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At least 1,027 records · Page 57Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Trends in microfluidics with complex fluids.

The rapid developments in biotechnology create a great demand for fluid handling systems on the nano- and picoliter scale. The characterization of minute quantities of DNA or protein samples requires highly integrated, automated, and miniaturized "total analysis systems" (mu-TAS). The small scales necessitate new concepts for devices both from a technological and from a fundamental physical point of view. Here, we describe recent trends in both areas. New technologies include soft lithography, chemical, and topographical structuring of surfaces in order to define pathways for liquids, as well as electro-wetting for manipulation purposes. Fundamentally, the interplay between geometric confinement and the size of biological macromolecules gives rise to complex dynamic behavior. The combination of both fluorescence imaging and scattering techniques allows for detailed insight into the dynamics of individual molecules and into their self-assembly into supramolecular aggregates.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2004

Dispersion control in microfluidic chips by localized zeta potential variation using the field effect.

A new technique to minimize the effects of turn-induced dispersion within U-shaped separation channels by using the field effect within a capacitor to vary the zeta potential along the channel walls in the vicinity of the microchannel is described. The effects of the separation channel geometry, the fluid velocity profile, and the use of the field effect to control the zeta potential on the band distribution in the detection area are extensively discussed. The results for a U-shaped separation channel indicate that varying the zeta potential by controlling the field effect significantly reduces the band dispersion induced by the 90 degrees turns within the channel. Finally, it is shown that the application of the proposed localized zeta potential variation method also results in a correction of the band tilting phenomenon and a reduction in the racetrack effect.

Electromagnetic Fields↗
PubMed2004

Separation of proteins on surface-modified poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic devices.

Separation and detection of proteins have been realized on nonionic surfactant-modified poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfabricated devices with end-column amperometric detection. The hydrophobic PDMS channels are turned into hydrophilic ones after being modified with Brij35 and facilitate the separation of proteins. The coating can remarkably reduce the adsorption of large protein molecules and is stable in the range of pH 6-12. The detection of proteins in such channels needs less rinsing time and thus efficiency is raised. Even large molecules of proteins can also be detected with better reproducibility and enhanced plate numbers. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the migration time for glucose oxidase (GOD) is 2.2% (n = 19). Separation of GOD and myoglobin has been developed in modified channels. Predominant operational variables, such as the coating conditions, the concentration of surfactant and buffer, are studied in detail.

Dimethylpolysiloxanes↗
PubMed2005

A simple microfluidic system for efficient capillary electrophoretic separation and sensitive fluorimetric detection of DNA fragments using light-emitting diode and liquid-core waveguide techniques.

A miniaturized CE system has been developed for fast DNA separations with sensitive fluorimetric detection using a rectangle type light-emitting diode (LED). High sensitivity was achieved by combining liquid-core waveguide (LCW) and lock-in amplification techniques. A Teflon AF-coated silica capillary on a compact 6x3 cm baseplate served as both the separation channel for CE separation and as an LCW for light transmission of fluorescence emission to the detector. An electronically modulated LED illuminated transversely through a 0.2 mm aperture, the detection point on the LCW capillary without focusing, and fluorescence light was transmitted to the capillary outlet. To simplify the optics and enhance collection of light from the capillary outlet, an outlet reservoir was designed, with a light transmission window, positioned directly in front of a photomultiplier tube (PMT), separated only by a high pass filter. Automated sample introduction was achieved using a sequential injection system through a split-flow interface that allowed effective release of gas bubbles. In the separation of a phiX174 HaeIII DNA digest sample, using ethidium bromide as labeling dye, all 11 fragments of the sample were effectively resolved in 400 s, with an S/N ratio comparable to that of a CE system with more sophisticated LIF.

DNA↗
PubMed2005

Electrokinetic-driven microfluidic system in poly(dimethylsiloxane) for mass spectrometry detection integrating sample injection, capillary electrophoresis, and electrospray emitter on-chip.

