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PubMed1995

[Eccentric path and schizophrenic ego splitting. Friedrich Hölderlin's philosophical writing fragments in their relation to his life and illness].

Psychopathography usually intends to point out the impact of pathological feelings and behaviour on the work of the artist. Our own approach is different from this definition. The article emphasizes that Hölderlin's philosophical manuscripts, developed in the context of German Idealismus, examine more closely the psychopathology of schizophrenic experience of the own self and the world. In these manuscripts Hölderlin discusses the relation of freedom and bonding and the relation of being a solipsistic subject versus being part of a holistic system in a fundamental way. He understands human biography as an excentric path. This means the intention to reunite subject and world, which is only possible symbolically in poetry. Thus Hölderlin's philosophical writings on poetology, human self, and personal identity can be understood as a valid contribution to the psychopathology of schizophrenia because of their anticipation of a description of the fundamental disturbances in self-awareness and self-consciousness of schizophrenics. These patients are unable to see themselves in a consistent way as both an object and a subject, which the author describes as Grundverhältnisstörung (basic proportion disturbance).

Ego↗

PubMed1999

Mirror Writing: Learning, Transfer, and Implications for Internal Inverse Models.

In a study of the effects of practicing mirror writing, the effects of transfer to the nonpracticed hand and to nonpracticed phrases were assessed in 185 students. Large transfer effects were observed. An interpretation of those effects is based on a suggestion that the learning led to the creation of a new internal inverse model (or a modification of a pre-existent model) mapping the space of task variables onto the space of internal variables.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1989

Descriptive writing abilities in Alzheimer's disease.

The descriptive writing abilities of 15 subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD) of mild to moderate severity were compared with 15 age- and sex-matched normal controls. Sixteen features of written linguistic ability were analyzed. AD subjects wrote shorter descriptive paragraphs than normal elderly subjects. Features related to letter or spelling errors and content words were found to be significantly different between the two groups, whereas functor word errors and number of attempted corrections did not significantly differ between the two groups.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Philosophy and phylogenetic inference: a comparison of likelihood and parsimony methods in the context of Karl Popper's writings on corroboration.

Advocates of cladistic parsimony methods have invoked the philosophy of Karl Popper in an attempt to argue for the superiority of those methods over phylogenetic methods based on Ronald Fisher's statistical principle of likelihood. We argue that the concept of likelihood in general, and its application to problems of phylogenetic inference in particular, are highly compatible with Popper's philosophy. Examination of Popper's writings reveals that his concept of corroboration is, in fact, based on likelihood. Moreover, because probabilistic assumptions are necessary for calculating the probabilities that define Popper's corroboration, likelihood methods of phylogenetic inference--with their explicit probabilistic basis--are easily reconciled with his concept. In contrast, cladistic parsimony methods, at least as described by certain advocates of those methods, are less easily reconciled with Popper's concept of corroboration. If those methods are interpreted as lacking probabilistic assumptions, then they are incompatible with corroboration. Conversely, if parsimony methods are to be considered compatible with corroboration, then they must be interpreted as carrying implicit probabilistic assumptions. Thus, the non-probabilistic interpretation of cladistic parsimony favored by some advocates of those methods is contradicted by an attempt by the same authors to justify parsimony methods in terms of Popper's concept of corroboration. In addition to being compatible with Popperian corroboration, the likelihood approach to phylogenetic inference permits researchers to test the assumptions of their analytical methods (models) in a way that is consistent with Popper's ideas about the provisional nature of background knowledge.

History, 20th Century↗

PubMed2004

When more yields less: speaking and writing deficits in nonfluent progressive aphasia.

