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At least 1,027 records · Page 57Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Induction of swimming in the high spinal stingray by L-DOPA.

Stingrays with high spinal transections, which do not spontaneously locomote, can be induced to swim by intravenous injection of L-DOPA. The L-DOPA-induced swim of the spinal animal is associated with patterns of EMG activity that appear similar to those of the spontaneous swim of the decerebrate preparation. However, in contrast to the decerebrate condition, the L-DOPA-induced cycles of swimming are slower and less vigorous. Furthermore, secondary periodicites and altered intersegmental timing relationships are also evident.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Pharmacological activation of locomotor patterns in larval and adult frog spinal cords.

The effects of amino acids, catecholamines, and their agonists shown to elicit locomotor activity in several vertebrate species were examined in spinal animals and isolated nervous systems of developing tadpoles (Rana catesbiana) and adult frogs (R. catesbiana and pipiens). Elicited activity was correlated in spinal animals by video and electromyographic analysis, and in in vitro spinal cords by recordings of tail and hindlimb motor activity. Of the agents tested, only N-methyl-DL-aspartate (NMA), an amino acid agonist, was effective in eliciting motor activity in spinal animals. In isolated nervous systems, both NMA and D-glutamate added to the bath activated locomotor activity. NMA injected i.p. into tadpoles with high spinal cord transections elicited coordinated swimming motor activity in axial and hindlimb muscles that was roughly typical for the stage of development of the animal. In late stage tadpoles (st. XX), NMA also elicited wiping and alternating or synchronous (i.e. kicking or jumping) hindlimb movements. Addition of NMA or glutamate to a bath containing an in vitro tadpole spinal cord preparation elicited ventral root motor activity characteristic of swimming, but without a rostrocaudal phase lag. Rhythmic activity thought to underlie stepping and kicking was seen in lateral ventral rootlets innervating the hindlimbs. In adult frogs with high spinal cord transections, injection of NMA elicited a general sequence of spontaneous hindlimb motor functions: reflex wiping, stepping, and kicking or jumping. Isolated frog spinal cords were not responsive to bath applied NMA, under the present conditions. The activation by amino acids or their agonists of different motor functions in both larval and adult frogs, as well as in higher and lower vertebrates, suggests a general significance of amino acid-activated receptors in the neural networks controlling locomotor function.

2-Aminoadipic Acid↗
PubMed1981

Sites of metabolism of N-nitrosodiethylamine in mice.

Low-temperature whole-body autoradiography and autoradiography with heated sections in C57Bl mice injected with N-[14C]nitrosodiethylamine showed a homogenously distributed volatile radioactivity in most tissues--indicating an ability of the non-metabolized substance to freely pass the biological membranes and distribute evenly in the intra- and extracellular tissue-water. A high level of non-volatile metabolites was found in several tissues: the nasal and tracheal mucosa, the mucosa of the bronchial tree, the salivary glands, the liver, the mucosa of the oesophagus and the tongue, and the lacrimal glands. Studies in vitro indicated that these tissues had a capacity to degrade N-[14C]nitrosodiethylamine (14CO2-production and incorporation of radioactivity in the acid-insoluble material of the tissues were used as indices of the metabolism), whereas several other tissues, which did not accumulate metabolites at short survival intervals in vivo, were devoid of significant metabolic capacity. The relationship between metabolic ability and carcinogenic response of the tissues for N-nitrosodiethylamine is discussed on basis of the obtained results.

Animals↗