxic effects on the following cancer cell lines: human stomach cancer SNU-1, human pancreas cancer AsPc-1, and human breast cancer MDA-MB-231.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

An evaluation of serum erythropoietin estimation by a hemagglutination inhibition assay in the differential diagnosis of polycythemia.

A commercially available hemagglutination inhibition assay kit for the measurement of erythropoietin (EPO) was evaluated for its usefulness in the differential diagnosis of the polycythemic states. Serum samples were obtained from patients with polycythemia rubra vera (active and controlled), secondary and relative polycythemia and from normal controls. Firstly, we found that the mean EPO level (+/- SD) of our normal controls (81 +/- 69 miu/ml) was higher than the manufacturer's quoted normal range (15-59 miu/ml) and that there was a significant spread of values (7-233 miu/ml). Secondly, within each patient subgroup studied, the spread of data points was so wide that interpretation of individual data points would be impossible. We conclude that this assay kit is of little value for serum EPO estimation and in the differential diagnosis of polycythemia.

Diagnosis, Differential↗

PubMed1984

Comparison of various preparations of nuclear antigens by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI).

A clinical laboratory carrying out tests for antinuclear antibodies requires an efficient, reliable preparation method to produce a high yield of nuclear antigens at low cost and a very sensitive, specific assay method for antigen activity. Various tissues were employed for preparation of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) and Sm antigens for these purposes. Fresh calf thymus cells and nuclei, commercially available calf and rabbit thymus acetone powders, fresh rat kidney and liver cells were used as sources of antigens prepared similarly by methods published previously. Preparations of antigens from whole calf thymus cell extracts were prepared with and without inhibitors to protease and RNase. snRNP and Sm antigens were assayed at each preparation step by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI). Using HAI it was possible to routinely assay snRNP and Sm at nanogram/ml quantities which was 10(6) fold more sensitive than Ouchterlony immunodiffusion. Results were expressed as relative specific activity as compared with calf thymus nuclear extract prepared by conventional methods. Protease and RNase inhibitors did not significantly increase yields. Thymus was the best source of snRNP and Sm. Fresh calf thymus extract produced a good, stable, reliable quantity of antigens, whereas calf and rabbit thymus acetone powders provided antigen at higher specific activity with less labor but slightly lower yields. Thus, considering the total cost of preparations, commercial sources may be superior to fresh sources in the clinical laboratory setting. These studies also revealed the utility of the sensitive HAI test not only in the clinical laboratory but also for further research endeavors.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Demonstration of feline leukemia virus antibody in cats by passive hemagglutination (38583).

Two FeLV fractions from Sephadex G-150 gel filtration were used to sensitize RBC for the PHA test. When the cells were coated with the fraction from the second peak consisting mostly of a mojor gs antigen of FeLV, no antibodies could be detected either in hyperimmunized cat sera or sera from leukemic cats, whereas antibodies were readily detectable in immunized rabbits. Using cells coated with the first peak eluants or Tween-ether disrupted FeLV, PHA antibodies were detected in cat sera. There existed, however, one significant exception that a cat with the diagnosis of mast cell leukemia showed antibody against the second peak fraction. Little or no antibodies could be detected in cat sera by CF or gel-diffusion. There was some correlation between hemagglutinating antibodies and conglutinating complement absorbing antibodies, but these antibodies did seem to differ from neutralizing antibody.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Detection of antibody to Varicella-Zoster virus by immune adherence hemagglutination.

A serologic test for measurement of antibody to V-Z virus by immune adherence hemagglutination is described. Initial evaluation of the test has shown it to be highly sensitive, specific, rapid, and simple to perform. The V-Z antigen may be stored at -70 degrees, and the test could be performed in any routine serology laboratory.

Antibodies, Viral↗