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PubMed1961

Effect of ammonium ion on growth and metabolism of Micrococcus sodonensis.

Campbell, J. N. (American Meat Institute Foundation, Chicago, Ill.), James B. Evans, Jerome J. Perry, and C. F. Niven, Jr. Effect of ammonium ion on growth and metabolism of Micrococcus sodonensis. J. Bacteriol. 82:823-827. 1961.-When Micrococcus sodonensis was grown in a synthetic medium deficient in ammonia, large quantities of alpha-keto acids, chiefly alpha-ketoglutaric, accumulated in the medium. The addition of ammonium chloride to this medium prevented such accumulation and also supported increased growth, even in the presence of excess glutamate. Neither potassium nor sodium would substitute for ammonia in producing this effect. The results indicate that this microorganism has a specific requirement for the ammonium ion in its growth and metabolism. If not supplied exogenously, ammonia is made available by deamination of glutamic acid. The exact route of incorporation of ammonia is unknown.

Ammonium Chloride↗
PubMed1989

Renal hypercalciuria and acidification defect in kidney stone patients.

Calcium metabolism and renal acidification ability were examined in renal stone patients. On a random diet 33 of 52 patients excreted more than 4 mg. per kg. body weight per day of urinary calcium and were entered into a second study on a 300 mg. calcium diet. Absorptive and renal hypercalciuria was differentiated by fasting urinary calcium (mg. per 100 ml. glomerular filtration). Every absorptive hypercalciuria patient tested and 5 renal hypercalciuria patients had a normal renal acidification ability, and the serum parathyroid hormone and urinary cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels were normal. By calcium restriction urinary calcium decreased more in absorptive hypercalciuria than in renal hypercalciuria (2.48 +/- 0.14 versus 3.34 +/- 0.27 mg. per kg. body weight per day, p less than 0.05). However, urinary calcium remained high in 76 per cent of the patients with absorptive hypercalciuria. Nine patients had a defect in renal tubular acidification and the calcium metabolism was similar to those with renal hypercalciuria. Present studies show that renal hypercalciuria and renal tubular acidification defect cannot be differentiated without an ammonium chloride test.

Acidosis, Renal Tubular↗
PubMed2004

Discrepancies between the effects of glutamine in cultures of preimplantation mouse embryos.

A review of the literature shows divergent differences between laboratories of the effects of glutamine in mouse preimplantation embryo culture media. One laboratory reported several cases of exencephaly, which was attributed to ammonia produced by the breakdown of glutamine. Two other laboratories have found no such effects. It is suggested, but not proved, that the differences in results may have a genetic basis. Further, it is argued that studies on the toxicological actions of exogenous ammonium chloride on preimplantation development provide a biased model of the effects of glutamine as used in embryo culture protocols. The finding that ammonium can also cause exencephaly thus fosters undue concern about the teratological effects of glutamine.

Ammonium Chloride↗
PubMed1995

Gentamicin formation in Micromonospora purpurea: stimulatory effect of ammonium.

The effect of ammonium on the fermentative production of gentamicin in Micromonospora purpurea has been studied using a chemically defined medium. Ammonium chloride concentrations ranging from 20 to 150 mM resulted in a proportional stimulation of growth and antibiotic formation. The use of other ammonium salts exerted a similar effect. Among the products of ammonium assimilation, glutamate and glutamine were able to exert the stimulatory effect. In addition, both amino acids reproduced the stimulation in resting cell systems of this microorganism and this result was not modified by the presence of chloramphenicol, eliminating a possible inductive action as the cause of this effect. The use of a glutamine synthetase inhibitor prevented antibiotic formation. This inhibition was reverted only by glutamine, suggesting that this amino acid was responsible of ammonium stimulation. Glutamine stimulation seems to be due to its ability to produce 2-deoxystreptamine and glucosamine, intermediates of the gentamicin biosynthetic pathway.

Ammonium Chloride↗
PubMed1987

Effect of urinary pH and urine flow rate on prostaglandin E2 and kallikrein excretion by the conscious dog.

