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PubMedDate not supplied

Dopamine and temperature regulation in the primate: effects of apomorphine and pimozide.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a specific dopamine-receptor agonist (apomorphine) and antagonist (pimozide) on temperature regulation in the primate. Using 4 rhesus monkeys and 2 patas monkeys as subjects, increasing doses of apomorphine (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mg/kg) injected subcutaneously produced a dose-dependent hypothermia associated with sharp elevations in tail-skin and ear pinna temperatures. Apomorphine also produced dose-related behavioral responses including salivation, hypermotility, hypersensitivity, pupil dilation and erection, suggesting a central site of action. Pre-treatment with pimozide (0.5 mg/kg, SC) blocked the apomorphine-induced hypothermia, but the subcutaneous injection of pimozide alone had no effect on body temperatures. In the patas monkey, the decline in colonic temperature following the injection of apomorphine (0.4 mg/kg) was not associated with a change in metabolic rate or heart rate. In 2 animals, mean colonic temperature fell 1.7, 0.67, and 0.3 degrees C following the injection of apomorphine ((0.4 mg/kg) in 15, 25, and 35 degrees C environments, respectively. These data suggest that the apomorphine-induced hypothermia was mediated by an increase in heat dissipation rather than a decline in heat production. The site of this drug remains to be elucidated.

Apomorphine↗

PubMed1998

Cloning, biological characterization and high-level expression of rat interleukin-3 using recombinant adenovirus: description of a new splicing variant.

In the present study, we describe the cloning and sequence analysis of rat IL-3. Two different mRNA isoforms were isolated after transfection of COS cells with the cytokine genomic sequences. One of the isoforms has been predicted before by Cohen et al. (1986), and the other one is identical except that it encodes a protein with an insertion of three amino acids at position 56. As names for the two isoforms, we propose IL-3alpha for the predicted and IL-3beta for the novel molecule. IL-3beta mRNA was detected as the predominant isoform in rat lymphocytes in vivo. High levels of the cytokine were obtained after infection of human cells (A549) with a recombinant adenovirus harboring rIL-3beta cDNA (IG.Ad.CMV.IL-3beta). The biological properties of the IL-3beta protein were tested in a FDC-P1 proliferation assay and in a hematopoietic progenitor colony forming assay. To assess in-vivo bioactivity, lysed 293 cells containing IG.Ad.CMV.rIL-3beta virus were injected subcutaneously into F344 rats. Stimulation of hematopoiesis and leucocytosis were observed during the treatment. After subcutaneous injections of the lysed adeno-producer cells in mice, the only effect observed was a cellular infiltration at the site of injection, confirming the poor cross-reactivity between the two species. The biological properties in vitro and in vivo demonstrate that the cDNA sequences of IL-3beta presented here encode active rat IL-3 protein.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed2003

The pharmacokinetics of s.c. Semitard MC, human NPH ge, Rapitard MC and human NPH 30:70 ge insulin in healthy, non-diabetic subjects.

BACKGROUND: Plasma glucose and insulin responses to Semitard MC versus human NPH ge and Rapitard MC versus human NPH 30:70 ge were examined in fasted healthy, non-diabetic subjects. METHODS: Twelve male subjects with a mean (+/-S.D.) age of 33.9+/-11.1 years and a BMI of 24.9+/-2.9 kg/m(2) were each involved on four separate study days 1 week apart. After fasting samples were taken, 0.2 U/kg of the allocated insulin preparation was injected subcutaneously (s.c.) as a bolus into the anterior abdominal wall. Blood samples were taken over the next 24 h. RESULTS: Subcutaneous injection of Semitard MC caused a greater fall in plasma glucose concentration and lower mean plasma glucose levels throughout the study compared to NPH, reflecting the higher insulin concentrations observed during the 24-h study period. Following s.c. Rapitard MC the plasma glucose levels were consistently higher than those achieved with human NPH 30:70 ge as a result of the lower concentrations of insulin with Rapitard MC insulin. CONCLUSIONS: To obtain the same level of glycaemic control, transferring patients from Semitard MC to human NPH may require a dose increase of 30% in the first instance to be adjusted upwards as deemed necessary. Transferring patients from Rapitard MC to human NPH 30:70 ge, a dose reduction of 25% may be required. Frequent home blood glucose monitoring should be carried out.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Lack of antitumor activity of recombinant endostatin in a human neuroblastoma xenograft model.

