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PubMed1992

Binge eating among the obese: a descriptive study.

Nineteen obese females applying for treatment for binge eating were administered a semistructured interview assessing the presence or absence of food restrictions, thoughts, feelings and physical sensations associated with binges, typical precipitants to binges, and factors identified as useful in avoiding binge eating. Both negative mood and abstinence violations emerged as important precipitants. The results also suggested that these precipitants constitute separate, independent pathways to binge eating. Implications of these findings with respect to restraint theory are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Behavioral treatment of obesity.

The behavioral treatment of obesity consists of a set of principles and techniques to help overweight individuals modify inappropriate eating and activity habits. As provided in University and hospital clinics, this approach produces an average loss of 8.5 kg (9% of initial weight) in approximately 20 weeks. The maintenance of weight loss is facilitated by the provision of long-term patient-provider contact as well as by the use of weight-loss medications. The most promising results are likely to be obtained when behavioral and pharmacologic approaches are combined. The article concludes with a discussion of the importance of treating obese individuals with respect and compassion.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Psychological aspects of bariatric surgery].

Experience with gastro-restrictive obesity showed the necessity of detailed research in three main tasks: 1. characteristics of morbidly obese people 2. psychological effects of surgery 3. interaction of these characteristics and effects of surgery. We carried out 7 studies with a total of 650 participants. Clinical interviews and tests measuring personality, eating behaviour, self esteem, addiction factors and quality of life were performed. Morbidly obese differ significantly from normal weight people with the exception of most personality scales. Effects of surgery can be summarized that patients learn to avoid overeating but they do not learn to nourish on healthy solid nutrition and they do not learn to exercise more than before. By paradox learning process 30-50 % of gastric banding patients establish vomiting behaviour or eating pulp and sweets. These who show low self esteem, high addiction score and high disinhibition behaviour are more at risk. Different psychological, nutritional as well as physiotherapeutic interventions are needed to help these patients.

Behavior, Addictive↗
PubMed1991

BEACHES: an observational system for assessing children's eating and physical activity behaviors and associated events.

An integrated system for coding direct observations of children's dietary and physical activity behaviors was developed. Associated environmental events were also coded, including physical location, antecedents, and consequences. To assess the instrument's reliability and validity, 42 children, aged 4 to 8 years, were observed for 8 consecutive weeks at home and at school. Results indicated that four 60-min observations at home produced relatively stable estimates for most of the 10 dimensions. Interobserver reliabilities during live and videotaped observations were high, with the exception of "consequences" categories that occurred in less than 1% of observed intervals. Evidence of validity was provided by findings that antecedents were associated with respective dietary and physical activity behaviors. The five physical activity categories were validated by heartrate monitoring in a second study. The Behaviors of Eating and Activity for Children's Health Evaluation System is appropriate for studying influences on diet and physical activity in children in a variety of settings.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2006

Health promotion in older adults: the role of lifestyle in the metabolic syndrome.

The metabolic syndrome, also known as dysmetabolic syndrome, Syndrome X, or insulin resistance syndrome, is an amalgam of obesity-related health risks that significantly increases the chance of developing diabetes, coronary artery disease, and stroke. Progress in understanding the metabolic syndrome has confirmed the importance of metabolic imbalances in the development of serious and chronic cardiovascular, neurologic, immunologic, renal, and endocrine diseases. Crucial to planning treatment is the understanding that the metabolic syndrome is largely a disorder caused by behavior, thus its most important therapeutic intervention entails lifestyle change: Significant behavioral change can dramatically modify and even reverse all factors of the metabolic syndrome and its consequences. We examine the pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome and provide strategies to encourage weight loss and dietary modifications and to promote increased physical activity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1994

Indicators of changes in weight and eating behaviour in severely obese patients treated in a nursing behavioural program.

To assess some possible reasons for the changes of weight and eating behaviour at a one year follow up in 33 severely obese subjects (mean BMI, 39.9 s.d. 5.2) treated in a nursing behavioural-treatment program, three instruments were used; the Self Motivation Inventory (SMI), the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC) and the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP). The Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (EI) measuring restrained eating, disinhibition and hunger, was used to register the change of eating behaviour. The weight lost at the one year follow-up was significantly (P < .01) correlated to the restrained eating score at the time for the follow-up as well as to the difference value (P < .01) of the restraint score before and one year after treatment and to the number of participated booster sessions (P < .05). The SMI score, as measured before treatment, correlated significantly to all the EI subscales scores at the one-year follow-up (P < .05, P < .01, P < .01). Thus, the greater the self motivation, the more restraint and the less disinhibition and hunger. In turn, the SOC score correlated significantly (P < .01) to the SMI score. Thus, the stronger the sense of coherence, the more perceived self-motivation. Finally, there was a significant negative correlation between the KSP subscales Somatic Anxiety (P < .01), Muscular Tension (P < .05), Psychic Anxiety (P < .001), Psychasthenia (P < .01), Hostility (P < .001), and Inhibition of Aggression (P < .001) and a positive correlation between Socialization (P < .05) and the SOC score.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Eating behaviour, weight status and depressive feelings in female adolescents.

