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PubMed2004

Reactivity to conspicuousness and alcohol use among college students: the moderating effect of alcohol expectancies.

The analysis of self-report data from 147 college undergraduates suggested that alcohol expectancies moderate the effect of a dispositional susceptibility to embarrassment elicited by undesired conspicuousness [center-of-attention-induced embarrassability (CAE)] on drinking behavior. Individuals unlikely to experience embarrassment when they engage in behaviors that make them stand out in a crowd, a common occurrence when one drinks to excess, drank heavily if they expected alcohol to make them more assertive socially. Students with similar beliefs about the effects of alcohol on social interaction who were high in CAE consumed substantially less alcohol than the latter individuals. Their overall levels of drinking were more comparable to those of the low-expectancy participants, suggesting that the disdain for conspicuousness characteristic of people with a susceptibility to CAE may counteract the desire for social disinhibition that often motivates alcohol consumption.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cultural level interventions in the arena of alcoholism.

Three traditions of alcoholism are reviewed: a moral model, a disease model, and a public health model. The public health model is emerging as a major paradigmatic shift, supported by substantial empirical data of the past decade. The arena of alcoholism has heretofore included only alcoholics, and excluded consideration of all other drinkers. The public health model reformulates alcoholism as a general population problem. The definition of alcoholism is disaggregated into discrete behavioral factors. In turn, this affords consideration of targeted interventions at different levels of cultural action to modify alcoholic factors in drinking behavior.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2004

Endotoxin exposure in utero increases ethanol consumption in adult male offspring.

Epidemiological studies have suggested that adverse experiences in utero predispose individuals to neurobehavioral disorders including drug abuse in adulthood. The present study was designed to examine the hypothesis that maternal endotoxin exposure during pregnancy increases ethanol consumption in adult offspring. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to lippopolysaccharide (LPS, 1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) treatment on alternate days throughout pregnancy. Adult male offspring were tested for ethanol consumption by using a free-access and two bottle choice paradigm. The animals exposed to LPS showed increased ethanol intake and preference as well as decreased rearing activity in the open field test. These data suggest that maternal infection during pregnancy might precipitate alcohol drinking behavior in adult offspring and this effect might be due, at least in part, to elevated levels of anxiety.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1983

Addictive behaviors and life problems before and after behavioral treatment of problem drinkers.

The broader impact of a behavioral self-control training intervention focusing on the reduction of alcohol consumption was examined in a sample of 93 problem drinkers (55 male). Individual life problems were assessed via the method of goal attainment scaling before and after treatment and at 3-6 months, 12 months and 24 months following termination. Alcohol and drug use, smoking and weight were also evaluated. At intake, women were more likely than men to be unmarried, married to a problem drinking spouse, or taking psychoactive prescription medication but less likely to be using illicit drugs, smoking or gambling . For both men and women negative emotional states and family discord headed the list of current life problems. Although intervention focused primarily on drinking behavior, the majority of other life problems also showed improvement at all follow-up points. Remission of life problems was associated with decreased alcohol consumption. Body weight tended to increase slightly after treatment but typically returned to or below baseline by later follow-ups. Overall rates of drug use and smoking showed little change; however, smoking cessation was associated with successful control or cessation of alcohol use and relapse to smoking coincided with unremitted drinking. Implications for treatment are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Light-dark cycle modulates drinking to homeostatic challenges.

Both homeostatic and rhythmic variables are empirically and theoretically important controls of behavior. Yet, drinking behavior has been studied largely from one point of view or the other. The present study examined both homeostatic and rhythmic variables and found evidence for an important interaction of these two types of control of drinking behavior. The drinking rhythm of rats on a light-dark cycle was established. Water intake after cellular- or extracellular-related challenges was then measured both at a time of a peak and at a time of a trough of the drinking rhythm. The results indicate that rats drink more water after challenges in their early active phase than in their early inactive phase. The results demonstrate that rhythmic variables modulate the homeostatic controls of drinking behavior. The importance of the interaction of homeostatic and rhythmic variables in models of integrative control of behavior is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Alcohol consumption patterns and related problems: results of a county survey.