A novel microsystem device in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) for MS detection is presented. The microchip integrates sample injection, capillary electrophoretic separation, and electrospray emitter in a single substrate, and all modules are fabricated in the PDMS bulk material. The injection and separation flow is driven electrokinetically and the total amount of external equipment needed consists of a three-channel high-voltage power supply. The instant switching between sample injection and separation is performed through a series of low-cost relays, limiting the separation field strength to a maximum of 270 V/cm. We show that this set-up is sufficient to accomplish electrospray MS analysis and, to a moderate extent, microchip separation of standard peptides. A new method of instant in-channel oxidation makes it possible to overcome the problem of irreversibly bonded PDMS channels that have recovered their hydrophobic properties over time. The fast method turns the channel surfaces hydrophilic and less prone to nonspecific analyte adsorption, yielding better separation efficiencies and higher apparent peptide mobilities.

Dimethylpolysiloxanes↗
PubMed2006

Experimental and numerical investigation into leakage effect in injectors of microfluidic devices.

This paper performs an experimental and numerical investigation into low-leakage injectors designed for electrophoresis microchips. The principal material transport mechanisms of electrokinetic migration, fluid flow, and diffusion are considered in developing a mathematical model of the electrophoresis process. Low-leakage injectors designed with injection channels orientated at various included angles are designed and tested. The numerical and experimental results indicate that the injector with a 30 degrees included angle successfully minimizes sample leakage and has an exciting potential for use in high-quality, high-throughput chemical analysis procedures and in many other applications in the field of micro-total analysis systems.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2004

Micropatterned surfaces prepared using a liquid crystal projector-modified photopolymerization device and microfluidics.

A commercial liquid crystal device projector was modified for photopolymerization using its on-board intense light source and a precision optical control circuit. This device projects reduced images generated by a typical personal computer onto the stage where photopolymerization on a surface occurs. This all-in-one device does not require expensive photomasks and external light sources. However, light scattering and diffraction through glass substrates resulted in undesired reactions in areas corresponding to masked (black) domains in mask patterns, limiting pattern resolution. To overcome this shortcoming, two-step surface patterning was developed. First, three-dimensional microstructures of crosslinked silicone elastomer were fabricated with this device and adhered onto silanized glass substrate surfaces, forming microchannels in patterns on the glass support. Then, acrylamide monomer solution containing photoreactive initiator was flowed into these micromold channels and reacted in situ. The resultant polyacrylamide layer was highly hydrophilic and repelled protein adsorption. Cell seeding on these patterns in serum-supplemented culture medium produced cells selectively adhered to different patterns: cells attached and spread only on unpolymerized silanized glass surfaces, not on the photopolymerized acrylamide surfaces. This technique should prove useful for inexpensive, rapid prototyping of surface micropatterns from polymer materials.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of microfluidic blood gas sensors that combine microdialysis and optical monitoring.

It is shown that microdialysis-based blood gas (pH, pCO2 and pO2) optical sensors are stable for durations of several hours in blood. This performance is uncommon with many types of membrane sensor. Microdialysis techniques can be designed to ensure that the sweep microflow samples are in biochemical equilibrium with the bulk media, even after hours of exposure to the complex composition of blood. The rate of diffusion through the membrane is not the determining factor in sensor reading, as it is with other sensor techniques that consume the analyte. The sweep fluid 95% equilibration times for microdialysis fibres were approximately double in blood compared with buffer, reflecting slower diffusion of ions. This is in contrast to the equilibration of gases through silicone hollow-fibre membranes in blood, which showed unchanged equilibration times between blood and buffer. Sensor measurements correlate well with a blood gas analyser for up to 9 h in blood, with correlation coefficients of 0.973 for the pO2 sensor 0.974 for the pCO2 sensor and 0.947 for the pH sensor. In blood, the sensors have precisions of 1.7 mmHg, 3.7 mmHg and 0.019 pH units and bias levels of -0.7 mmHg, 1.2 mmHg and 0.002 pH units, for pO2, pCO2 and pH, respectively.

Animals↗