Patients with metastatic neuroblastoma are rarely curable with currently available therapy, and the search for new treatment options, which include the use of inhibitors of tumor angiogenesis, is warranted. Here, we have evaluated the efficacy of one of the most promising natural inhibitors of angiogenesis described to date, endostatin, in a human neuroblastoma xenograft model in nude mice. Murine endostatin cDNA was cloned in a bacterial expression vector, expressed as a polyHis-Endostatin fusion protein and purified on Ni2+-NTA beads. The in vitro activity of soluble endostatin was confirmed on bovine capillary endothelial cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The human neuroblastoma cell line SKNAS was injected subcutaneously in the flank of nude mice and administration of the recombinant angiogenesis inhibitor started when tumors reached the size of 100 microm3. Twenty mg/kg of recombinant precipitated endostatin or PBS was subcutaneously injected daily for 12 days. Serum endostatin levels were measured using a competitive enzyme immunoassay. Tumor growth was only slowed down in endostatin-treated mice when compared to control mice, and no statistically significant difference in serum levels of endostatin was observed between endostatin-treated and control groups. The lack of correlation between serum concentration and tumor response raises concern regarding the mechanism of action of endostatin.

Angiogenesis Inhibitors↗

PubMed2003

Controlled release of insulin from injectable biodegradable triblock copolymer depot in ZDF rats.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to design sustained release system which provides basal insulin release over a week by one injection in diabetic animals. For an effective injectable formulation and controlled release of insulin, a water soluble biodegradable triblock copolymer of PLGA-PEG-PLGA was used. METHODS: For in vitro release, samples were analyzed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Animal studies using ZDF rats have been conducted to demonstrate the bioactivity of the released insulin. Insulin formulation was injected subcutaneously. At designated times, the blood glucose levels and insulin levels of the ZDF rats were measured. RESULTS: The in vitro release of zinc-complexed insulin showed no initial burst and demonstrated constant release rate with the duration of 14 days. Constant steady state plasma levels of exogenous insulin were detected for nearly two weeks indicating constant rate of insulin release in vivo upon single subcutaneous injection. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that it is feasible to achieve basal insulin levels over a week by a single injection of ReGel formulation. This will provide various advantages, including depot formation without surgery, easy sterilization, straightforward drug loading, simple dose adjustment, system biocompatibility with no inflammatory reaction, and no requirement of using organic solvents.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Tick-paralysis toxoid: an effective immunizing agent against the toxin of Ixodes holocyclus.

Glutaraldehyde treatment of the toxin of the Australian paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus produced a potent, immunogenic toxoid. Three subcutaneous injections (2 to 4 weeks apart) into rabbits produced very high antitoxin titres in their serum, although circulating antitoxin titres declined in the absence of stimulation. Twenty weeks later, immunized rabbits were unaffected by lethal doses of toxin injected subcutaneously.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Selective depletion of inducible HSP70 enhances immunogenicity of rat colon cancer cells.

Expression of inducible heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in tumor cells has been proposed to enhance their immunogenicity. However, HSP70 has also been demonstrated to prevent tumor cell death, a key process for the development of tumor cell immunogenicity. In the present study, we investigated the influence of the HSP70 protein level on PRO colon cancer cell growth and immunogenicity in syngeneic BDIX rats and nude mice. These cells have a basal expression of HSP70 which can be substantially increased by heat shock. When injected subcutaneously in syngeneic animals, PRO cells do not induce any detectable immune response and give rise to progressive, metastatic and lethal tumors. Stable transfection of an anti-sense hsp70 cDNA in PRO cells (PRO-70AS cells) strongly decreased HSP70 expression and sensitized cell-free extracts to cytochrome c/dATP-mediated activation of caspases. Subcutaneous injection of PRO-70AS cells induced tumors that rapidly regressed in syngeneic rats while they grew normally in nude mice. Syngeneic rats injected with PRO-70AS cells became protected against a further challenge with PRO cells. The tumor-specific immune response induced by HSP70-depleted PRO-70AS cells was associated with an increased rate of cell death in vivo. These PRO-70AS cells were also more sensitive to NO-mediated, caspase-dependent, macrophage cytotoxicity in vivo. Altogether, these results indicate that reduced level of HSP70 expression in PRO- colon cancer cells results in the generation of a specific immune response by promoting cell death in vivo.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Efficacy of doramectin against naturally acquired adult and inhibited larval infections by some nematode parasites in cattle in New Zealand.

