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PubMed2007

Recovery of total I-131 activity within focal volumes using SPECT and 3D OSEM.

We experimentally investigated the SPECT recovery of I-131 activity in multiple spheres located simultaneously at different locations within a cylindrical phantom that had an elliptical cross section. The sphere volumes ranged from 209 cc down to 4.2 cc. A Prism 3000 camera and two types of parallel-hexagonal-hole collimation were employed: high energy (HE) and ultra high energy (UHE). Using appropriately-different 3D models of the point source response function for the two types of collimation, approximately the same recovery of activity could be achieved with either collimation by 3D OSEM reconstruction. The recovery coefficient was greater with no background activity in the phantom by 0.10, on average, compared to that with background. In the HE collimation case, the activity recovery was considerably better for all volumes using 3D OSEM reconstruction than it had been in the past using 1D SAGE reconstruction. Recovery-coefficient-based correction in a simulated patient case involving spherical tumours moderately improved the activity estimates (average error reduced from 14% to 9% for UHE collimation, and from 15% to 11% for HE collimation). For a test case with HE collimation, increasing the projection-image sampling density while decreasing the image voxel size increased the recovery coefficient by 0.075 on average, and, if used in a full set of calibration measurements of recovery coefficient versus volume, might lead to further improvement in accuracy for the patient case.

Biophysical Phenomena↗

PubMed2004

Effects of some natural flavonoids on retinal function recovery after ischemic insult in the rat.

PURPOSE: There are six natural flavonoids studied recently and their effects on ocular blood flow measured with colored microsphere technique. It was found that three out of six compounds showed strong positive effects in increasing the ocular blood flow. In this study, we tried to find out whether these results can be translated on their effects to improve retinal function recovery after ischemic insult. METHODS: Electroretinography was used to measure the b-wave recovery as an indication of retinal function recovery. RESULTS: Naringenin, hesperetin, and rutin were found to produce marked positive effects on b-wave recovery, whereas naringin, hesperidin, and quercetin showed poor recovery of b-wave after ischemic insult of the retina. CONCLUSION: It was found that the compounds that showed strong increase of ocular blood flow also showed marked increase of retinal function recovery, whereas those that showed poor increase of ocular blood flow also showed poor effects on the retinal function recovery.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Efficacy and safety of fast-track recovery strategy for patients undergoing laparoscopic nephrectomy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Factors that adversely affect early recovery after major laparoscopic procedures include ileus, pain, nausea, emesis, and fatigue. The objective of this randomized controlled study was to evaluate the impact of a multimodal fast-track (FT) rehabilitation program on recovery and length of hospital stay after laparoscopic nephrectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty patients undergoing laparoscopic nephrectomy received either conventional care (control) or an FT recovery program. All patients received a standardized anesthetic technique and patient- controlled analgesia (morphine) for postoperative pain control. In the FT group, patients received premedication with rofecoxib and ranitidine, local anesthesia was administered at the ports and renal fosa during surgery, and postoperative non-opioid analgesic and gastrokinetic drugs were administered as part of an early enteral nutrition and mobilization program. During the postoperative period, pain and nausea were assessed at specific time intervals. In addition, recovery room and hospital discharge times, the need for rescue analgesics and antiemetics, patient satisfaction with pain management and quality of recovery, and side effects were recorded daily for 3 days after surgery. Patients were discharged home when they met previously defined discharge criteria. RESULTS: The FT group was discharged earlier from the recovery room (74+/-23 v 103+/-47 minutes) and the hospital (41+/-11 v 59+/-11 hours). Pain and nausea scores were consistently lower in the FT group during the first 48 hours after surgery. In addition, the requirement for antiemetic rescue therapy during the first 24 hours was reduced in the FT group (15% v 58%). The FT group also received less morphine during the first 2 postoperative days (14+/-16 v 40+/-24 mg). Finally, patient satisfaction with postoperative pain control was significantly higher in the FT group. CONCLUSIONS: A multimodal approach to minimizing postoperative side effects led to a reduced recovery room and hospital stay, as well as better pain control and patient satisfaction after laparoscopic nephrectomy.

Acetaminophen↗

PubMed1993

Effect of flunarizine and methylprednisolone on functional recovery after experimental spinal injury.

