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Regulatory, financial and ethical aspects of routine clinical magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

After years of technological development, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is now being used with increasing frequency as a routine diagnostic tool for medical evaluation of patients. The transition of MRS from the realm of pure research to that of routine clinical application has been accompanied by some confusion regarding regulatory, financial and ethical matters. This contribution summarizes these issues from the author's perspective and calls for increased discussion and learning within the MRS community regarding practical matters associated with routine clinical implementation of MRS.

Ethics, Medical↗

Ethical problems in psychopharmacological research.

1. Scientific research poses considerable ethical problems which in human psychopharmacological studies are frequently faced by singling out consent as the only reliable source of human respect, although it is never free, spontaneous, or informed. 2. On the other hand, various ethical problems present in the "life" of a new substance in the case of industry and preclinical, clinical and mass experiments, are left behind. 3. Thus there arise justified protests which go so far as disowning science and technology. To criticize science and technology is of no use: incorrect use of them must be prevented. 4. Such a guarantee can only come from an international control committee, capable of coping with a multinational power such as industry, supported by peripheral elective committees, which grant the citizens a direct participation in the administration of health.

Ethics, Medical↗