A study was conducted to determine the therapeutic efficacy of 1% doramectin injected subcutaneously at 200 microg/kg into cattle harbouring naturally acquired infections of inhibited Ostertagia ostertagi larvae. Sixteen yearling Friesian bulls, grazed without anthelmintic treatment throughout the autumn-winter, were selected on the basis of similar body weights and serum pepsinogen activities. After removal from pasture on day -23 they were weighed and randomly assigned to two treatment groups on the basis of this weight. On day 0, one group was given saline (1 ml/50 kg) while the second was treated with doramectin (200 microg/kg). Both treatments were given by subcutaneous injection. All stock were slaughtered 14-15 days after treatment. Moderate to high levels of adult O. ostertagi and Trichostrongylus axei and early and late 4th larval stages of O. ostertagi were recovered from saline-treated calves at necropsy. Doramectin was highly effective in eliminating all stages of O. ostertagi (99.9%; p<0.0001) and T. axei (100%; p<0.0001). No evidence of lesions were detected at the injection sites at necropsy. These results confirm that doramectin is an extremely effective broad-spectrum avermectin anthelmintic with efficacy against inhibited as well as maturing larval and adult forms of O. ostertagi.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Oral vaccination of brushtail possums with BCG: Investigation into factors that may influence vaccine efficacy and determination of duration of protection.

AIMS: To determine factors that may influence the efficacy of an oral pelleted vaccine containing Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) to induce protection of brushtail possums against tuberculosis. To determine the duration of protective immunity following oral administration of BCG. METHODS: In Study 1, a group of possums (n=7) was immunised by feeding 10 pellets containing dead Pasteur BCG, followed 15 weeks later with a single pellet of live Pasteur BCG. At that time, four other groups of possums (n=7 per group) were given a single pellet of live Pasteur BCG orally, a single pellet of live Danish BCG orally, 10 pellets of live Pasteur BCG orally, or a subcutaneous injection of live Pasteur BCG. For the oral pelleted vaccines, BCG was formulated into a lipid matrix, and each pellet contained approximately 107 colony forming units (cfu) of BCG, while the vaccine injected subcutaneously contained 106 cfu of BCG. A sixth, non-vaccinated, group (n=7) served as a control. All possums were challenged by the aerosol route with a low dose of virulent M. bovis 7 weeks after vaccination, and killed 7-8 weeks after challenge. Protection against challenge with M. bovis was assessed from pathological and bacteriological findings. In Study 2, lipid-formulated live Danish BCG was administered orally to three groups of possums (10-11 per group), and these possums were challenged with virulent M. bovis 8, 29 or 54 weeks later. The possums were killed 7 weeks after challenge, to assess protection in comparison to a non-vaccinated group. RESULTS: The results from Study 1 showed that vaccine efficacy was not adversely affected by feeding dead BCG prior to live BCG. Feeding 10 vaccine pellets induced a level of protection similar to feeding a single pellet. Protection was similar when feeding possums a single pellet containing the Pasteur or Danish strains of BCG. All vaccinated groups had significantly reduced pathological changes or bacterial counts when compared to the non-vaccinated group. In Study 2, oral administration of Danish BCG induced protection against challenge with M. bovis, which persisted for at least 54 weeks after vaccination. Some protection was observed in possums challenged 54 weeks after vaccination, but this protection was significantly less than that observed in groups vaccinated 29 or 8 weeks prior to challenge. There was a strong relationship between the proportion of animals producing positive lymphocyte proliferation responses to M. bovis antigens and protection against challenge with M. bovis. CONCLUSIONS: Factors considered potentially capable of interfering with vaccination, including feeding dead BCG to possums prior to feeding live BCG, feeding multiple doses of BCG at one time, and changing strains of BCG, were shown not to interfere with the acquisition of protective immune responses in possums. Protection against tuberculosis was undiminished up to 29 weeks after vaccination with BCG administered orally. It is concluded that vaccination of possums by feeding pellets containing BCG is a robust and efficient approach to enhance the resistance of these animals to tuberculosis.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1952

Experimental hyperglobulinemia; the effect of injected ribonucleotide on serum globulin levels in rabbits undergoing immunization.