This study describes alcohol use in the general population of San Diego County. A random digit dial telephone survey was utilized to query 1656 adults about their drinking behavior. A quantity and frequency measure of alcohol consumption was used to classify drinking patterns. Alcohol problems were classified by acute problems and chronic problems. Males 18-25 years old reported the highest percentages of heavier drinking. Among females, this age group was also the most likely group to report heavier drinking. Overall, males and heavier drinkers were the most likely groups to report problems. However, lighter and moderate drinkers accounted for equal or greater percentages of each problem. Drinkers in the 18-25 year old age group were the group most likely to report the majority of all problems in both problem categories. Additionally, this group accounted for the majority of the reported acute problems.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor mediates spontaneous and angiotensin II-stimulated ovine fetal swallowing.

BACKGROUND: In adult rats, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors have been implicated in the central control of body fluid homeostasis, as intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of NMDA receptor antagonists suppresses stimulated drinking behavior. Fetal swallowing occurs at a significantly higher rate as compared to adult drinking, contributing to amniotic fluid volume regulation and fetal gastrointestinal development. The aim of present study was to determine the role of central NMDA receptors in the modulation of fetal swallowing activity. METHODS: Eight time-dated pregnant ewes and fetuses were chronically prepared with fetal vascular and ICV catheters, electrocorticogram (ECoG), and esophageal electromyogram electrodes and studied at 130 +/- 1 days' gestation. Following an initial 2-hour baseline period (time 2 h), the NMDA receptor antagonist, dizocipline (1 mg), was injected ICV. At time 4 h, the dose of dizocipline was repeated, together with angiotensin II (AngII, 6.4 microg). Fetal swallowing was monitored for 2 hours after each injection. Four of these fetuses also received an identical control study (on an alternate day) in which dizocipline was replaced with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF). RESULTS: ICV dizocipline injection nearly abolished spontaneous fetal swallowing activities (0.6 +/- 0.1 to 0.2 +/- 0.1 swallows/min; P < .001). ICV AngII in the presence of dizocipline did not demonstrate a dipsogenic effect on fetal swallowing (0.1 +/- 0.1; P < .001). In the control study, ICV injection of aCSF did not change fetal swallowing activity (1.0 +/- 0.1 swallows/min), while ICV AngII resulted in a significant increase in fetal swallowing (2.0 +/- 0.1 swallows/min; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that central NMDA-glutamate receptor-mediated activity contributes to the high rate of spontaneous and AngII-stimulated fetal swallowing. We speculate that reduced NMDA receptor expression within the forebrain dipsogenic neurons may account for observed differences in drinking activities between the fetus/neonate and the adult.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed2005

Confirmation of a major QTL influencing oral morphine intake in C57 and DBA mice using reciprocal congenic strains.

C57BL/6 (B6) and DBA/2 (D2) mice exhibit disparate behavior when tested for voluntary morphine intake in a two-bottle choice drinking paradigm with B6 mice consuming 10 times more drug than D2 mice. Previous genetic mapping studies identified a locus, Mop2, on the proximal part of chromosome 10 that explained over half of the genetic variance in this mouse model of opioid self-administration. We constructed a set of reciprocal congenic strains between B6 and D2 mice in which the proximal portion of chromosome 10 has been introgressed from one strain onto the background of the other. We tested mice from this pair of reciprocal strains together with progenitor B6 and D2 mice in a two-bottle choice drinking paradigm with morphine and quinine. The results showed that introgression of chromosome 10 alleles from the B6 strain onto a D2 genetic background increased voluntary morphine intake four-fold compared to progenitor D2 mice. Preference for morphine was also increased significantly in D2.B6-Mop2 mice compared to progenitor D2 mice. Conversely, introgression of chromosome 10 alleles from the D2 strain onto a B6 genetic background decreased morphine intake by half compared to progenitor B6 mice in B6.D2 -Mop2 mice; however, high morphine preference was maintained in this congenic strain most likely due to strong quinine aversion. When quinine was eliminated from the control bottle, morphine preference in B6.D2-Mop2 mice was decreased significantly relative to B6 and D2.B6-Mop2 mice. Overall, these data confirm the existence of a gene(s) on chromosome 10 proximal to D10Mit124 that has a strong influence on the difference in morphine drinking behavior between B6 and D2 mice.