The effect of flunarizine and methylprednisolone on the recovery of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) was evaluated in an experimental model of spinal cord impact injury in anesthetized cats. In addition, the effect of flunarizine on posttraumatic spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) (using the hydrogen clearance technique) and interstitial calcium and potassium activity (ion-selective electrodes) was investigated. After the injury (600 g.cm), SEPs disappeared, followed by a spontaneous recovery to 17% of the preinjury amplitude at the end of the 4 h observation period. Flunarizine treatment (0.1 mg/kg IV, given 5 and 120 min after injury) resulted in a significantly improved recovery of SEPs, reaching 52% of the preinjury amplitude. Methylprednisolone treatment (30 mg/kg IV, given 5 min after injury) resulted in a 30% recovery level, significantly better than in untreated animals but significantly inferior to flunarizine treatment. Combination of both treatments resulted in a 62% recovery level, significantly better than after methylprednisolone treatment alone. Flunarizine treatment had no significant effect on the postinjury evolution of SCBF and interstitial potassium activity; it did, however, significantly accelerate the recovery of interstitial calcium activity, which sharply decreased immediately after injury. It is concluded that intravenous administration of the calcium entry blocker flunarizine improves the functional recovery of the spinal cord in the acute phase after experimental spinal impact injury. The observed improvement is not achieved by an effect on local blood flow but is possibly related to an inhibitory effect of the drug on cellular calcium entry.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Postischaemic metabolic and functional recovery of rat heart after transient reperfusion with various low Ca2+ concentrations.

OBJECTIVE: The effects of transient low Ca2+ reperfusion after ischaemia on metabolic and functional recovery were studied in isolated rat hearts. METHODS: 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to monitor creatine phosphate, ATP, intracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi), and intracellular pH during control perfusion (15 min), total ischaemia (30 min), and reperfusion (30 min). During early reperfusion (0-10 min) perfusate [Ca2+] amounted to 1.3 (control group), 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, or 0.7 mmol.litre-1. During late reperfusion (10-30 min) perfusate [Ca2+] was 1.3 mmol.litre-1. Isolated rat hearts were used and perfused according to Langendorff. RESULTS: Recovery of creatine phosphate during early reperfusion was partly abolished during late reperfusion in the 0.1-0.4 mmol.litre-1 groups (p < 0.01). In the 0.1 mmol.litre-1 group creatine phosphate content after 30 min reperfusion was lower (p < 0.05) than in the control group. Recovery of ATP during early reperfusion in the 0.3 mmol.litre-1 group was better than in the control group (p < 0.01). After 30 min reperfusion ATP recovery was better in the 0.3 mmol.litre-1 group (p < 0.01) and worse in the 0.1 mmol.litre-1 group (p = 0.05) than in the control group. Decline of Pi during early reperfusion was more pronounced in the 0.2 and 0.3 mmol.litre-1 groups (p < 0.01) and in the 0.5 and 0.6 mmol.litre-1 groups (p < 0.05) than in the control group. In the 0.3 and 0.4 mmol.litre-1 groups, Pi after 30 min reperfusion was higher (p < 0.05) than after 10 min reperfusion. After 30 min reperfusion left ventricular developed pressure, measured with an intraventricular balloon, was lower in the 0.1 mmol.litre-1 group (p < 0.01) than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The data show that under the experimental conditions used successive postischaemic reperfusion with 0.1 and 1.3 mmol.litre-1 Ca2+ resulted in poorer metabolic and functional recovery of the hearts than continuous reperfusion with 1.3 mmol.litre-1 Ca2+. Postischaemic reperfusion with 0.1 mmol.litre-1 Ca2+ may predispose the heart to a mild calcium paradox. Successive reperfusion with 0.3 and 1.3 mmol.litre-1 Ca2+ was optimal in terms of ATP recovery but did not result in an increased recovery of left ventricular developed pressure.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1983

Recovery from spinal cord injury.