Fourteen patients with nonfluent progressive aphasia (NFPA) performed a picture description task in both spoken- and written-output conditions, as well as tests of confrontation naming, spelling to dictation and reading aloud of single words and text. Relative to controls, the patients' spoken and written picture descriptions were reduced in length, speed and amount of information. Of particular interest, and accounting for the first part of the article's title, was a pervasive pattern of poorer spoken and written output associated with the requirement to produce more; this was true when 'more' meant either (a) longer vs. shorter single words or (b) connected language vs. single words. Deficits in spoken and written naming were largely parallel and modality-specific output impairments (such as dysarthria in speech or letter-formation problems in writing) seemed to account for the minority of cases who exhibited a discrepancy. Most patients showed no evidence of agrammatism or reduced verb production in their speech, which typically had normal proportions of content and function words as well as nouns and verbs. By contrast, some degree of telegraphic output was observed in the written narratives of a number of patients. Our results argue against several candidates for the main functional locus of impairment in NFPA, but it is likely that deficits in grammatical processing, working memory, planning/executive skills, speech motor abilities and phonological processing all play a role.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Brain metabolic differences as a function of hemisphere, writing hand preference, and gender.

A total of 35 university-educated normal men (24 right handwriters and 11 left handwriters) and 36 age- and education-matched women (25 right handwriters and 11 left handwriters) underwent a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy examination in seven 8 cm(3) voxels including the right and left frontal lobe tips, the right and left mid-temporal lobes, the right and left thalami, and the hypothalamus. Dependent measures were N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline-containing compounds (Cho) and creatine/phosphocreatine (Cr) metabolite peak area ratios relative to total H(2)O. As expected, thalamic grey matter contained higher NAA ratios than telencephalic voxels (containing white and grey matter) (p < .001). The thalamic Cr/ H(2)O ratio was higher on the right, but the opposite asymmetry was observed for the temporal lobe (p < .05). Women had a higher left frontal NAA/ H(2)O ratio than men, but men had a higher hypothalamic NAA/ H(2)O ratio than women. Right-handers had a higher temporal lobe NAA/H(2)O ratio than left-handers, particularly in the left hemisphere. In addition, several significant 2- and 3-way interactions between writing hand preference, gender, and hemisphere were observed, but only in the frontal lobe.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

ProteomeCommons.org IO Framework: reading and writing multiple proteomics data formats.

MOTIVATION: Effective use of proteomics data, specifically mass spectrometry data, relies on the ability to read and write the many mass spectrometer file formats. Even with mass spectrometer vendor-specific libraries and vendor-neutral file formats, such as mzXML and mzData it can be difficult to extract raw data files in a form suitable for batch processing and basic research. Introduced here are the ProteomeCommons.org Input and Output Framework, abbreviated to IO Framework, which is designed to abstractly represent mass spectrometry data. This project is a public, open-source, free-to-use framework that supports most of the mass spectrometry data formats, including current formats, legacy formats and proprietary formats that require a vendor-specific library in order to operate. The IO Framework includes an on-line tool for non-programmers and a set of libraries that developers may use to convert between various proteomics file formats. AVAILABILITY: The current source-code and documentation for the ProteomeCommons.org IO Framework is freely available at http://www.proteomecommons.org/current/531/

Algorithms↗

PubMed1997

Valid assessment of writing and access to academic discourse.

One way to improve students' access to and retention in post-secondary degree progams is to assess their readiness for such programs accurately. To place deaf and hard-of-hearing students in preparatory courses and to determine their readiness for degree programs more accurately, a direct measure of writing was developed for deaf and hard-of-hearing students at a large technical university. The purpose of this study was to estimate the concurrent and predictive validity of this measure. The Test of Written English (Educational Testing Service, 1992) served as the criterion in the concurrent validity study, and student success in the university's gateway freshman composition course served as the criterion in the predictive validity study. Results provide evidence of the concurrent and predictive validity of the measure, supporting its use for course placement and early planning purposes.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1985

The writings of Sir Bernard Spilsbury: Part II.