It was shown, by means of salt fractionation procedures and electrophoresis that a marked and sustained hyperglobulinemia regularly resulted when sodium ribonucleate was injected subcutaneously at frequent intervals into rabbits undergoing immunization with horse serum. The hyperglobulinemia was characterized by a large increase in the gamma globulin levels, and a slight increase in the alpha and beta globulin levels. In control experiments done concurrently, the immunization of rabbits with horse serum, accompanied by subcutaneous injections of saline instead of ribonucleate, resulted in only moderate elevations in gamma globulin levels, while injections of ribonucleate alone brought about slight elevations in all three globulin components in some of the animals. Precipitin tests showed that the rabbits immunized with horse serum and simultaneously treated with ribonucleate developed antibody titers against horse serum that were no higher than those of the immunized controls given saline instead of ribonucleate. Indeed, some of the animals treated with horse serum and ribonucleate had globulin levels that were much higher and had antibody titers that were significantly lower than were those of several rabbits receiving horse serum and saline. Injections of ribonucleate alone did not result in the formation of specific antibodies detectable by means of precipitin tests. The results made it plain that the hyperglobulinemia of the animals treated with horse serum and ribonucleate was not due to an excessive production of specific antibodies. The findings as a whole provide further evidence that nucleotides play an important role in the formation of proteins in animals, and they indicate that an abnormally increased utilization of ribonucleotides by cells capable of producing globulins may be a causative factor in the pathogenesis of hyperglobulinemia.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Spontaneous transformation of rat ovarian surface epithelial cells: association with cytogenetic changes and implications of repeated ovulation in the etiology of ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian surface epithelial cells undergo several rounds of division to repair the wound created by follicular rupture at the time of ovulation. This cyclical requirement for cell division, when not interrupted by the long anovulatory rest periods that occur during pregnancy and lactation, may contribute to the development of ovarian cancer. PURPOSE AND METHODS: To test this hypothesis, we isolated rat ovarian surface epithelial cells from 10 adult female Fisher rats, initiated two mixed-population and seven clonal cell lines, and repeatedly subcultured these cells in vitro for more than 20 passages. We then tested them for the acquisition of the following four features associated with transformation: 1) the loss of contact inhibition, 2) the capacity for substrate-independent growth, 3) the ability to form tumors when injected subcutaneously and/or intraperitoneally into athymic mice, and 4) cytogenetic abnormalities. RESULTS: Loss of contact inhibition was observed in all nine late-passage cell lines. Six of the nine late-passage, but none of the early-passage, cell lines tested exhibited a capacity for substrate-independent growth that was augmented in a dose-dependent manner by epidermal growth factor. Two late-passage cell lines (clone 2 and mixed-population 2) generated tumors in athymic BALB/c mice within 3 weeks following subcutaneous injection of 5 x 10(6) cells, whereas similar numbers of early-passage cells from the same cell lines failed to generate palpable tumors. Late-passage clone 7 cells were tumorigenic when 5 x 10(7) cells were injected intraperitoneally. Two of the cell lines analyzed exhibited alterations involving losses of part or all of one member of the chromosome 5 pair. Clone 2 possessed an interstitial deletion, del(5)(q21.3q24), consistent with the loss of an uncloned putative tumor suppressor gene at 5q22q23 previously reported to reside near the loci for the interferon alpha, interferon beta, and c-jun genes. Early-passage clone 7 cells exhibited chromosome 5 monosomy, while late-passage cells contained one normal chromosome 5 and a derivative (5q12q). Southern analysis of the three cell lines revealed no consistent loss of loci for the interferon and c-jun genes, although early-passage clone 7 cells had one half the gene copy number for the interferon beta and c-jun genes and both early- and late-passage clone 7 cells lacked DNA sequences hybridizing with the probe for interferon alpha. CONCLUSION: This pattern of passage-dependent spontaneous transformation of rat ovarian surface epithelial cells in vitro supports the hypothesis that repetitious ovulation contributes to the etiology of human ovarian cancer.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Intralesional sonographically guided injections of lymphokine-activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin-2 for the treatment of liver tumors: a pilot study.