Alleles↗
PubMed2001

General and job-related alcohol use and correlates in a municipal workforce.

We examined the prevalence and correlates of both general and workplace-related drinking measures using data from a telephone survey of 673 workers in a large municipal bureaucracy and tested the hypothesis that observed differences across job categories can be explained by compositional difference in terms of demographic variables known to be related to drinking behavior. Results suggest such factors account for much of the variation in general drinking measures (prior-28-day quantity, CAGE score, indicating risk for dependence), but that significant variation in a workplace-related drinking measure (times ever drank before, during, or just after work) remains even after such factors are controlled. Implications of these findings for existing theories of workplace effects on drinking are discussed, along with a consideration of appropriate levels of analysis for future studies.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Alcohol use, abuse, and related problems among children of problem drinkers: findings from a national survey of college alcohol use.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of parental problem drinking reported by a national sample of college students and to examine the relations between such reports and respondents' patterns of drinking, alcohol abuse, abstinence, and utilization of treatment/counseling. Responses to mailed questionnaires completed by a random sample of 17,592 students at a representative national sample of 140 four-year colleges were analyzed using logistic regression. About 10% of college students reported problem-drinking parents. These children of problem drinkers (COPDs) exhibited a bimodal pattern of drinking behavior, showing higher than normal odds of past year abstinence or heavy episodic drinking. Males were more likely than females to report heavy episodic drinking, and children of affected mothers were at greatest risk. Approximately 23% of COPDs met proxy DSM-IV alcohol abuse criteria COPDs in college are a heterogeneous group showing both vulnerability and resistance. Those reporting treatment are more likely to be abstainers.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Mediators and moderators of young adults' drinking.

Direct effects of modeling and indirect effects of social perception processes have been implicated in the acquisition and maintenance of alcohol use. Parental and peer drinking behavior (assessed from self-reports), and student perceptions about parent and peer drinking (assessed from student estimates of their parents' and friends' alcohol use) were examined through surveys of college students, their parents, and a same-sex best friend. Results showed that students' perceptions about their parents' drinking and parents' self-reported quantity of alcohol consumed were significant correlates of students' own drinking. Perceptions about their friends' alcohol use were found to mediate the strong correlation between student and friend drinking. Perceived similarity to parents, but not perceived similarity to their friend, moderated the relation between students' alcohol use and their perceptions about the alcohol use of significant others. When parents were asked to estimate the alcohol use of their sons, daughters, and the average college student, they consistently estimated lower consumption for their offspring than for the average student.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Acculturation and drinking in an Italian American community.

The hypothesis that drinking practices among Italian Americans become more Americanized with successive generations was tested. In general, it was found that aspects of drinking behavior from both Italy and America were selected to form a third distinct drinking pattern.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1980

Drinking among rural youth: the dynamics of parental and peer influence.

The data reported here are from a study of all eighth and and twelfth grade students ih three counties of north central Idaho. Questions were administered in the classroom setting by the senior author and an assistant. At least 16% of eighth graders and 34% of twelfth graders in north central Idaho counties drink frequently. A much higher proportion drink occasionally. Drinking behavior of parents and closeness of relationship with parents are strongly related to drinking patterns. An even stronger relationship exists between drinking and peer relationships. A high degree of problem-related communication with parents is associated with lower probability of drinking, while low problem-related communication with peers is associated with less frequent drinking.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perceiving the community norms of alcohol use among students: some research implications for campus alcohol education programming.

