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PubMedDate not supplied

ADH and ALDH polymorphisms among Alaska Natives entering treatment for alcoholism.

The alcohol dehydrogenase (ADHs) and aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) involved in alcohol metabolism are polymorphic. Different alleles encode subunits of the enzymes that are related to differences in alcohol metabolism with different ethnic groups. This study examined the allele frequencies at the ADH1, ADH2, ADH3 and ALDH2 loci in Alaska Natives entering treatment for alcoholism to determine if allele frequencies at these loci differ among five distinct Alaska Native groups: Yupik and Inupiat Eskimos, Athabascan, Tlingit and Aleut. It was found that all persons were homozygous for the ADH1*1, ADH2*1 and ALDH2*1 alleles. Variations, however, were found for the allele distribution of the ADH3 genotype. Comparison with a general population sample found no differences in allele distributions for ADHs and ALDH2*1, but differences were found when comparisons were made with four Asian Groups. The study's findings suggest that the Alaska Natives are not protected from the risk of alcoholism in the same way that Asians who possess the ALDH2*2 genotype are considered to have a negative risk factor. Nor, does there appear to be any generalized differences between Alaska Native alcoholics and members of the general population with respect to the ALDH and ADH polymorphisms studied herein.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Population study of HUMTH01, HUMVWA31/A, HUMF13A1, and HUMFES/FPS systems in Azores.

The tetrameric short tandem repeat polymorphisms HUMTH01, HUMVWA31/A, HUMF13A1, and HUMFES/FPS were studied in blood stains obtained from a population of unrelated individuals from the Azores Archipelago (Portugal). Gene frequencies were determined and no deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was found. However, the allelic independence test between loci showed linkage disequilibrium between HUMVWA31/A and HUMFES/FPS. A combined discrimination power and chance of exclusion of, respectively, 0.9999 and 0.9534, reveal the high forensic interest of the four systems. No differences with other caucasoid populations were found, but comparison with some asiatic, eskimo, and amerindian populations showed significant statistical differences.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1999

One year in an Alaskan arthritis clinic.

During 1997 visits were made by 852 individuals to an arthritis clinic in Alaska serving predominantly Alaska Natives. Three hundred twenty- seven of these were seen for the first time. The ratio of women to men was 3:1. Rheumatoid Arthritis was the most common arthritic condition seen, followed by Degenerative Joint Disease and Spondyloarthropathies. Three hundred five Tlingit and 246 Eskimo made up 65% of the patients seen that year. Methotrexate was the most frequently used Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drug but the other such drugs were prescribed as well. Recording demographic and clinical information on a portable computer at the time of visit provided record linkage and the data for this report and was used in Health Care Planning.

Alaska↗

PubMed1999

Associations between dietary factors and plasma lipids related to cardiovascular disease among Siberian Yupiks of Alaska.

The diet of northern Native people has been postulated to protect against cardiovascular disease. We asked whether nutrient and food intakes of Eskimos were correlated with their plasma cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides and LDL-HDL ratio. Frequency of consumption of 91 foods among 64 Siberian Yupik adults was measured during home-based interviews. Intake of monounsaturated fat by men was negatively correlated with LDL. Foods and nutrients that contribute to the LDL-HDL ratio explained 42% of its variation among all subjects. Inclusion of the body mass index (BMI) explained 59% of the variation in the LDL-HDL ratio. Coefficients were negative for alpha-tocopherol, fresh bird, evaporated milk and cheese, and positive for BMI, syrup and pizza. BMI had a positive effect on the LDL-HDL ratio among younger adults, women and the entire sample, but did not contribute to explaining the variation among older adults or men. This emphasizes the importance of weight control among younger Siberian Yupik women. While coefficients were both positive and negative for traditional and western foods, the presence of traditional foods that were negatively correlated in the regression supports the hypothesis that consumption of traditional foods is important for maintaining cardiovascular health among Siberian Yupiks.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Photoreceptor ultrastructure of the amphipod, Cyamus ceti (Linné, 1758), an ectoparasite of bowhead, right and gray whales.

