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PubMed2006

Mood and neuropsychological changes in women with midlife depression treated with escitalopram.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed mood and neuropsychological function in a population of middle-aged women with major depressive disorder treated with escitalopram. METHODS: Psychometric data measuring severity of depression were collected from 19 women and neuropsychological data were collected from 17 women aged between 45 and 65 years with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, diagnosis of major depression in a study in the Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Program at the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine. All women were treated with escitalopram in an open-label design. Mean age was 55.94 years and mean number of years of education was 16.36 years. Diagnosis of major depressive disorder was assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, and mood was evaluated with the 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) at baseline and at weekly follow-ups for 12 weeks. Cognition was assessed at baseline and 3 months after treatment using a neuropsychological test battery, which included an abbreviated measure of Full Scale Intelligence Quotient, measures of attention and processing speed, verbal and nonverbal memory, executive functioning, and verbal fluency. Self-report data were collected on current menopause status and current hormone therapy use in the postmenopausal women. Paired sample t tests were used to analyze the change in total HAM-D scores and neuropsychological variables. RESULTS: Statistically significant improvements were found in total HAM-D score, Wechsler Memory Scale III Logical Memory 1st Recall, I, and II scores, Wechsler Memory Scale III Visual Reproduction I scores, and Trail Making Test Part B scores. There was a statistically significant decrease in Controlled Oral Word Association Test FAS scores. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of depression with escitalopram in a population of middle-aged women was shown to improve mood and cognitive efficiency in complex attention, short- and long-term recall of contextual information, short-term recall of visual information, and cognitive flexibility; however, it was shown to worsen phonemic fluency.

Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation↗

PubMed2006

Outcome after traumatic brain injury sustained in older adulthood: a one-year longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to explore the effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on cognition and functioning in older adults in a one-year longitudinal study. METHODS: Participants with mild-to-moderate TBI were compared with an age-, gender-, and education-matched healthy comparison group on aspects of cognition. Neuropsychologic tests were administered at one year. Self-reported measures of functioning were completed at baseline, six months, and one year. Informants rated instrumental functioning at one year. RESULTS: Sixty-nine subjects aged 50 years and over (mean: 67 years; standard deviation: 7.9) and a comparison group of 79 participants were assessed. Patients with TBI had poorer processing speed, verbal memory, language, and executive function; they self-reported more psychologic distress, psychosocial dysfunction, and postconcussive symptoms; and they were rated as more impaired in functioning than the comparison group. TBI of moderate severity accounted for most of the between-group differences. CONCLUSION: TBI, particularly of moderate severity, led to poorer cognitive and psychosocial functioning one year postinjury among older adults. The clinical significance of this may become more evident with time in this vulnerable population.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Persistence of neuropsychologic deficits in the remitted state of late-life depression.

OBJECTIVE: Cognitive impairment in late-life depression (LLD) is prevalent, disabling, and persists despite the remission of depressive symptoms. This article characterizes neuropsychologic functioning during remission in LLD. METHODS: The authors examined longitudinal performance on a comprehensive neuropsychologic battery in 56 nondemented subjects age 60 or older who initially presented with an episode of nonpsychotic unipolar major depression and 40 nondemented, age- and education-equated comparison subjects with no history of depression. Subjects were assessed at baseline (in a depressed state) and one year later (when remitted). RESULTS: After one year, 45% of the LLD subjects were cognitively impaired despite remission of depression. Visuospatial ability, information-processing speed, and delayed memory were most frequently impaired; 94% of the patients who were impaired at baseline remained impaired one year later. Twenty-three percent of the patients who were cognitively normal while depressed developed impairment one year later. CONCLUSIONS: Most older individuals who are cognitively impaired during a depressive episode remain impaired when their depression remits. In addition, a substantial proportion of older depressed individuals who are cognitively intact when depressed are likely to be impaired one year later, although their depression has remitted.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2003

Preservation of cognitive function after long-term tetraplegia.

The claim of a significant relationship between pulmonary peak expiratory flow rate and cognitive decline in normal aging is bound to raise the question of whether accelerated cognitive decline would be an automatic consequence of long-term tetraplegia, with its significant effects on normal respiratory function. We present a case series of three persons with long-term tetraplegia (11, 15, and 21 yr) comparing their cognitive test results (short-term and working memory, the ability to inhibit interference, and cognitive processing speed) with scores for age-matched noninjured adults. Results showed that long-term tetraplegia, even with compromised respiration, does not inevitably lead to decline in fundamental cognitive functions relative to age-matched noninjured controls.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Atypical onset of symptoms in Huntington disease: severe cognitive decline preceding chorea or other motor manifestations.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the onset of Huntington disease (HD) in a patient with atypical progression of symptoms. BACKGROUND: The authors report the case of a 39-year-old man with severe cognitive impairment and diffuse cortical atrophy before the onset of motor manifestations or symptoms of an extrapyramidal movement disorder. METHOD: Clinical examinations, neuropsychologic assessments, magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalogram, and genetic testing were conducted. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Although HD was eventually confirmed through genetic testing, chorea was not part of the clinical picture until well after the patient had developed a frank dementia, with a decline in global intellectual functioning, memory deficits, slowed information processing speed, and executive dysfunction. This case indicates HD may present with atypical clinical features in the early course of the disease, and warrants diagnostic consideration in patients with early dementia of unknown etiology.