1. The effects of urine flow rate and urinary pH on renal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and kallikrein excretion were investigated in conscious dogs during water deprivation followed by rehydration and under conditions which altered urine pH, but caused similar change in salt and water excretion. 2. When water-restricted dogs were rehydrated in two steps by gavage giving the animals tap water, urine flow increased by 22- and 63-fold with a concomitant increase in PGE2 excretion by 100 and 318%, respectively; whereas urinary kallikrein excretion and urine pH did not change significantly. 3. Oral administration of isotonic sodium chloride solution increased urine flow as well as electrolyte excretion without altering urine pH (6.90 +/- 0.26) and PGE2 excretion. 4. When urine was made alkaline (pH 7.79 +/- 0.09) by oral sodium bicarbonate, urine flow and electrolyte excretion were similar to those observed after oral sodium chloride, while renal PGE2 excretion increased by 66% (P less than 0.05). 5. When urine was made acidic (pH 5.31 +/- 0.14) by oral ammonium chloride, urine flow and electrolyte excretion were similar to the values seen after oral sodium chloride. Urinary PGE2 excretion, however, was reduced by 46% (P less than 0.05). 6. After oral fluid loads a positive correlation could be detected between urine pH and urinary PGE2 excretion (r = 0.854, P less than 0.001). 7. Urinary kallikrein excretion was not significantly altered by any of the three interventions mentioned above. 8. The present results suggest that, in conscious dogs, urine flow as well as urine pH are important determinants of urinary PGE2 excretion rates, but not of kallikrein excretion.

Ammonium Chloride↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The genetic action of ammonium molybdate and cadmium chloride and iodide].

Ammonium molybdate cadmium iodide and cadmium chloride have been studied in test for their genotoxic effect on induction of DNA-cellular bonding, extrasynthesis of DNA in spermatozoa of mice as well as in test to estimate a fertility criterion of Drosophila males. Ammonium molybdate, cadmium iodide and cadmium chloride are stated to be able to induce injuries of native DNA in test on induction of DNA-cellular bonding and DNA-sex cells of mice and Drosophila melanogaster in dominant-lethal test and in experiments on estimation of a fertility coefficient of Drosophila males, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Relative acidifying activity of anionic salts commonly used to prevent milk fever.

High cation diets can cause milk fever in dairy cows as they induce a metabolic alkalosis reducing the ability of the cow to maintain calcium homeostasis at the onset of lactation. Adding anions to the diet can offset the effect of the high cation forages by inducing a mild metabolic acidosis, restoring the ability to maintain calcium homeostasis. The difference in mEq of dietary cations and anions (DCAD) is most often expressed as (Na(+) + K+) - (Cl- + S(--)). This equation implies that a mEq of chloride and a mEq of sulfate are equipotent in their ability to alter acid-base balance of the cow. Using blood and urine pH to monitor effects on acid-base balance, experiments were conducted to test the relative acidifying activity of various sulfate and chloride anion sources in nonpregnant, nonlactating Jersey cows. Across all experiments, chloride proved to have about 1.6 times the acidifying activity of sulfate. Calcium and magnesium, ignored by the common DCAD equation, had a small but significant alkalinizing effect when accompanying chloride or sulfate. The ranking of the anion sources tested at a dose of 2 Eq/d, from most to least potent urine acidifier, was hydrochloric acid, ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and sulfur. These data should allow more accurate prediction of the response of late gestation cows to dietary cation-anion manipulation.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1988

The use of the urinary anion gap in the diagnosis of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.

We evaluated the use of the urinary anion gap (sodium plus potassium minus chloride) in assessing hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in 38 patients with altered distal urinary acidification and in 8 patients with diarrhea. In seven normal subjects given ammonium chloride for three days, the anion gap was negative (-27 +/- 9.8 mmol per liter) and the urinary pH under 5.3 (4.9 +/- 0.03). In the eight patients with diarrhea the anion gap was also negative (-20 +/- 5.7 mmol per liter), even though the urinary pH was above 5.3 (5.64 +/- 0.14). In contrast, the anion gap was positive in all patients with altered urinary acidification, who were classified as having classic renal tubular acidosis (23 +/- 4.1 mmol per liter, 11 patients), hyperkalemic distal renal tubular acidosis (30 +/- 4.2, 12 patients), or selective aldosterone deficiency (39 +/- 4.2, 15 patients). When the data on all subjects studied were pooled, a negative correlation was found between the urinary ammonium level and the urinary anion gap. We conclude that the use of the urinary anion gap, as a rough index of urinary ammonium, may be helpful in the initial evaluation of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. A negative anion gap suggests gastrointestinal loss of bicarbonate, whereas a positive anion gap suggests the presence of altered distal urinary acidification.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1995

A characterization of the chloride conductance in mesangial cells from the H-2Kb-tsA58 transgenic mouse.