Light and electron microscopic findings are presented for the first time on a species of amphipod whale louse, Cyamus ceti, with reference to the paired photoreceptor structures of the head. Whale lice are crustacean ectoparasites of large, slow moving whales. Twenty-two known species parasitize mainly baleens but also toothed whales. Samples were collected from Alaskan bowhead whales during an Eskimo hunt. The photoreceptors, or compound eyes, were sessile and located on the dorsal cephalon. Each photoreceptor contained approximately 50 visual ommatidial units. The general organization was similar to other amphipod crustacean compound eyes. The single ommatidial unit consisted of 1) an overlying cuticle, 2) crystalline cone secreted by cone cells, 3) a fusiform layered rhabdom, 4) surrounding pigmented retinular cells, and 5) basal lamina and axon. The cuticle over each eye was translucent, convex, and thinner than the rest of the cranial cuticle. The photosensitive rhabdom contained a central core of alternating microvillous projections, and the rhabdomere unit was formed by five or six retinular cells. There were numerous electron-dense and electron-lucent granules within the cytoplasm of the retinular cells, corresponding to visual pigment or reflecting granules. The eyes most likely play a role in detecting light direction, duration and/or intensity, which may direct molting, reproduction, or other functions of this cetacean ectoparasite.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Epstein-Barr virus DNA in serum/plasma as a tumor marker for nasopharyngeal cancer.

Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) constitutes a type of carcinoma encountered frequently in Southern China, among Eskimos of the Arctic region, and to a lesser extent in Southeast Asia. Because EBV DNA present in plasma or serum of NPC patients has proven to represent a promising noninvasive tumor marker, the present study was designed to determine the incidence of serum/plasma EBV DNA by nested PCR during various disease management stages. By this method, we could detect EBV DNA in plasma/serum of 98 of 167 NPC patients prior to treatment, compared with 10 of 77 samples derived from healthy blood donors serving as controls, with a similar prevalence observed in plasma versus serum. Investigation of 13 patients subjected to radiotherapy revealed plasma EBV DNA to persist in the plasma of one case, whereas among the remaining patients, it had vanished during the early phase of treatment. Finally, with 52 samples derived from 37 NPC patients during follow-up, we established 100% specificity and 0% false-positive rate for plasma DNA detection by nested PCR. Moreover, we subjected 24 known EBV DNA-positive serum samples to DNase digestion prior to DNA extraction and amplification to differentiate between free and encapsulated viral DNA, which demonstrated complete absence of the human beta-globin genomic DNA in contrast to EBV DNA detectable in 14 samples. In conclusion, applying this noninvasive method, serum/plasma EBV DNA constitutes a reliable tumor marker prior to, during, and after treatment of NPC.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗

PubMed2000

Linkage of Cholestasis Familiaris Groenlandica/Byler-like disease to chromosome 18.

In East Greenland (Tasiilaq) a common recessive disease, Cholestasis Familiaris Groenlandica (CFG)/Byler-like disease, occurs in Eskimo children. Samples from 123 persons, from a large consanguineous pedigree in East Greenland including 7 affected and 3 small families from West Greenland with a total of 4 affected children, have been collected for linkage and homozygosity studies. An earlier hint of linkage to chromosome 18q (lod score of 1.5 to blood group JK) is now raised to a multipoint lod score of Z = 3.25 in the area of the DNA markers D18S851 and D18S858. Different haplotypes follow the disease gene among Inuits in West Greenland and a possibility of locus heterogeneity of CFG between East and West Greenland exist.

Child↗

PubMed2000

[Lympho-epithelial carcinoma (malignant lympho-epithelial lesions) of the parotid gland. Description of a case with detection of EBV by in situ hybridization].

The authors describe a case of malignant lymphoepithelial lesion (MLEL), commonly referred to as lymphoepithelial carcinoma of parotid gland, that is a very rare tumour. There is a relatively high incidence in Eskimos of Alaska and Greenland, but some cases are described in natives of south China. The immunophenotypic profile and histopathological aspect of this neoplasm are discussed, and the differential diagnosis in regard to other primitive or metastatic tumours of parotid is also considered. In our case a diffuse positivity of epithelial neoplastic cells for EBV genome was found using in situ hybridization. The possible role of EBV in the ethiopathogenesis of this rare lesion is herein discussed.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The MNSs blood group system in the population of South Backa.