Atrophy↗

PubMed2006

Spatial and nonspatial peripheral auditory processing in congenitally blind people.

Congenitally blind adults' performance in spatial and nonspatial peripheral auditory attention tasks was compared with that of sighted adults in a paradigm manipulating location-based and frequency-based inhibition of return concurrently. Blind study participants responded faster in spatial attention tasks (detection/localization) and slower in the nonspatial frequency discrimination task than sighted participants. Both groups, however, showed the same patterns of interaction between location-based and frequency-based inhibition of return. These results suggest that early vision deprivation enhances the function of the posterior-dorsal auditory 'where' pathway but impairs the function of the anterior-ventral 'what' pathway during peripheral auditory attention. The altered processing speed in the blind, however, is not accompanied by alteration in attentional orienting mechanisms that may be localized to higher cortices.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1987

The mental status of patients with Friedreich's ataxia.

In the clinical literature, the majority of patients with Friedreich's ataxia are described as having signs of intellectual decline and serious psychiatric symptomatology. Recent studies contradict this clinical picture, but indicate some discrete mental status changes, such as slowing of information processing speed not related to motor abnormality, in a more strictly defined Friedreich's population. This study describes the mental status changes in a sample of 38 patients seen at the University of California at Los Angeles Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Ataxia Clinic. The sample was defined using strict clinical and biochemical criteria. Only one of the 38 patients showed evidence of intellectual deterioration. Ninety-two percent of the patients experienced some affective difficulty, however, ranging from major depression to normal grief. Three patients have reached their mid-forties (one is 64 years of age) without any serious mental status changes. These findings point out the importance of nurses' expecting these patients to function normally in the cognitive domain. Implications related to specific nursing interventions are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2026

The Role of Artificial Intelligence Combined With Digital Cholangioscopy for Indeterminant and Malignant Biliary Strictures: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Current endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and cholangioscopic-based diagnostic sampling for indeterminant biliary strictures remain suboptimal. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based algorithms by means of computer vision in machine learning have been applied to cholangioscopy in an effort to improve diagnostic yield. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the diagnostic performance of AI-based diagnostic performance of AI-associated cholangioscopic diagnosis of indeterminant or malignant biliary strictures. METHODS: Individualized searches were developed in accordance with PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines, and meta-analysis according to Cochrane Diagnostic Test Accuracy working group methodology. A bivariate model was used to compute pooled sensitivity and specificity, likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio, and summary receiver operating characteristics curve (SROC). RESULTS: Five studies (n=675 lesions; a total of 2,685,674 cholangioscopic images) were included. All but one study analyzed a deep learning AI-based system using a convoluted neural network (CNN) with an average image processing speed of 30 to 60 frames per second. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 95% (95% CI: 85-98) and 88% (95% CI: 76-94), with a diagnostic accuracy (SROC) of 97% (95% CI: 95-98). Sensitivity analysis of CNN studies (4 studies, 538 patients) demonstrated a pooled sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy (SROC) of 95% (95% CI: 82-99), 88% (95% CI: 72-95), and 97% (95% CI: 95-98), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Artificial intelligence-based machine learning of cholangioscopy images appears to be a promising modality for the diagnosis of indeterminant and malignant biliary strictures.

Humans↗

PubMed2025

OpenSpliceAI: An efficient, modular implementation of SpliceAI enabling easy retraining on non-human species.

The SpliceAI deep learning system is currently one of the most accurate methods for identifying splicing signals directly from DNA sequences. However, its utility is limited by its reliance on older software frameworks and human-centric training data. Here we introduce OpenSpliceAI, a trainable, open-source version of SpliceAI implemented in PyTorch to address these challenges. OpenSpliceAI supports both training from scratch and transfer learning, enabling seamless retraining on species-specific datasets and mitigating human-centric biases. Our experiments show that it achieves faster processing speeds and lower memory usage than the original SpliceAI code, allowing large-scale analyses of extensive genomic regions on a single GPU. Additionally, OpenSpliceAI's flexible architecture makes for easier integration with established machine learning ecosystems, simplifying the development of custom splicing models for different species and applications. We demonstrate that OpenSpliceAI's output is highly concordant with SpliceAI. In silico mutagenesis (ISM) analyses confirm that both models rely on similar sequence features, and calibration experiments demonstrate similar score probability estimates.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

The investigation of three-dimensional vibration for piezoelectric rectangular parallelepipeds using the AF-ESPI method.

Electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) is a powerful tool for the full-field measurement of a deformed body. In this paper, a three-dimensional vibrating block that couples the out-of-plane and in-plane motions is investigated using the amplitude-fluctuation ESPI (AF-ESPI). This method demonstrates the advantages of combining high processing speed, such as in the subtraction method, with high fringe sensitivity, such as in the time-averaged method. The optical system for AF-ESPI is then employed to analyze the volume vibration of piezoelectric material for a rectangular parallelepiped configuration. Based on the fact that fringe patterns measured by the AF-ESPI method appear as a clear picture only at the resonant frequency, both the natural frequencies and the out-of-plane and in-plane vibration mode shapes are successfully obtained in this study. Finally, the impedance analysis as well as the finite element method (FEM) with three-dimensional model are also conducted to compare with the result obtained by AF-ESPI. It is shown that the numerical calculation and the experimental result agree fairly well for both the resonant frequency and the mode shape in three-dimensional configurations.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A longitudinal study of visual expectation and reaction time in the first year of life.

Developmental change and stability of visual expectation and reaction times (RT) were examined at 5, 7, and 12 months in a longitudinal sample of term and preterm infants (birthweight <1,750 g). Using the traditional 200-ms cut-point to separate anticipatory from reactive saccades, RTs (and their standard deviations) declined markedly over age, whereas anticipations increased. Those infants who had faster RTs were more likely to anticipate upcoming events and were more attentive (fewer trials off-task and less response variability). Crossage stability was modest for most measures from 5 to 7 and 7 to 12 months, but rarely significant from 5 to 12 months. When the cut-point was lowered to 150 ms (to accommodate recent concerns that the higher cut-point may misclassify some true RTs as anticipations), the age-related increase in anticipations disappeared. Thus, although the results indicate marked increases in processing speed with age, evidence for increasing anticipations is equivocal. Findings were similar for preterm and term infants.

Attention↗

PubMed2026

Upscaling Genotyping by Amplicon Sequencing With GBAS-GUI.

Genotyping by amplicon sequencing (GBAS) is a relatively low-cost approach for generating genotypic data compared with established genomic methods, making it highly scalable and particularly suitable for large-scale genetic monitoring projects. However, most existing analytical pipelines are either marker-specific, insufficiently scalable, or lacking efficient data management systems for the long-term integration of genotypic information, limiting the full potential of GBAS. Here, we address this gap by introducing GBAS-GUI (https://github.com/sonnenbe-dot/GBAS-GUI), a pipeline capable of generating GBAS-based genotypic data for a wide variety of loci at scale. GBAS-GUI integrates a graphical user interface with multiple checkpoints to improve accessibility and robustness. It implements multiprocessing architecture and a relational database that links genotypic data with associated sample metadata to enhance scalability and data management. The pipeline further enables marker screening through automated calculation of polymorphism information content (PIC) and implements a strategy to recover homologous genotypic information from paralogous loci with non-overlapping amplicon length ranges. Using multiple empirical datasets, we demonstrate substantial improvements in processing speed, database management and handling artefacts related to co-amplification of unspecific regions and duplicates of the same genomic region. We further show that incorporating the full sequence information captured by an amplicon increases marker information content beyond what is achievable with length-based genotyping alone and expands the analytical versatility of GBAS. Overall, GBAS-GUI provides a robust, scalable and versatile framework that unlocks the potential of GBAS for large-scale population genetic and phylogeographic studies.

Genotyping Techniques↗

PubMed2004

Preserved episodic memory in subcortical band heterotopia.

PURPOSE: Neuropsychological profiles of four patients with subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) are presented to delineate further the phenotype of this disorder. METHODS: Standardized, norm-referenced measures of cognitive functioning, including intelligence, processing speed, attention, language, visuomotor skills, memory, and fine motor ability were administered to four patients with magnetic resonance imaging evidence of SBH. RESULTS: Despite intellectual impairment and other severe cognitive deficits, all four patients displayed relatively intact episodic memory. CONCLUSIONS: This selective sparing of memory functions has not been previously reported in individuals with SBH and suggests that doublecortin does not play a role in the development of memory systems in the mesial temporal region, which tend to be spared in SBH.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Cognitive resemblance in reading-disabled twins.