The chloride conductance of conditionally immortalized mesangial cells isolated from the H-2Kb-tsA58 transgenic mouse was studied in cells grown in permissive and non-permissive culture conditions. No differences were found in the magnitude of the chloride conductance in 140 mM tetramethyl ammonium chloride between cells grown in permissive and non-permissive culture conditions (1.08 +/- 0.05 nS and 1.02 +/- 0.05 nS). Selectivity sequences were defined as 1.8I- > 1.2Br- > lCl- and 1.3I- > 1.1Br- > lCl- respectively and both the anion channel inhibitors niflumic acid and ochratoxin A inhibited the chloride conductance in a dose-dependent manner. The chloride conductance was made up from calcium-dependent and calcium-independent components and in the presence of 1 microM free calcium in the pipette this could be increased by the presence of 100 U ml-1 insulin added to the incubation medium. This appeared to increase the sensitivity of the conductance to levels of intracellular calcium as no differences were observed in the presence of either 1 mM or 100 nM pipette calcium. These data indicate that there is a significant chloride conductance in mesangial cells from the H-2Kb-tsA58 transgenic mouse and minimal changes are observed with changes from permissive to non-permissive culture conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Restoration of ureagenesis in N-acetylglutamate synthase deficiency by N-carbamylglutamate.

In a patient with N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS) deficiency, incorporation of an isotopic label from ammonium chloride into urea was markedly reduced before treatment with N-carbamyl-L-glutamate (NCLG) and completely normalized following treatment. Blood ammonia rose following ammonium tracer ingestion before treatment but remained low following treatment. Serum urea concentration doubled following the treatment.

Acetyltransferases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ammonia removal using hepatoma cells in mammalian cell cultures.

It was examined whether hepatocyte cell lines can be used for ammonia removal in mammalian cell cultures. It was found that there exists a critical ammonium concentration level for each hepatocyte cell to remove ammonia. Among the cells tested in this work, primary hepatocytes showed the strongest ammonia removal capability if ammonium concentration is higher than the critical level. However, primary hepatocytes lost the liver function gradually and finally died after 2-3 weeks. Because of this limitation, primary hepatocytes were not appropriate to be used for ammonia removal in long-term cultures. Hep G2 cells, which are immortal, also showed a strong ammonia removal activity. The ammonia removal activity of Hep G2 cells depended on the concentration of ammonium in the medium, as in the case of primary hepatocytes. However, urea could not be detected in the course of ammonia removal by Hep G2 cells. Instead of urea, Hep G2 cells secreted glutamine into the culture medium. The capacity for ammonia removal was higher in the absence than in the presence of glutamine. Thus we checked the activity of glutamine synthetase in the Hep G2 cells. The level of glutamine synthetase activity increased with the addition of ammonium chloride. This result accounts for the ammonium concentration dependency of Hep G2 cells in ammonia removal and glutamine synthesis. Furthermore Hep G2 cells could grow well in the absence of glutamine, which was necessarily required in mammalian cell cultures. These results prove that glutamine formation serves as the primary mechanism of detoxifying ammonia in hepatocyte cell lines as expected. In addition, it was demonstrated that ammonium level could be reduced 38% and that erythropoietin production increased 2-fold in the mixed culture of Hep G2 and recombinant CHO cells.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1997

Contact allergy to dental restorative materials in patients with oral lichenoid lesions.

118 patients with oral lichenoid lesions (OLL) topographically related to dental fillings were patch tested (PT) to reveal contact allergy to restorative materials. 80 (67.8%) patients displayed positive PT reactions to metals of dental filling materials: 76 reactions were found to various mercury compounds, 4 to sodium aurothiosulphate, 3 to stannic chloride and 2 to silver nitrate. The positive patch test reactions appeared more commonly in patients with restricted contact lesions (85.1%, type-1 lesions) as compared to patients with lesions exceeding to the adjacent areas (38.6%, type-2 lesions). The replacement of dental fillings was carried out in 62/80 PT-positive and 15/38 PT-negative patients. 28 out of 62 (45.2%) PT-positive and 3/15 (20%) PT-negative patients showed complete healing of OLL after a mean follow-up time of 16 months. Complete healing occurred in 29/54 (54.0%) type-1 and 2/23 (8.7%) type-2 lesions. Topographical relation between the lesion and the filling material (restricted versus exceeding the contact area) indicated association of OLL lesion and the filling material, which could be further confirmed by patch testing in the majority of patients. The patch test series should include mercuric chloride (0.1%), mercury (0.5%) and mercury ammonium chloride (1.0%), each in pet.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Morphological differentiation and nitrogen fixation in transposon generated mutants of Anabaena 7120.

Mutants having partially repressed glutamine sythetase (transferase) activity and high nitrogenase activity were isolated following transposon mutagenesis. Two of these mutants M11 and M73 showed a decrease in heterocyst frequency compared with the wild type strain. The level of the enzyme nitrogenase was much higher in all the mutant strains. Nitrate and ammonia completely suppressed heterocyst differentiation and nitrogenase activity in mutants M11 and M73, but mutant M55 differentiated heterocysts and showed nitrogenase activity even in the presence of these combined inorganic nitrogen sources. Heterocyst frequency in the M55 mutant was much more than that of the wild strain. Glutamine as a nitrogen source completely suppressed differentiation of heterocysts as well as nitrogenase activity, irrespective of the presence or absence of the glutamate analogue MSX which relieved the inhibitory effect of nitrate or ammonia on heterocyst differentiation and nitrogenase activity. The level of the intracellular ammonium pool was maximal in the wild strain in all the nitrogen sources used for growth. Cultures raised with ammonium chloride gave maximum values for intracellular ammonium pool in all the mutant strains and the wild strain. Mutants showed about 55 to 60% less GS (transferase) activity than the wild strain.