Primary and metastatic liver cancers have a poor prognosis. At present, sonographically guided alcohol injection results in a partial reduction of cancer masses even if severe toxic effects (including pain and bleeding) are always present. For these reasons, a pilot study was started to evaluate the feasibility of an intralesional adoptive immunotherapeutic approach, using lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2). Nine patients (one with primary hepatocarcinoma and eight with liver metastases) entered the study. Four cycles of weekly injections of LAK cells (ranging from 2 to 9 x 10(8)) and 10(6) IU rIL-2 were performed percutaneously under ultrasonic guidance. In the same period, 3 x 10(6) IU rIL-2/day, for 24 days, was injected subcutaneously. All patients but one completed the therapy. Side effects were limited to grade 1-2 fever and were mostly related to rIL-2 subcutaneous injections. No patients complained of having pain during intralesional therapy. Two complete responses were detected. One partial response, four stable diseases, and one progressive disease were observed. One patient was not evaluable. These preliminary results suggest that sonographically guided intralesional adoptive immunotherapy of liver tumors is feasible, safe, and could offer promising therapeutic advantages in cancers for which conventional treatment is generally unsatisfactory.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Effect of anti-inflammatory agents on the haemorrhagic response of mouse skin to Bordetella pertussis heat-labile toxin.

Bordetella pertussis heat-labile toxin (HLT) was assayed by the haemorrhagic response produced by subcutaneous injection into weaned mice. Young mice, 3-5 weeks old of either sex, were highly responsive but they became resistant to HLT as they matured. Two anti-inflammatory agents, prednisolone and meclofenamate, inhibited the skin reactions in young mice. When given intraperitoneally, prednisolone was most inhibitory if it was injected just before, or at the same time as, HLT challenge. Prednisolone given 3 h after challenge, when the skin reactions had started to develop, did not significantly attenuate the final response. Both drugs were even more effective when mixed with the HLT challenge and injected subcutaneously. These findings are discussed in relation to the possible mechanism of action of HLT and to the reported beneficial effects of corticosteroids in the treatment of whooping cough.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is elevated, but not essential, in the development of bleomycin-induced murine scleroderma.

Accumulative data have demonstrated that plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) plays an important role in the extracellular matrix metabolism; however, the involvement of PAI-1 in scleroderma has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the role of PAI-1 in bleomycin-induced murine scleroderma. 100 microg of bleomycin was injected subcutaneously to the back skin of C3H/HeJ mice on alternate day for 4 weeks. Histopathological findings revealed that PAI-1 was positive in macrophage-like cells and fibroblastic cells in the dermis, in parallel with the induction of dermal sclerosis. PAI-1 mRNA expression in the whole skin was up-regulated at 1 and 4 weeks. The production of active PAI-1 protein in the lesional skin was significantly increased 3 and 4 weeks after bleomycin treatment. Next, we examined whether dermal sclerosis is induced by bleomycin in PAI-1-deficient (PAI-1-/-) mice. 10 microg of bleomycin was subcutaneously injected to PAI-1-/- and wild type (WT) mice 5 days per week for 4 weeks. Histological examination revealed that dermal sclerosis was similarly induced even in PAI-1-/- as well as WT mice. Dermal thickness and collagen contents in the skin were significantly increased by bleomycin injection in both PAI-1-/- and WT mice, and the rate of increase was similar. These data suggest that PAI-1 plays an important role, possibly via TGF-beta pathway activation. However, the fact that PAI-1 deficiency did not ameliorate skin sclerosis suggest that PAI-1 is not the essential factor in the development of bleomycin-induced scleroderma, and more complex biochemical effects other than PA/plasmin system are greatly suspected.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Regulated expression of muscle-specific genes introduced into mouse embryonal stem cells: inverse correlation with DNA methylation.