Blood groups represent qualitative characteristics of humans which are controlled by one or a few genetic loci and due to this it is easy to determine various kinds of alleles and their frequencies in certain samples. Analyzing variability of characteristics such as blood groups, it is possible to get an insight in genetic structure of a population and it represents a suitable manner for detecting similarities and differences between populations. The intention of this study was to determine the genetic structure of the population of South Backa in a classic manner by phenotypic characteristics in MNSs blood group system, to assess frequencies of alleles, phenotypes, genotypes, allelic frequencies and genetic distances between the population of South Backa and populations of various geographic regions. Immunohematologic investigation of 1.000 persons included blood group testing in the MNSs system, which was a basis for applying population-genetic analysis based on Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in populations. Results of investigation revealed that in population of South Backa, s allele has the highest frequence (85.59%); the most frequent genotypes are ss (48.5%), MN (43.4%), Ss (37.4%); the most frequent phenotypes are MNss (19.3%), MNSs (18.4%) and NNss (15.3%). Genetic distances between populations are greatest among geographically most distant populations as Eskimos, Australian Aborigines, populations of Papua-Gvinea, Fiji and low in populations of Turkey, Italy, Albania and Cyprus.

Female↗

PubMed1997

Studies of primary angle closure glaucoma in China.

The recent researches on primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) in China were reviewed. The prevalence of PACG (0.41%) in chinese is between the Caucasian and Eskimos, and chronic type is the dominant type in PACG. However, with the economic development and medical care improvements, the prevalence condition of PACG may change; several researches discovered that the mechanism of PACG, especially the chronic type, is not only because of pupil-blocking but also closely related to the mechanism of crowding of peripheral iris and the anterior location of the ciliary body. We supposed that PACG can be divided into several subtypes based on this mechnism. Also, we believe that the use of ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and ophthalmic laser in China has promoted the research of PACG and improved the level of prevention and treatment of PACG.

Asian People↗

PubMed1975

Sylvatic pulmonary hydatid disease a radiologic survey.

The study assesses the radiologic pattern of endemic sylvatic hydatid disease in Canada. Seventy-five pulmonary hydatid cysts, proved surgically and histologically, were studied from a group comprising fifty-five Indians, five Eskimos and four white patients for the years 1949-1972. Cysts were classified as unruptured or ruptured. Epidemiology, life cycle and pathophysiology are considered in addition to radiology. The majority of cysts appeared to be smaller than the pastoral form found abroad, most were solitary, and all showed characteristic features during growth. The features of cyst rupture are classified and assessed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Malignant lymphoepithelial lesion of the parotid gland: a case report and review of the literature.

Malignant lymphoepithelial lesions are rare tumors of the major salivary glands. They most often occur in Asians and Greenland Eskimos and are strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection. We report a case of a malignant lymphoepithelial lesion of the parotid gland that developed in an Italian-American woman whose serology was positive for Epstein-Barr virus antibody. The patient underwent a left total parotidectomy and upper neck dissection, followed by radiation therapy. At the 2-year follow-up, she remained free of disease.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Methylmercury in the hair of subsistence food users in a rural Alaskan village.

The level of methylmercury in the hair of 16 rural Alaskan subsistence food users from Napakiak, a small Yup'ik Eskimo village on the Kuskokwim River in southwest Alaska, was assessed. A non-subsistence population of 20 non-Yup'ik adults from the urban interior city of Fairbanks was used as a comparison group. The Napakiak Yup'ik had a mean methylmercury concentration in hair of 1.45 ppm with a range of 0.32-4.00 ppm, while the Fairbanks population had a mean concentration of 0.19 ppm with a range of 0.03 to 0.43 ppm in their hair. Comparison with an earlier study by Galster (1976) from this region, suggests that no increase in exposure to mercury has occurred in subsistence food users. The methylmercury levels in hair in the rural village population, although higher than the urban group, are well below the World Health Organization (WHO) safety limit of 10 ppm.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Canadian immigration: an earlier perspective.

Some aspects of past immigration to Canada are examined. The author notes that "many young Canadians today believe that Canada has always been a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic country. This is true only in so far as it was formerly divided on fairly tight geographical lines between French and British-derived populations, with a small minority of American Indians and Inuit eskimoes. However, during the nineteenth century and first decades of this century it was regarded as comprising a nation of Caucasoids, or more precisely a nation of French and of British settlers, willingly accepting only immigrants from Northwestern Europe ethnically affiliated with those two main groups."