There are many classifications of spinal cord injury. The anatomic definitions help in understanding the pathophysiology but are less useful in calculating recovery. Basic classifications, such as those by Guttman and Frankel, are useful for epidemiological studies, especially if one wishes to compare patients internationally or to compare data bases but this information, except in complete lesions, is too limited to allow more refined calculations as to the effectiveness of treatment modalities, especially in partial lesions. An accurate motor index, such as we have described, or such as the Yale index (2), is needed for more specific calculations of recovery if any prediction about the efficacy of various treatments are to be made. We have described our data from the mid-1970s in detail to explain our current treatment protocols. While nothing can be done for the completely paralyzed patient, our treatment of the acute (transiently concussed) near complete lesion and partial lesion must be tailored to maximize recovery. The fact that patients with initially complete motor lesion show some motor recovery in 15% indicates that some lesions are reversible and that we should try to learn to identify these patients and treat them to maximize their recovery. Certain severe partial lesions show poor recovery; we must improve therapy for these patients. Patients with partial lesions and 25-30% motor power below the injury have an 80% (+/- 20%) recovery; we should strive to attain and improve on these good results by appropriate medical and surgical management. In sharing with you our methods and data, we have provided these preliminary conclusions which influence our behavior as neurosurgeons, but it is equally clear that much work still needs to be done. This chapter should represent a reference source with which we can continue to work.

Humans↗

PubMed1983

Recovery sleep following sleep deprivation in intact and suprachiasmatic nuclei-lesioned rats.

Recovery sleep was studied for 3-5 days following 24 h of sleep deprivation (TSD) in normal rats and in rats lacking circadian rhythms (CRs) of sleep because of prior lesioning of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). One group of lesioned rats was run in constant dim light. Another lesioned group and an intact group were run on a 12:12 dark-light schedule with TSD and recovery beginning at lights-off. All groups showed immediate rebounds of high-amplitude NREM sleep and paradoxical sleep, confined mostly to the first 12-18 h of recovery, and decreases in moderate and low-amplitude NREM sleep during the first 6-12 h of recovery. Thus, sleep stage rebound priorities were little affected by CRs. Total sleep rebound was initially greatest in intact rats, but limited mostly to the first 12 h of recovery. Total sleep rebound was distributed over a longer period in SCN rats, but total accumulated rebound was similar in all groups. Thus, CRs appear to modulate the timing but not the amount of accumulated total sleep rebound. Results were interpreted in terms of ceiling effects on total sleep, delayed rebounds, and competition between CRs and homeostatic recovery processes. Recovery sleep of lesioned rats on the dark-light schedule was marked by a transient diurnal rhythm.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Functional recovery of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in modeled microgravity.

Immune function is suppressed in space flight, demonstrated by reduced mitogen-stimulated proliferation of postflight astronaut peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). While flight studies are limited, the development of rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactors, such as the high aspect ratio vessel (HARV), has facilitated ground-based studies of the effects of modeled microgravity (MMG) on cell-mediated immunity. Astronauts regain immune function 3 days postflight, but this recovery has not yet been demonstrated following MMG. MMG eliminated phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated proliferation of PBMCs. Upon removal from HARV, full recovery was gradually achieved over a 72 h period, in agreement with postflight studies of astronauts. Recovery from MMG delayed, but did not reduce, the maximal proliferative response compared with PHA-activated stationary cultures. Likewise, peak expression of T cell surface activation markers CD69 and CD25 was delayed upon stimulation following exposure to MMG. MMG and recovery from MMG differentially affected the detection of IL-2 and IFN in supernatants. Further development of this model of immune recovery is important for investigating the mechanisms of immune suppression and recovery in space flight, as well as possible countermeasures to prevent immunosuppression or enhance recovery. Given the analogous immune suppression observed in microgravity, MMG, and aging, further investigation may also lead to advances in anti-aging medicine.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Premedication with midazolam delays recovery after ambulatory sevoflurane anesthesia in children.