The aim of this study was to examine the attitudes towards food and eating, body image, mood, feelings and relationships in family and peer group in female adolescents with varying weight status in an attempt to explore whether a relationship between emotional difficulties and body weight could be found. The data on use of 81 item measure of emotional difficulties and behavioural symptoms related to eating disorders and dieting in female adolescents aged 15 to 19 years and group of eating disorder patients are reported. The findings suggest that the adolescents who by self-reported weight value appear to be relatively overweight and eating disorder patients score significantly higher on a body dissatisfaction subscale of the applied questionnaire than normal weight and underweight adolescents. Only in the clinical sample of eating disorder patients, however, difficulties in dealing with depressive feelings and fear of poor impulse control were present.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Kinetics of nucleation controlled formation and condensational growth of disperse particles.

The kinetics of nucleation controlled formation and condensational growth of disperse particles is considered under the assumptions that: (i) only a small amount of condensable substance nucleates and forms the particles that grow by condensing the rest of the substance. (ii) The condensation efficiency is a power function of the particle mass. A nontrivial perturbation theory with respect to the smallness parameter mu= (the mass of nucleated matter)/(the total mass of condensable matter) is developed allowing one to describe the source-enhanced and free (no source) condensation processes in terms of universal functions: the particle-mass spectrum and the concentration of condensable matter. The theory relies upon a scaling transformation that removes at all the smallness parameter from the evolution equations (if the nucleation rate is a power function of the concentration of condensable matter) or leaves it in the expression for the nucleation rate where this parameter defines only a concentration scale of the nucleation process (for the nucleation rates of general form). The theory is illustrated by the exact analytical solutions of the nucleation-condensation kinetic equations for three practically important cases: (i) gas-to-particle conversion in the free-molecular regime, (ii) formation and diffusion controlled condensational growth of islands on surfaces, and (iii) formation and diffusion controlled growth of disperse particles in the continuum regime. The analytical expressions for the mass spectra of growing particles are found in the case of free condensing particles. The final mass spectra in free condensing systems display rather unusual behavior: they are either singular at small particle masses or not, depending on the value of the power exponent in the mass dependence of the condensation rate.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Wellness intervention for patients with serious and persistent mental illness.

INTRODUCTION: Weight gain and obesity that emerge during psychopharmacologic treatment are prevalent in persons with serious and persistent mental illness. Obesity is difficult to reverse, but behavioral programs involving diet and exercise are sometimes successful. METHOD: Patients with serious and persistent mental illness living in the community were enrolled voluntarily into the Solutions for Wellness Personalized Program. Participants completed an enrollment survey that provided information for the creation of an individualized management plan that included nutrition, exercise, stress management, and sleep improvement components. Weight, body mass index (BMI, kg/m(2)), behavior, and attitudes were assessed at baseline (enrollment) and monthly for 6 months. RESULTS: During the period of July 1, 2002, through June 30, 2003, 7188 patients with serious and persistent mental illness had enrolled in the program, and 83% were either overweight or obese. Follow-up survey responses taken at 6-month endpoint from finishers (N = 1422) indicated that positive changes were made in diet (91%), exercise (85%), reduced stress (93.8%), and sleep (92.9%). Significant decreases in BMI were associated with changes in diet (p = .014) and exercise (p = .035). In addition, 97% of participants reported that they were at least somewhat confident in the ability to maintain lifestyle changes, and this confidence was significantly (p < .001) associated with reaching dietary and exercise goals. CONCLUSIONS: Patients suffering from serious and persistent mental illness may benefit from participating in wellness intervention programs.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2004

Different behavior of dextrans in positive-ion and negative-ion mass spectrometry.