Americas↗

PubMed2002

[Oral focal epithelial hyperplasia. Any risk of confusion with oral condylomas?].

INTRODUCTION: Focal epithelial hyperplasia (FEH) is a disease of the oral mucosa caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) types 13 and 32. It is not very common in Denmark and thus not well known to most physicians. It is rarely seen in Caucasians, but in other parts of the world, especially in the southeast Mediterranean countries, among the native Indians of South and Central America, and in Eskimos the disease is rather common. FEH presents with exophytic lesions of the oral mucosa and may be rather easily confused with papillomas or condylomas, and therefore perhaps give rise to the suspicion of sexual abuse in children. We describe easy ways of making an accurate diagnosis of FEH and other HPV-related diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present five patients who were diagnosed with FEH by in situ hybridisation on biopsies or by conducting PCR with HPV type-specific consensus primers followed by analysis of the restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: FEH could be diagnosed in all five patients by the two procedures described. In three cases, both methods were applied and gave identical results. Three patients were infected with HPV type 32 and two patients with HPV type 13. Co-infection with more than one HPV type was not found. DISCUSSION: Many physicians rarely encounter FEH, and will thus have difficulty in reaching an accurate diagnosis. In doubtful cases, oral papillomatous or exophytic lesions should be subjected to HPV typing. When suspicion of oral condylomas is raised, particularly in children, accurate diagnosis is necessary to rule out suspected sexual abuse. Viral DNA for HPV typing can be easily obtained, simply by scraping the lesion.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Variants of the group-specific component system as demonstrated by immunofixation electrophoresis. Report of a new variant, Gc Boston (Ge B).

Immunofixation electrophoresis is a relatively simple and reliable method for the genetic phenotyping of the group-specific component (Gc) of serum. This method permits direct comparison of electrophoretic mobilities and band concentrations, with no interference by other proteins. The variants Gc Ab and Gc Y appear identical by this technique; the Eskimo variant appears to be similar to Gc D but not to Gc Ab as previously reported. Gc Norway, also designated Gc 1C, is electrophoretically cathodal to the slower band of Gc 1 and therefore appears to be a distinct variant. A new variant, Gc Boston, is single banded with mobility between the two bands of Gc 1.

Amniotic Fluid↗

PubMed2002

EBV-positive lymphoepithelial carcinoma of salivary gland in a woman of a non-endemic area--a case report.

Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the salivary glands is a very rare malignancy comprising not more than 0.4% of all salivary gland neoplasms in the non-endemic areas. In contrast it is much more frequent among native Greenlanders, North American Inuit (Eskimo) and Southern Chinese people living in Hong Kong. We report a case of a 74-year-old woman of Polish origin diagnosed with a lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the right parotid gland. The neoplastic cells were negative for EBV latent membrane protein (LMP-1), but in situ hybridisation for EBV mRNA (EBER) demonstrated positivity in almost all epithelial cells. No signs of EBV infection were found in the reactive lymphocytic component. The patient was treated with radiotherapy.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Preliminary study on total mercury in the common prepared subsistence foods of a rural Alaskan village.

Total mercury (THg), which includes neurotoxic methylmercury (MeHg), poses a health risk to subsistence food users in the circumpolar north. Low levels of THg, usually below 200 ng/g, have been reported in fish muscle from both returning salmon and freshwater species samples on the Kuskokwim River in southwest Alaska. Alaska subsistence users use fish all year long, with both salmon and freshwater species stored for winter usage. A recent study showed low mercury levels in the hair of villagers and suggested that in the last 25 years, MeHg exposure has remained the same or slightly decreased in the Bethel region of Alaska. Although several previous studies have measured THg in hair of Alaskan subsistence food users, few studies have looked at the THg levels in the prepared foods of rural Alaskans. Several types of subsistence foods from Napakiak, a small Yup'ik Eskimo village on the Kuskokwim River, were assessed for total mercury content. The THg levels were low, ranging from 1 ng/g to 443.8 ng/g. A trend for the dried fish to have higher concentrations than the unprocessed fish was observed. Plants, as well as raindeer and moose meats, are low in THg and not associated with dietary exposure. Our data for Napakiak show that THg levels are low enough that mercury does not pose a significant health risk; however, more detailed consumption data in western Alaska is needed.

Alaska↗