Anabaena↗
PubMed1993

Phase separation of nonionic detergents by salt addition and its application to membrane proteins.

By adding salts (sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate), it is possible to induce phase separation in membrane-protein solubilisates containing Triton X-100 or Nonidet P-40 at temperatures between 0 and 20 degrees C. Other nonionic detergents of the Brij, Lubrol, and Tween series can also be used for this procedure. The salt concentration required for induction of phase separation is dependent on the hydrophobicity of the detergent used. For detergents of the Triton series it seems that detergents with lower hydrophilic lipophilic balance numbers need lower salt concentrations to separate the phases than those with larger hydrophilic parts. Ammonium sulfate precipitation as an initial purification step for membrane proteins should be avoided in the presence of the nonionic detergents tested. Instead of this procedure, phase separation induced by sodium chloride or ammonium sulfate can be recommended, as was proved for membrane-bound proteases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus and for bacteriorhodopsin.

Ammonium Sulfate↗
PubMed2001

A rapid access to biaryl ether containing macrocycles by pairwise use of Ugi 4CR and intramolecular S(N)Ar-based cycloetherification.

[reaction: see text] From readily accessible starting materials, macrocycles with an endo aryl-aryl ether bond are synthesized in only two operations by combination of the Ugi four-component reaction and an intramolecular S(N)Ar reaction. The nitro group serves as an activator for the macrocyclization and provides a handle for the introduction of functional group diversity. A Ugi reaction promoted by ammonium chloride in aprotic solvent is documented for the first time.

Ammonium Chloride↗
PubMed1985

Ammonium repression of cephalosporin production by Streptomyces clavuligerus.

Production of beta-lactam antibiotics took place during growth of Streptomyces clavulgerus in chemically defined medium. The specific activities of isopenicillin N synthetase ("cyclase"), isopenicillin N epimerase, and deacetoxycephalosporin C synthetase ("expandase") increased during the exponential phase of growth. Specific cephalosporin productivity during fermentation followed a similar pattern, reaching a maximum near the end of the growth phase and decaying rapidly in the stationary phase. Ammonium chloride depressed cephalosporin production, presumably as a result of repression of cyclase and expandase formation, but not of epimerase. No inhibitory effects on enzyme activity by ammonium were found. Addition of tribasic magnesium phosphate [Mg3(PO4)2 X 8H2O] prevented the repression of cyclase and markedly stimulated cephalosporin production. Cephamycin C and, in smaller amounts, O-carbamoyldeacetylcephalosporin C were the only cephalosporins detected. Growth with ammonium resulted in lower titers of both compounds, and did not change the relative proportion of each. The correlation found between cephalosporin productivity and cyclase specific activity in different media suggests that formation of this enzyme may be the rate-limiting step in the pathway.

Amino Acid Isomerases↗
PubMed1988

Different susceptibilities of normal T cells and T cell lines to immunotoxins.

In the context of ex vivo T cell elimination from bone marrow, the anti-T cell cytotoxic potential of immunotoxins (IT) prepared by conjugation of the monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) WT32 (CD3), T101 (CD5), and WT1 (CD7) to ricin A chain was evaluated. The cytotoxicity of IT was based on protein synthesis inhibition in human T cell lines: GH1, CEM, HPB-ALL, and Jurkat, and appeared closely related to the antigen density and internalization rate of and appeared closely related to the antigen density and internalization rate of the IT. Normal unstimulated T cells appeared to be rather insensitive to IT not due to a low antigen density or decreased internalization. The cytotoxicity of IT to T cells could be enhanced considerably by NH4Cl. Treatment of T cells with a cocktail of IT (10(-8) M) and 20 mM NH4Cl resulted in a 5000-fold cytoreduction as measured by clonogenic assays of limiting T cell dilutions, whereas the haematopoietic progenitor cells remained unaltered. Stimulation of T cells with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) prior to incubation with IT considerably increased the sensitivity to IT treatment. Thus, normal T cells are less sensitive to anti-T cell IT than T cell lines and activated T cells. This suggests that a low protein synthesis is responsible for the resistance to IT. However, a high specific cytotoxicity of IT to normal T cells can be achieved in the presence of 20 mM ammonium chloride.

Ammonium Chloride↗