A mass spectrometric (MS) comparative study of dextran samples using two different ionization techniques (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI)) in both positive- and negative-ion modes is reported. The experiments were carried out with two polydisperse dextrans (1000 and 8800 Da) and isomaltotriose. In the positive-ion mode, the expected alkali metal ion adducts of dextrans were observed in both techniques. In contrast, the expected preferential formation of deprotonated molecules [M - H](-) was not confirmed in negative mode MALDI time-of-flight (TOF) MS, where the series of ions [M(x)- H +42](-) or [M(x+1)- H - 120](-), coming either from some addition or fragmentation, were observed. In both ionization techniques, these ions formed the main distributions of dextrans in the negative-ion mode. It seems that the negative molecular ions formed from the alpha1 --> 6 linkage of polyglucose oligomers easily decompose, and the product ions [M - H - 120](-) markedly dominate. The fragmentation experiments and especially the investigation of the fundamental role of the nozzle-skimmer potential in ESI-MS supported our explanation of the observed behavior because its higher values caused higher fragmentation. The experiments with isomaltotriose excluded any addition of 42 Da during the MS procedures, which is not distinguishable from the loss of 120 Da in the case of polydisperse dextrans. MALDI-TOFMS was found to be more sensitive for the detection of higher oligosaccharides and ESI-MS more useful for structural studies.

Dextrans↗
PubMed1993

Behavior modification in the treatment of obesity.

Seventy obese subjects with a body mass index greater than 25 kg/m2 received a behavioral modification and a daily log self management program for weight loss during an 8-wk treatment period. The program included eating habits, exercise, attitudes, social relationships and nutrition. The results indicated that after 8 wks, cumulative weight loss (mean +/- SEM) was 4.3 +/- 0.4 kgs. The decrease in their body weight was due to the loss of their fat store evidenced by the significant decrease in triceps skinfold thickness. (P < 0.0001) The subjects showed significant decrease in total calories, carbohydrate and fat after 4 wks (P < 0.001, 0.001, and 0.008) through 8 wks (P < 0.007, 0.013 and 0.015). The activities in daily life changed significantly from rest level to light exercise level (P < 0.001). It was concluded that behavior modification program for short term showed improved eating habits and daily exercise. But we need time in order to identify variables responsible for maintenance of weight loss over the long term.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Condensate density and superfluid mass density of a dilute Bose-Einstein condensate near the condensation transition.

We derive via diagrammatic perturbation theory the scaling behavior of the condensate and superfluid mass density of a dilute Bose gas just below the condensation temperature, T(c). Sufficiently below T(c) particle excitations are described by mean field (Bogoliubov). Near T(c), however, mean field fails, and the system undergoes a second order phase transition, rather than first order as predicted by Bogoliubov theory. Both condensation and superfluidity occur at the same T(c), and have similar scaling functions below T(c), but different finite size scaling at T(c) to leading order in the system size. A self-consistent two-loop calculation yields the condensate fraction critical exponent, 2beta approximately 0.66.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Does body satisfaction matter? Five-year longitudinal associations between body satisfaction and health behaviors in adolescent females and males.

PURPOSE: This study addresses the question, "Does body satisfaction matter?" by examining longitudinal associations between body satisfaction and weight-related health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors five years later among adolescents. METHODS: Project EAT-II followed an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of 2516 adolescents from 1999 (Time 1) to 2004 (Time 2). Associations between body satisfaction at Time 1 and health behaviors at Time 2 were examined, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and Time 1 health behaviors, with and without adjustment for body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: In females, lower body satisfaction predicted higher levels of dieting, unhealthy and very unhealthy weight control behaviors and binge eating, and lower levels of physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake. After adjusting for BMI, associations between body satisfaction and dieting, very unhealthy weight control behaviors, and physical activity remained statistically significant. In males, lower body satisfaction predicted higher levels of dieting, healthy, unhealthy, and very unhealthy weight control behaviors, binge eating, and smoking, and lower levels of physical activity. After adjusting for BMI, associations between body satisfaction and dieting, unhealthy weight control behavior, and binge eating remained statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings indicate that, in general, lower body satisfaction does not serve as a motivator for engaging in healthy weight management behaviors, but rather predicts the use of behaviors that may place adolescents at risk for weight gain and poorer overall health. Interventions with adolescents should strive to enhance body satisfaction and avoid messages likely to lead to decreases in body satisfaction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Do healthy behaviors decline with greater acculturation? Implications for the Latino mortality paradox.