This is the second and final part of the compilation highlighting the rate works of Sir Bernard Spilsbury. Despite his vast experience he never chose to write a textbook or training book for his lectures. The second part of this work includes an address entitled "Some Medico-Legal Aspects of Shock", which was presented on October 26, 1933. It was published in the Medico-Legal and Criminological Review, Vol. 2, Part 1, January 1934. (This is a publication of the Medico-Legal Society of Great Britain). The second article is a case report entitled "A Hat from a Fatal Case of Shooting". This was published in The Transactions of the Medico-Legal Society, 1927, p. 103, and was presented at a meeting held March 24, 1927.

Abortion, Illegal↗

PubMed2000

Reading, writing, and doctoring: literature and medicine.

Literature and medicine share an inherently enduring relationship. Doctors turn to literature--both its plots and its forms--to understand what occurs in their patients' lives, to increase their own narrative competence, to interpret accurately the texts of medicine, to develop empathy, and to deepen their capacities for reflection and self-knowledge. Together, these skills, attitudes, and bodies of knowledge contribute to the effective practice of medicine. Literature is now taught in almost three quarters of the medical schools in the United States. Different goals, agendas, and methods are appropriate at each developmental stage of a physician's training, from the premedical curriculum to the continuing education of a practicing physician. A vigorous and growing scholarship and body of experience is propelling the field of literature and medicine to understand all the more clearly how acts of reading and acts of writing might illuminate acts of doctoring.

Education, Medical↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Remembering and sharing through poetry writing.

Reminiscing may have therapeutic outcomes for the elderly. In this article, the author describes how nursing students used poetry writing to stimulate reminiscence in group work with the elderly. The outcomes included reciprocal benefits for both the students and the elderly participants.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

Behavioral prescription writing in smoking cessation counseling: a new use for a familiar tool.

Tobacco use, a self-inflicted epidemic, causes more than 390,000 deaths in the United States each year. Smoking is a habit perpetuated by both physiologic and psychosocial mechanisms. Physician use of behavioral prescriptions is a practical, familiar, and efficient method for achieving smoking cessation. Physicians should ask patients if they want to quit smoking, take a smoking history, motivate patients to quit by personalizing risks, set a quit date, and then follow the behavioral prescription. Behavioral prescription involves writing prescriptions based on a plan that leads the patient through five successive weeks of behavioral modification, culminating in complete cessation of cigarette use. Physician time involved is minimal, since the approach requires only two meetings in person--one at an initial patient visit, and a second at a follow-up appointment.

Adult↗

PubMed2025

Write and Read: Harnessing Synthetic DNA Modifications for Nanopore Sequencing.

An exciting feature of nanopore sequencing is its ability to record multi-omic information on the same sequenced DNA molecule. Well-trained models allow the detection of nucleotide-specific molecular signatures through changes in ionic current as DNA molecules translocate through the nanopore. Thus, naturally occurring DNA modifications, such as DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation, may be recorded simultaneously with the genetic sequence. Additional genomic information, such as chromatin state or the locations of bound transcription factors, may also be recorded if their locations are chemically encoded into the DNA. Here, we present a versatile "write-and-read" framework, where chemo-enzymatic DNA labeling with unnatural synthetic tags results in predictable electrical fingerprints in nanopore sequencing. As a proof-of-concept, we explore a DNA glucosylation approach that selectively modifies 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) with glucose or glucose-azide adducts. We demonstrate that these modifications generate distinct and reproducible electrical shifts, enabling the direct detection of chemically altered nucleotides. We further demonstrate that enzymatic alkylation, such as the enzymatic transfer of azide residues to the N6 position of adenines, also produces characteristic nanopore signal shifts relative to the native adenine and 6-methyladenine. Beyond direct nucleotide detection, this approach introduces new possibilities for bio-orthogonal DNA labeling, enabling an extended alphabet of sequence-specific detectable moieties. The future use of programmable chemical modifications for simultaneous analysis of multiple omics features on individual molecules opens new avenues for genetic research and discovery.

5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC)↗

PubMed1998

Electron-beam writing of large-area Fresnel zone plates.