Data drawn from a comprehensive survey of alcohol use in a college student community (N = 1, 116) show most students holding a moderate personal attitude regarding alcohol use while misperceiving their peer environment as being much more liberal. Drinking behavior is significantly related to gender, type of living unit, personal attitudes toward drinking, and also the degree of consistency/discrepancy between the individual's own attitude and his or her perception of the campus norm regarding drinking. Students who saw the campus norm to be similar to their own attitude were found to drink more heavily, and in more public settings, than students with discrepant attitudes and perceptions. Implications of findings for alcohol abuse prevention programs on college campuses are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Habenular and interpeduncularis nuclei: shared components in multiple-function networks.

This paper reviews habenula (Hb) and interpeduncularis nucleus (IPN) literature from the perspective that the axial anatomy of Hb-IPN could be shared by numerous brain circuits that subserve diverse functions. The first section summarizes the major anatomical connections, showing that the axis is strategically positioned between key rostral structures and brainstem areas. Little is known about these connections as they relate to the heterogeneous Hb-IPN sub-nuclei. Insufficient understanding exists about ascending pathways in the fasiculus retroflexus, possible pineal gland connections with the Hb, serotonergic inputs, whether given pathways are excitatory or inhibitory, and interactions of neurotransmitter systems. Next reviewed are studies that implicate the Hb-IPN axis in a variety of brain functions and behaviors. These include nociception, learning and memory, motor activity, sexual and maternal behavior, stress, affective states (anxiety, depression, and reward phenomena), sleep, and eating and drinking behavior. I propose that these multiple functions arise because the Hb-IPN is a shared-component axis in the multiple circuits that subserve these different elements of behavior. More research is needed to test the possibility that the Hb-IPN provides a way for the brain to share circuitry, to explore the significance of the anatomical convergence of inputs to the lateral Hb, to map the circuitry of the subnuclei in Hb and IPN, to explore the interactions of the multiple neurotransmitter systems involved, to conduct studies in simpler animals, and to design experiments that will elucidate system properties of circuits that share the Hb-IPN axis.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Neuropeptides and alcohol addiction in monkeys.

Neuropeptides have been implicated in experimental drug addiction. Desglycinamide (Arg8) vasopressin (DGAVP) attenuates heroin and cocaine intake during initiation of drug self-administration in rats. beta-Endorphin is self-administered in rats and a role of endogenous opioids in cocaine reward has been proposed. The present studies deal with voluntary alcohol consumption in monkeys under free choice conditions. Monkeys initiated alcohol drinking within a few days and after a stable drinking pattern was acquired increased their ethanol consumption during a short period following interruption of the alcohol supply (relapse). The alcohol drinking behavior seems under the control of reinforcement principles. DGAVP reduced the acquisition of alcohol drinking in the majority of treated monkeys. Initiation of alcohol drinking induced modifications in neuroendocrine homeostasis e.g. an increased plasma beta-endorphin. Both the opioid antagonist naltrexone and the opioid agonist morphine dose-dependently decreased alcohol intake during continuous supply and after imposed abstinence. The monkeys were more sensitive to both drugs after imposed abstinence. The effects are interpreted in the context of the endorphin compensation hypothesis of addictive behavior. It is suggested that endorphins may be particularly implicated in craving for addictive drugs and in relapse of addictive behavior.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1987

A utility analysis of drinking.

In a study applying a utility analysis to drinking behavior, a questionnaire on beliefs about the effects of alcohol and the desirability of those effects was administered to a sample of college students and a sample drawn from the population. Measures of the expected utility of drinking were calculated. Utility scores were positively related to drinking habits, due to heavier drinkers' increased expectations of positive consequences of drinking and more positive evaluation of all consequences. It is suggested that studies on expectancies about drinking should include not only measures of behavioral expectations but measures of the desirability of alcohol effects.

Adult↗