This study examined the cognitive abilities of 60 pairs of reading-disabled twins aged between eight and 18 years (at least one member of each twin pair had been diagnosed as having a reading disability). Principal component analysis of nine cognitive tests yielded three readily interpretable composites of cognitive abilities--reading, symbol-processing speed and sequential memory. Scores on these three cognitive composites were significantly lower for the disabled readers than for normal readers. Individual differences in these cognitive composites within the reading-disabled twin sample were found to be due to genetic differences. Furthermore, deficits in the reading composite for the reading-disabled sample appear to be heritable.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

An 8-year prospective study of the relationship between cognitive performance and falling in very old adults.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether cognitive performance, as distinct from cognitive impairment, predicts falling during an 8-year follow-up in a community-based sample of very old adults and to evaluate how cognitive change is associated with falling. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study including three waves of data collected in 1992, 1994, and 2000. SETTING: Population based, with the baseline sample drawn from the electoral roll. PARTICIPANTS: Inclusion criteria were completion of at least three cognitive tests at baseline and completion of the falls questionnaire at Wave 6 (N=539). MEASUREMENTS: Assessments of health and medical conditions, visual acuity, cognitive function, functional reach, semitandem stand, and grip strength were conducted in 1992 (baseline), 1994, and 2000. Self-report information on falls in the previous 12 months was obtained on each of these occasions. Marginal models using generalized estimating equations were used to assess the association between baseline cognitive performance and falling over 8 years, adjusting for sociodemographic, health, and sensorimotor variables. Random effects models were used to assess the relationship between change in cognitive performance and change in fall rate and fall risk over 8 years. RESULTS: Mini-Mental State Examination and verbal reasoning at baseline predicted rate of falling over an 8-year period. Within individuals, declines in verbal ability, processing speed, and immediate memory were associated with increases in rates of falling and fall risk. CONCLUSION: Cognitive performance is associated with falling over 8 years in very old adults and should be assessed in clinical practice when evaluating short- and long-term fall risk.

Accidental Falls↗

PubMed1999

Apolipoprotein E genotypes and cognitive functions in healthy elderly persons.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether apoE genotypes correlate with cognitive functions in clinically healthy persons. METHODS: In 1993 and 1995, we measured information processing speed, delayed free recall and semantic aspects of long-term memory in 227 men and 105 women aged 65 and over, a randomly selected subsample of the prospective Basel Study. Cardiovascular risk factors and education were assessed. RESULTS: E2 were more prevalent in old-old (>75 years, 23.5% vs. 15%) compared to E4 than in young-old (<75 years, 19.3% vs. 23.5%). Taking into account age and education, subjects with epsilon3/epsilon4 or epsilon4/epsilon4 alleles (E4) performed lowest in all 3 tests compared to those homozygous for epsilon3 (E3) or carriers of one or two epsilon2 alleles (E2) (reaction time P = 0.009, free recall P = 0.05, WAIS-R vocabulary P<0.05). In old-old there was a significant difference between E2 and E4 for reaction time (P = 0.02) and free recall (P<0.02) but not for vocabulary (P = 0.086). In all 3 groups there were no significant changes after 2 years. The subgroup with the genotype epsilon2/epsilon4 performed consistently best in the cognitive tests. Cholesterol was significantly increased in the E4 and E3 group compared to the E2 group. CONCLUSION: ApoE genotype correlates with cognitive performance. The increased prevalence of E2 in the old-old and the significantly lower plasma cholesterol levels suggest differential morbidity and mortality as important factors influencing the prevalence of cognitive disorders in late life.

Aged↗

PubMed1982

Why assess the aged? A clinical psychologist's view.

Four major areas of research: the early detection of Alzheimer's disease; the psychological side-effects of anticholinergic drugs; the significance of late onset depression; and the relationship between physical activity, ageing and cognitive status, are discussed with reference to the problem of improving the quality of life in the aged. The four areas of research are unified by discussing two aspects of information processing: speed of performance and memory. The significance of and need for the assessment of cognitive status in the elderly are also discussed, as well as the notion that tests for the elderly should fit into their ecology.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Age differences for stop-consonant and vowel perception in adults.

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of static, dynamic, and integrated cues for perception in three adult age groups, and to determine whether age has an effect on both consonant and vowel perception, as predicted by the "age-related deficit hypothesis." Eight adult subjects in each of the age ranges of young (ages 20-26), middle aged (ages 52-59), and old (ages 70-76) listened to synthesized syllables composed of combinations of [b d g] and [i u a]. The synthesis parameters included manipulations of the following stimulus variables: formant transition (moving or straight), noise burst (present or absent), and voicing duration (10, 30, or 46 ms). Vowel perception was high across all conditions and there were no significant differences among age groups. Consonant identification showed a definite effect of age. Young and middle-aged adults were significantly better than older adults at identifying consonants from secondary cues only. Older adults relied on the integration of static and dynamic cues to a greater extent than younger and middle-aged listeners for identification of place of articulation of stop consonants. Duration facilitated correct stop-consonant identification in the young and middle-aged groups for the no-burst conditions, but not in the old group. These findings for the duration of stop-consonant transitions indicate reductions in processing speed with age. In general, the results did not support the age-related deficit hypothesis for adult identification of vowels and consonants from dynamic spectral cues.

Adult↗