High-resolution X-ray microscopy requires advanced fabrication technology for Fresnel zone plates (FZPs). As the resolution of an FZP depends on the width of the outermost zone, fine zone patterns for objective lenses have to be replicated. On the other hand, to achieve highly condensed X-ray beams by using FZPs for condenser lenses, large-field replication is required. A method of pattern replication of FZPs for X-ray microscopy is reported. Utilizing a 30 keV electron-beam writing tool and an FZP-generation computer program, FZP patterns for a condenser lens 1 mm in diameter with an outermost-zone width of 0.2 micro m and for an objective lens 0.5 mm in diameter with an outermost-zone width of 0.1 micro m were replicated.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

Compliance with instructions for writing structured care management tools.

The aim of this study was to assess whether clinical guidelines complied with the instructions for writing structured care management tools in a French university hospital. A cross-sectional study of guidelines for appropriate antimicrobial agent use in the authors' institution was carried out. A total of 221 guidelines were retrieved in 62 hospital units. The number of guidelines by unit ranged from one to 22 and 198 guidelines (90 per cent) had been developed at the local level. None of the guidelines fully complied with the ten criteria of the instructions. Each guideline met, on average, 4.2 criteria (3.9-4.5). The partial compliance rate was 75 per cent (68-80). In two-level multivariate analysis, factors associated with partial compliance were: dissemination of guidelines after implementation of the instructions (odds ratio = 6.25 (2.41-16.21)), existence of more than one storage site for guidelines in each unit (OR = 3.26 (1.03-10.32)), and hospital unit (variance of the intercept = 1.54).

Anti-Infective Agents↗

PubMed2003

Laser-guided direct writing: a novel method to deposit biomolecules for biosensors arrays.

In this paper, we present a potential biomolecular patterning method, laser-guided direct writing guidance (LGDW), which may be utilized to deposit organic and bioactive particles for biosensor arrays. The instrumentation and operation of the LGDW system is introduced and the system settings used to achieve deposition are reported. The biomolecule, avidin, was deposited onto a substrate using LGDW to evaluate the possible damage from the laser on the biomolecules. The functionality of avidin after laser-based guidance was examined by exposing the deposited avidin molecules to its ligand, biotin. The results show some avidin retained its affinity to biotin after LGDW demonstrating little damage to the biomolecules.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

John Hughlings-Jackson's writings on the auditory aura and localization of the auditory cortex.

PURPOSE: To relate John Hughlings-Jackson's findings of the auditory aura to his ideas about the "dreamy state," and localization of primary auditory cortex. METHODS: We reviewed Hughlings-Jackson's writings on the auditory aura and his integration of the auditory aura into his description of the "dreamy state." To integrate Hughlings-Jackson's postulations about the auditory aura and David Ferrier's localization of primary auditory cortex, we also reviewed Ferrier's localization of auditory cortex in animals. RESULTS: Hughlings-Jackson described three cases of the auditory aura, which he integrated with his concept of the "dreamy state" (now known as mesial temporal epilepsy). In doing so, he described the current concept of elementary and complex auditory auras. Hughlings-Jackson also associated the auditory aura with seizures that began in the "auditory centre of Ferrier." Whereas Ferrier showed respect and admiration for Hughlings-Jackson's work as a whole, he did not integrate Hughlings-Jackson's ideas of localization of the auditory epileptic aura with his work in localizing the primary auditory cortex in animals. CONCLUSIONS: Hughlings-Jackson outlined the modern concept of elementary and complex auditory auras and correctly correlated it with primary auditory cortex. The history of Hughlings-Jackson's auditory aura reflects the history of his ideas of epilepsy as a whole, which closely parallel our modern concepts of focal epilepsy.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Questionnaire construction and question writing for research in medical education.

This booklet describes the basic principles of questionnaire construction and design using examples applicable to research in medical education. It is intended for medical educators and researchers who plan to construct questionnaires to gather data about a course, curriculum component or medical education programme. An easy-to-use list of problems to consider when writing questions for a questionnaire is provided. As well, information is provided about the structure of a questionnaire and of the covering letter sent to potential respondents.

Education, Medical↗