UNLABELLED: We studied the effect of oral premedication with midazolam on the recovery characteristics of sevoflurane anesthesia in small children. In a randomized, double-blinded study, 60 children (1-3 yr, ASA physical status I or II) undergoing ambulatory adenoidectomy received either midazolam 0.5 mg/kg (Group M) or placebo (Group P) PO approximately 30 min before the induction of anesthesia. All children received atropine 0.01 mg/kg IV and alfentanil 10 microg/kg IV before the induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane up to 8 vol% inspired concentration in N2O 67% in O2. Tracheal intubation was facilitated with mivacurium 0.2 mg/kg. Anesthesia was continued with sevoflurane adjusted to maintain hemodynamic stability. In the postanesthesia care unit, predetermined recovery end points (emergence, recovery, discharge) were recorded. A pain/ discomfort scale was used to determine the quality of recovery. A postoperative questionnaire was used to evaluate the well-being of the patient at home 24 h after surgery. Emergence (spontaneous eye opening), recovery (full points on the modified Aldrete scale), and discharge were achieved later in Group M than in Group P (15+/-6 vs. 11+/-3 min [P = 0.002], 25+/-17 vs. 16+/-6 min [P = 0.01], and 80+/-23 vs. 70+/-23 min [P = 0.03]). Side effects, postanesthetic excitement, and analgesic treatment did not differ significantly between groups. At home, more children in Group P (30%) experienced disturbed sleep during the night compared with those in Group M (4%) (P = 0.007). IMPLICATIONS: In this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, premedication with midazolam 0.5 mg/kg PO delayed recovery in children 1-3 yr of age after brief (<30 min) sevoflurane anesthesia. Except for more peaceful sleep at home, premedication did not affect the quality of recovery.

Adenoidectomy↗

PubMed2000

Spontaneous recovery profile of rapacuronium during desflurane, sevoflurane, or propofol anesthesia for outpatient laparoscopy.

UNLABELLED: We evaluated the spontaneous recovery characteristics of rapacuronium during desflurane-, sevoflurane-, or propofol-based anesthesia in 51 consenting women undergoing laparoscopic tubal ligation procedures. After the induction of the anesthesia with standardized doses of propofol and fentanyl, 1.5 mg/kg IV rapacuronium was administered to facilitate tracheal intubation. Patients were randomized to receive either 1 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration of desflurane, 1 minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane, or 100 microg. kg(-1). min(-1) propofol infusion in combination with 66% nitrous oxide in oxygen for maintenance of anesthesia. Neuromuscular blockade was monitored at the wrist by using electromyography. The degree of maximum blockade and the times for first twitch recovery (T(1)) to 5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 90%, as well as the recovery index, were similar in all three anesthetic groups. However, recovery times for the train-of-four ratio to achieve 0.7 and 0.8 were significantly longer with desflurane (44.4 +/- 18.9 and 53.5 +/- 22.4 min) and sevoflurane (44.8 +/- 15.1 and 53.2 +/- 15.8 min) compared with propofol (31.8 +/- 5.3 and 36.5 +/- 6.5 min). Eight patients (16%) required a maintenance dose of 0.5 mg/kg rapacuronium and reversal of rapacuronium residual block occurred in three (6%) patients. We conclude that spontaneous recovery after an intubating dose of 1.5 mg/kg rapacuronium was significantly prolonged by both desflurane and sevoflurane compared with propofol-based anesthesia. Routine monitoring of neuromuscular activity is recommended even when a single bolus dose of rapacuronium is administered during ambulatory anesthesia. IMPLICATIONS: When administered for laparoscopic surgery, the duration of action of an intubating dose of rapacuronium was prolonged 40%-50% by desflurane and sevoflurane, respectively, (versus propofol). Monitoring recovery of neuromuscular blockade produced by rapacuronium is particularly important when desflurane or sevoflurane is administered to ensure that an adequate recovery (train-of-four > or = 0.8) is achieved by the end of anesthesia.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Efficacy of therapeutic suggestions for improved postoperative recovery presented during general anesthesia.

There have been claims that the postoperative course of patients may be improved by presentation during general anesthesia of therapeutic suggestions which predict a rapid and comfortable postoperative recovery. This study evaluated the effectiveness of such therapeutic suggestions under double-blind and randomized conditions. A tape recording predicting a smooth recovery during a short postoperative stay without pain, nausea, or vomiting was played during anesthesia to about half the patients (N = 109), while the remaining, control patients were played a blank tape instead (N = 100). The patients were primarily undergoing operations on the fallopian tubes, total abdominal hysterectomy, vertical banding gastroplasty, cholecystectomy, and ovarian cystectomy or myomectomy. The anesthesia methods consisted of either isoflurane with 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen to produce end-tidal concentrations of 1.0, 1.3, or 1.5 MAC; or 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen combined with high or low doses of opioids. Assessments of the efficacy of the therapeutic suggestions in the recovery room and throughout the postoperative hospital stay included: the frequency of administration of analgesic and antiemetic drugs; opioid doses; the incidence of fever; nausea, retching, and vomiting; other gastrointestinal and urinary symptoms; ratings of pain; ratings of anxiety; global ratings of the patients' physical and psychological recoveries by the patients and their nurses; and length of postoperative hospital stay. There were no meaningful, significant differences in postoperative recovery of patients receiving therapeutic suggestions and controls. These negative results were not likely to be due to insensitivity of the assessments of recovery, as they showed meaningful interrelations among themselves and numerous differences in recovery following different types of surgery. Widespread utilization of therapeutic suggestions as a routine operating room procedure seems premature in the absence of adequate replication of previously published positive studies.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Recovery of sensibility after digital neurorrhaphy: a clinical investigation of prognostic factors.