Relative to non-Latino whites, Latinos in the United States have a lower socioeconomic status (SES) profile, but a lower all-cause mortality rate. Because lower SES is associated with poorer overall health, a great deal of controversy surrounds the Latino mortality paradox. We employed a secondary data analysis of the 1991 National Health Interview Survey to test the health behavior and acculturation hypotheses, which have been proposed to explain this paradox. These hypotheses posit that: (1) Latinos have more favorable health behaviors and risk factor profiles than non-Latino whites, and (2) Health behaviors and risk factors become more unfavorable with greater acculturation. Specific health behaviors and risk factors studied were: smoking, alcohol use, leisure-time exercise activity, and body mass index (BMI). Consistent with the health behaviors hypothesis, Latinos relative to non-Latino whites were less likely to smoke and drink alcohol, controlling for sociodemographic factors. Latinos, however, were less likely to engage in any exercise activity, and were more likely to have a high BMI compared with non-Latino whites, after controlling for age and SES. Results provided partial support for the acculturation hypothesis. After adjusting for age and SES, higher acculturation was associated with three unhealthy behaviors (a greater likelihood of high alcohol intake, current smoking, a high BMI), but improvement in a fourth (greater likelihood of recent exercise). Gender-specific analyses indicated that the observed differences between Latinos and non-Latino whites, as well as the effects of acculturation on health behaviors, varied across men and women. Results suggest that the health behaviors and acculturation hypotheses may help to at least partially explain the Latino mortality paradox. The mechanisms accounting for the relationship between acculturation and risky behaviors have yet to be identified.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1997

The psychological consequences of weight gain prevention in healthy, premenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the psychological consequences of a modest weight loss in a sample of healthy women aged 44 to 50. METHOD: Five hundred and thirty-five women, with body mass indices (BMIs) ranging from 20 to 34, were randomly assigned either to an intensive behavioral lifestyle intervention or to a no-treatment control group. Women in the lifestyle intervention received weight loss goals of 5 to 15 lb, depending on baseline BMI, and attended 20 weekly group meetings during which they received information on lowering dietary fat intake and increasing physical activity levels. Psychological measures administered at baseline and at a 6-month examination assessed perceived stress, mood, dietary restraint, and binge eating behaviors. RESULTS: Intervention subjects showed significant decreases in depressive symptoms over time, relative to control subjects, and this effect was observed for normal-weight, as well as heavier, subjects. Binge eating scores for all subjects declined significantly over time, with heavier subjects in the intervention showing the greatest decrease in scores. DISCUSSION: The current study found no evidence of negative psychological sequelae of participation in a behavioral lifestyle change program, regardless of weight status. Results further suggest that participation in these types of programs may exert a positive influence on the psychological status of both normal-weight and heavier women.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Behavioral factors in the health status of urban populations.

Overwhelming evidence indicates the strong adverse health impact of several personal behaviors, including smoking, immoderate use of alcohol, too little physical exercise, and excessive caloric consumption. These behaviors have arisen on a mass scale in the industrialized nations during the 20th century, thus generating the epidemics of our time. The macrosocial environment--specifically, new (relative) affluence, technological innovations, and commercialization--encourages these behaviors. To advance health, particularly in inner cities of America, a systematic approach to dealing with these major forces on health-related behavior is necessary. Such an approach is briefly outlined.

Cause of Death↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Behavioral and physiological indices related to BMI in a cohort of primary schoolchildren in Greece.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between normal weight and overweight primary schoolchildren in terms of certain cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and furthermore to identify behavioral correlates significantly affecting their body mass index (BMI). The sample consisted of 198 children with a mean age of 11.5 +/- 0.4 years (106 females and 92 males). Data was obtained on children anthropometry, plasma lipids, plasma glucose, dietary intake, cardiorespiratory fitness, and physical activity. Significant gender differences were observed for most of these parameters, with boys being more active and fit but also spending more time on sedentary activities and exhibiting higher intake of energy and fat compared to girls. Using the International Obesity Task Force's (IOTF) BMI cut-off points, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was estimated to be 35.6% and 6.7% among boys and 25.7% and 6.7% among girls, respectively. Overweight and obese children had higher levels of plasma triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) ratio and lower levels of HDL-C and physical fitness compared to their normal-weight peers. Among the behavioral variables tested, only participation in organized sports, cardiorespiratory fitness, and TV watching were significantly correlated with BMI, while energy and fat intake were found to have no significant effect. The current study suggests that even in childhood, overweight and obesity are indicative of an unfavorable lipidemic profile. Among the behavioral parameters known to affect BMI, those found to exert a significant effect were organized physical activities, cardiorespiratory fitness, and TV watching, but not energy or fat intake.

Behavioral Research↗