Pluripotent embryonal stem cell lines (ES) were isolated from cultured normal mouse blastocysts. These cells retained their capacity to differentiate into a great variety of cell types in cell cultures or in tumors formed after subcutaneous injection of the cells into nude mice. A chimeric actin/globin gene containing about two-thirds of the rat skeletal muscle actin gene and 730 bp of its 5' flanking region fused to the 3' end of the human embryonic epsilon-globin gene, was inserted into a plasmid containing a neomycin resistance gene (neor) whose transcription is regulated by the SV40 early control elements. The prokaryotic vector DNA sequences of this plasmid (pAG-Neo) were deleted and the two linked genes were introduced into the ES cells by electroporation. G418-resistant clones were isolated, amplified and injected subcutaneously into nude mice. From the teratocarcinoma-like tumors which developed we isolated myogenic as well as nonmyogenic cell lines. In cell lines derived from three independent transfected ES clones, expression of the actin/globin gene was developmentally regulated in myogenic cells. In contrast, in a number of experiments in which the actin/globin gene or other muscle-specific genes were introduced into the ES cells without the removal of the pBR sequences, no expression could be detected at any stage. Moreover, in the differentiated lines derived from these clones, G418 resistance was lost, and no neor transcripts could be detected. Southern-blot analysis of MSPI- or HpaII-digested DNA revealed extensive methylation in the clones that did not express the foreign DNA, whereas no significant methylation of the inserted DNA was observed in clones which expressed the transfected genes. Examination of the DNA extracted from transgenic mice carrying the same actin/globin gene revealed an inverse correlation between methylation of the exogenous gene and its potential to be expressed in the transgenic strain. However, no tissue-specific differences in methylation, related to the tissue specificity of expression of the exogenous gene, could be detected in these experiments. These results suggest that the process of methylation reported here is causally related to constitutive inactivation of the exogenous genes.

Actins↗

PubMed1980

Fate of intravenously injected cultured human cancer cells in the lungs of congenitally athymic nude mice.

Three cultured cell lines of human lung cancer with varied degrees of thromboplastic and fibrinolytic activities were injected subcutaneously or intravenously into congenitally athymice nude mice, and their fate was observed with light and electron microscopes. All the cell lines formed solid tumor masses at the sites of subcutaneous injection. When the cancer cells with high or moderate thromboplastic activity were injected intravenously, marked platelet aggregation and fibrin deposition, followed by neutrophilic infiltration, were seen around the cancer cells arrested in pulmonary arterioles or capillaries. Platelet aggregation and fibrin deposition were less conspicuous, when the cancer cells with low thromboplastic activity were injected. No metastatic foci were found 2 weeks after the intravenous injection of each cancer cell line. These results suggest that thromboplastic activity of human cancer cells is closely related to thrombus formation at the sites of lodgement and that thrombus develops without participation of immunological mechanisms.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Contribution of flagella and invasion proteins to pathogenesis of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in chicks.

To explore the relative contribution that flagella and Salmonella invasion proteins make to the virulence of Salmonella enteritidis in poultry, 20-day-old chicks were challenged orally and by subcutaneous injection with wild-type strain SE-HCD, two non-flagellated mutants (fliC::Tn10 mutant and flhD::Tn10 mutant) and two Salmonella invasion protein insertion mutants (sipD and iacP). When injected subcutaneously, wild-type SE-HCD was the only strain to cause substantial mortality and morbidity and to grow well in organs. The flhD mutant of SE-HCD was invasive when given orally, whereas wild-type SE-HCD and the fliC mutant were significantly attenuated. Salmonella invasion protein mutants were not invasive by either route. These results suggest that temporary suppression of Class I regulators of flagellin biosynthesis may aid oral infection in poultry.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Use of insecticides to control screw-worm fly strike by Chrysomya bezziana in cattle.

Some insecticides to control and prevent screw-worm fly strike by Chrysomya bezziana in calves and adult cattle were tested in field trials on cattle in Sabah, East Malaysia. Ivermectin injected subcutaneously in newborn calves at 200 mu/kg provided 10 days protection from screw-worm fly strike, which allowed navels to dry. Ivermectin, 1% dichlofenthion plus gentian violet and 3% lindane plus pine oil smear were all effective in preventing re-strike of treated wounds in adult cattle. A single subcutaneous injection of ivermectin at 200 mu/kg was effective, whereas it was necessary to re-apply the dichlofenthion and lindane smear preparations every 48h.

Animals↗