A multicenter retrospective review of 172 epineural digital nerve repairs using microsurgical techniques was performed. A total of 71 men and 25 women ranged in age from 5 to 64 years (mean age, 33.3 years). Sharp injuries occurred in 55.6% of patients and mild crush occurred in 44.4%. Isolated nerve injuries occurred in only 24.6% of patients. The majority of digital nerve injuries involved other structures: flexor tendons (33.5%), tendons and fractures (9.0%), and fractures (4.2%). Replantations were performed in 18 digits (21.6%) and revascularizations in 7 digits (7.2%). Injury to repair was less than 1 day in 47.8%, 2 to 7 days in 22.6%, 8 to 30 days in 23.3%, and 31 to 300 days in 6.3%. Follow-up averaged 22.2 months (range, 6-77 months). The authors found a significant correlation between age and recovery of sensibility as measured by Weber's two-point discrimination test (p < 0.001). Patients older than 40 years demonstrated significantly poorer recovery of sensibility than patients younger than 40 years. A trend of better sensibility return was noted in the younger age decades (<40) with declining age; however, the intergroup differences were not significant. There was also a significant correlation between severity of injury and recovery of sensibility (p < 0.001). Sharp injuries (8.2 mm) demonstrated significantly improved recovery of sensibility compared with mild crush (10.8 mm). Fractures (11.1 mm), fractures and tendon involvement (11.4 mm), and replantations (11.8 mm) demonstrated significantly diminished recovery of sensibility compared with isolated nerve injuries (7.9 mm), tendon involvement (8.1 mm), and revascularizations (9.3 mm). There did not appear to be any significant difference in recovery of sensibility according to gender, digit involved, radial or ulnar side of digit, median or ulnar nerve distribution, level of injury (except for the metacarpophalangeal joint and the distal palmar crease where most replantations occurred), or time interval from injury to repair. There was a weak negative correlation between length of follow-up and recovery of sensation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Temporal alterations in peripheral vascular responsiveness during both the development and recovery from pacing-induced heart failure.

The responsiveness of both the in vitro dorsal pedal artery and in vitro saphenous vein to alpha-adrenergic agents and prostaglandin F2 alpha was evaluated at baseline (prior to the onset of rapid ventricular pacing), at 1 week of pacing (mild heart failure), and 4 weeks after pacing when there was recovery from congestive heart failure. Eleven dogs were paced at 250 beats/min for 1 week and 7 dogs were paced for 3 weeks at 250 beats/min and allowed to recover from pacing for a further 4 weeks. At 1 and 4 weeks of recovery, compared to control, the maximal responsiveness of the dorsal pedal artery to norepinephrine was increased from 5.7 +/- 0.9 to 12.9 +/- 3.3 and 18.6 +/- 1.0 g/mm2, respectively. A similar finding was observed in the saphenous vein. The response of the artery to the selective alpha 1-agonist, phenylephrine, was also enhanced at 1 week. Moreover, the response of the artery and vein to phenylephrine was enhanced further at 4 weeks of recovery. In contrast, the response to the selective alpha 2-agonist, BHT 920, remained unaltered at these time points compared to control. Oxymetazoline, an agent used to differentiate between alpha 1-subdivisions, produced a significantly higher maximal response at 4 weeks of recovery (18.4 +/- 1.6 g/mm2 for the artery and 27.7 +/- 2.6 g/mm2 for the vein) compared to control (8.2 +/- 0.5 g/mm2 for the artery and 10.3 +/- 0.8 g/mm2 for the vein). The artery also displayed lower EC50 values for norepinephrine and phenylephrine at 1 week (0.7 and 2.2 microM, respectively) and 4 weeks of recovery (0.9 and 3.1 microM, respectively) compared to control (6.0 and 9.0 microM, respectively). In contrast, the only significant decreases in EC50's in the vein were the norepinephrine and oxymetazoline at 1 week of pacing (0.2 and 0.06 microM, respectively) compared to control (1.5 and 0.09 microM, respectively). The maximal tension developed to PGF2 alpha was enhanced after 1 week of pacing in both vessels and persisted 4 weeks following the cessation of pacing. Compared with control, EC50 values for PGF2 alpha were decreased at 1 and 4 weeks of recovery. We conclude that differences exist in peripheral vascular reactivity to both alpha 1-adrenoceptor agents and PGF2 alpha at 1 week of pacing and 4 weeks of recovery from pacing. Furthermore, the subtle reactivity differences between the artery and vein reflect different populations of alpha 1-adrenoceptors possibly associated with different signal transduction processes.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗

PubMed1998

A longitudinal, functional study of peripheral nerve recovery in the mouse.

OBJECTIVES: To verify the validity of the recently described sciatic functional index for mice to monitor neuronal functional recovery over time using a blinded, randomized, and controlled evaluation. STUDY DESIGN: Surgery was performed on the left sciatic nerves of 62 C57/BL mice after randomly assigning them to one of four surgical groups: sham surgery, sciatic nerve crush, nerve transection without repair, and nerve transection followed by epineurial suture repair. Sciatic functional indices were measured before surgery and then after surgery at 10-day intervals for 90 days, using a previously described formula. RESULTS: Sham surgery did not affect nerve function when compared with preoperative values (P > .24). Crush surgery produced a reversible nerve injury that fully recovered after 20 days. Nerve transection without repair resulted in complete functional disability without recovery of function during the 90-day follow-up interval. When transected nerves were repaired, complete functional disability was noted at day 10, with subsequent functional recovery to 26% of function at day 30. This level of recovery persisted until the 60th postoperative day when muscle contractures resulted in progressive worsening of the index. There were statistically significant differences between the sciatic functional indices of each of the groups (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The previously described sciatic functional index for mice is an accurate indicator of the level of sciatic neuronal function during recovery. This index represents a method of evaluating neuronal function that may provide a better reflection of the recovery parameters that are important in clinical situations. The sciatic functional index will allow for study of sciatic nerve functional recovery in genetically engineered transgenic mice.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Delayed kinetics of oxygen uptake during recovery after exercise in cardiac patients.

PURPOSE: Little is known about cardiovascular responses during recovery from exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to determine the time constants of the kinetics of oxygen uptake and heart rate during recovery from exercise and to evaluate the influence of resting cardiac function on these kinetics in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. METHODS: A moderate exercise test was performed by 40 patients (57+/-10 yr old) with prior myocardial infarction at a constant work rate (40+/-8 W) for 6 min on a cycle ergometer. The time constants of oxygen uptake and heart rate during 6 min of recovery were compared in patients whose left ventricular ejection fractions were > or =35% (group 1, N = 20) and those with ejection fractions <35% (group 2, N = 20). RESULTS: The time constant of the decrease in oxygen uptake during exercise recovery was significantly prolonged (oxygen requirement was increased) in group 2 compared with group 1. Heart rate during recovery was consistently higher, and its time constant was prolonged in group 2 compared with group 1. The time constant of oxygen uptake was positively correlated with the time constant of heart rate. CONCLUSION: The recovery of oxygen uptake after exercise was significantly delayed, associated with delayed recovery of heart rate, in patients with severely impaired left ventricular function.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Activity and immobilization after eccentric exercise: I. Recovery of muscle function.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to determine whether activity would affect the recovery of muscle function after high-force eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. METHODS: Twenty-six male volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three groups for a 4-d treatment period: immobilization (N = 9), control (N = 8), and light exercise (N = 9). Relaxed arm angle (RANG), flexed arm angle (FANG), maximal isometric force (MIF), and perceived muscle soreness (SOR) were obtained for 3 consecutive days pre-exercise (baseline), immediately post-exercise, and for 8 consecutive days after the 4-d treatment period (recovery). During the treatment period, the immobilization group had their arm placed in a cast and supported in a sling at 90 degrees. The control group had no restriction of their arm activity. The light exercise group performed a daily exercise regimen of 50 biceps curls with a 5-lb dumbbell. RESULTS: All subjects showed a prolonged decrease in RANG, increase in FANG, loss in MIF, and increase in SOR in the days after eccentric exercise. During recovery, there was no significant interaction observed among groups over time in RANG (P > 0.05) or FANG (P > 0.05), but there was a significant interaction observed among groups over time in both MIF (P < 0.01) and SOR (P < 0.01). Recovery of MIF was facilitated by light exercise and immobilization, whereas recovery from SOR was facilitated by light exercise and delayed by immobilization. CONCLUSIONS: The recovery of MIF in both the light exercise and immobilization groups suggests that more than one mechanism may be involved in the recovery of isometric force after eccentric exercise.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Effect of resistance training on muscle fatigue and recovery in intact rats.

PURPOSE: To examine the effect of resistance training on muscle fatigue from intermittent contractions and subsequent recovery in intact rats. METHODS: By using electrical stimulation, plantar flexor muscles were trained with eccentric and concentric contractions (5 x 10 repetitions, 5 d x wk(-1) for 6 wk) during ankle rotations. By using nerve stimulation, concentric contractions (40) imposed on isometric contractions (stimulation time, 1.9 s; rest period, 13.6 s; intermittent contractions) induced fatigue. During recovery, equivalent contractions were used every 5 min for 30 min. RESULTS: Training increased isometric forces (19% and 23% at ankle positions of 1.57 and 0.70 rad), but muscle weights were not changed. After training, smaller declines in isometric (control, 68.9+/-1.4%; trained, 58.8+/-2.9%) and average concentric force (control, 71.6+/-0.7%; trained, 65.5+/-2.8%) occurred from fatigue. Recovery for 5 min returned isometric and average concentric force to 61.7+/-2.2% and 65.1+/-2.5% of initial values for controls and 76.9+/-2.2% and 77.1+/-2.2% after training. After recovery for 30 min, these forces were 87.6+/-0.7% and 89.2+/-1.1% of initial values for controls and recovered almost completely (94.2+/-1.3% and 94.6+/-1.6%) in trained muscles. During fatigue, the decline in force during successive concentric contractions was larger after training (from 19.7+/-1.1% to 50.1+/-2.0%; controls, from 19.9+/-2.0% to 41.7+/-1.4%). Recovery of this decline in force was training-independent and complete within 5 min. CONCLUSIONS: Rat plantar flexor muscles adapt to 6 wk of 5 d x wk(-1) resistance training with: 1) increased isometric force, 2) smaller losses in isometric and average concentric force during fatigue, 3) larger force decline during concentric contractions during fatigue, and 4) improved recovery following fatigue. Different mechanisms might account for the recovery of the average concentric force and the decline in force during concentric contractions.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Gender, anger expression style, and opportunity for anger release determine cardiovascular reaction to and recovery from anger provocation.

This study represents an extension of Hokanson's research, which showed that for men anger release after provocation tends to accelerate cardiovascular recovery. The objective of this study was to investigate how gender and habitual style for anger-in or anger-out behavior modulate the effect of anger provocation and release. Male and female subjects (N = 105) were classified as anger-in/anger-out only when a double criterion (i.e., self-report and peer evaluation) was satisfied. Following a state anger rating at pre-test, subjects were harassed during the performance of a 12-minute math task. After task completion, subjects were randomly assigned to one of two 10-minute recovery protocols a) having an opportunity to release negative affect, and b) not not having such an opportunity. All groups (including the anger-ins) that had an opportunity to express negative affect did in fact express similar levels of anger. Men reacted more strongly to the math task performed under anger provocation on all cardiovascular indices. Anger expression style as a trait-type disposition was important for the recovery process in women whereas the situational manipulation (i.e., the opportunity to release anger) had specific effects on the recovery process of men. Opportunity to release anger facilitated heart rate recovery (and to a lesser degree diastolic pressure recovery) in men but not in women. Women with anger-in tendencies on the other hand displayed better systolic pressure recovery than female anger-outs whereas no such effects were observed in men.

Adjustment Disorders↗