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PubMed1987

Embryo transfer from goats seropositive for caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus.

Twelve attempts were made to isolate caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) from the uterine flushings of serologically positive superovulated does mated to serologically positive bucks. Embryos were transferred to eight serologically negative estrus-synchronized recipient does and the recipients were monitored serologically following embryo transfer. Virus isolation was attempted from colostrum and placental tissues from does that kidded following embryo transfers and the surviving kid was monitored serologically until four months of age. The CAEV was not isolated from any of the uterine flushings, colostrum or placental tissues. All recipients and the kid remained seronegative throughout the trial.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Embryonal and early fetal growth after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer].

Echographic examination allows correlations between crown-rump length and gestational age. In this study the embryonic and early fetal growth after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer was evaluated by ultrasound (U.S.) marks. 97 measurements in 54 pregnancies between day 39 and 80 after successful fertilization has been performed. Early fetal growth retardation was detected by U.S. when compared to the Robinson curve for normal pregnancy and confirmed after correction for the instrument error. This delay of 3, 3.5 days disappears around the 13 week of pregnancy and is not related to the baby weight at birth. An implantation delay may explain this difference in growth rate between normal and after F.I.V. and E.T. pregnancies.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

In-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Prospects of pregnancy by life-table analysis.

Data have been analysed for 1775 laparoscopies that were undertaken for the collection of oocytes, and for 1401 embryo transfers that were undertaken for the treatment of infertility by in-vitro fertilization, by the Monash University in-vitro fertilization unit team. The cumulative success rates with multiple attempts were analysed by life-table analysis and life-table graphs were constructed. Almost half the patients were pregnant after five laparoscopies. These findings suggest that treatment should consist of multiple laparoscopies and that improvements should be aimed at decreasing the morbidity, stress and cost of multiple attempts.

Actuarial Analysis↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The value of motile density, strict morphology, and the hypoosmotic swelling test in in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a single abnormal semen parameter on subsequent implantation and pregnancy rates (PRs) following in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET). The parameters evaluated were motile density (MD), strict normal morphology (SNM), and the hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test. A total of 592 IVF cycles were evaluated. Patients were divided into four groups each with one abnormal semen parameter except for the control: group 1 (n = 509), control group: MD > or = 10 x 10(6)/mL, HOS > or = 50%, SNM > or = 4%; group 2 (n = 51): HOS and SNM normal, MD < 10 x 10(6)/mL; group 3 (n = 14): MD and SNM normal, HOS < 50%; group 4 (n = 18): MD and HOS normal, SNM < 4%. The implantation rate was 10.2% for the control group. The implantation rate was similar for the low MD (9.0%) and the low SNM (16.7%) groups. However, the low HOS group had a significantly lower implantation rate (0%). The clinical PRs are similar in the control group and low MD and SNM groups, but decreased in the low HOS group (21.5, 15.0, 30.8, and 0%, respectively). Ongoing PRs were also similar with the exception of the low HOS group (0%). This comparative study supports previous conclusions that the subnormal HOS test is the best semen parameter available that predicts poor PRs. It also suggests that some qualitative defect in the embryos may result from defective sperm membranes, resulting in an apparently normal appearance but physiologically defective embryo.

Cell Count↗

PubMed1999

Sibling embryo blastocyst development correlates with the in vitro fertilization day 3 embryo transfer pregnancy rate in patients under age 40.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the IVF day 3-ET pregnancy rate in patients under 40 with sibling embryo blastocyst development, compared with similar patients without blastocyst formation. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: Academic infertility center. PATIENT(S): One hundred twenty-five IVF day 3-ET patients under 40 with sibling embryos for extended culture. INTERVENTION(S): Extended culture of nontransferred sibling embryos for blastocyst development. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Pregnancy and multiple gestation rates, number of oocytes, embryos formed, and embryos transferred. RESULT(S): Thirty-eight percent of patients became pregnant. Forty-eight percent of patients had sibling embryos develop to blastocyst. The blastocyst group had more oocytes retrieved (17.4+/-6.6 versus 14.4+/-5.6), more embryos formed (11.2+/-4.2 versus 8.8+/-3.2), and a higher clinical pregnancy rate (60% versus 18%) than the group without blastocyst development. CONCLUSION(S): Blastocyst transfer has been shown to improve implantation rates and reduce the risk of multiple gestations from assisted reproductive technology. Sibling embryo blastocyst development may reflect superior embryo quality, as manifested by increased IVF-ET pregnancy rates. In addition to predicting pregnancy in the current cycle, sibling embryo blastocyst development may provide information about the potential for fresh blastocyst transfer in subsequent cycles and help to identify patients at risk for multiple gestations.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

The effect of internal and external factors on bovine embryo transfer results in a tropical environment.

The objectives of this work were to determine the effect of external (synchronization methods, month, embryo origin and farm effects) and internal factors (age and size of CL, embryo development and quality score, synchronization methods, age of recipient, quality of transfer and reuse of recipients) on a commercial embryo transfer program in a tropical environment. In the program 1466 Holstein-Friesian purchased embryos were implanted to zebu/European crossbred recipients under field conditions. There were 502 pregnancies detected in this large-scale extension programme. Synchronization methods, month, embryo origin, and farm effects were found to have affected the success rate of embryo transfer. Due to the hot climate and large distances between recipient farms, seasonal effects, reused recipient pregnancy results and the effect of embryo development stage differed from previously reported results. Investigation by ultrasonograph showed that embryo loss occurred before 35 days of pregnancy. Under field conditions, routine fetal sexing resulted in <5% misidentification. In conclusion, under tropical conditions external factors have a major influence on the results of pregnancy from embryo transfer.

Abortion, Veterinary↗

PubMed1992

Therapeutic maturation of endometrium in in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.

OBJECTIVE: To provide an up-to-date review of studies that have examined the relative role of endometrial development in in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer (ET) treatment in relation to the treatment outcome. DATA IDENTIFICATION: The most important published studies and personal communications related to this topic have been identified through a computerized bibliographical search (MEDLINE). STUDY SELECTION: Studies that have evaluated the endometrial maturation in IVF and ET treatment with respect to different treatment protocols of ovarian stimulation. Clinical trials exploring the efficacy of various combinations of hormonal supplementation that aim to improve the endometrial environment and treatment outcome. Publications and personal communications reporting a variety of treatment protocols and drugs utilized for the creation of artificial endometrial cycles in IVF treatment employing donated eggs. RESULTS: Ovarian stimulation frequently adversely affects the process of endometrial maturation. Various kinds of hormonal supplementation, used in clomiphene citrate- and/or human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG)-stimulated cycles have not improved treatment outcome. Human chorionic gonadotropin or natural progesterone (P) supplementation administered after controlled ovarian stimulation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone and hMG effectively corrected the luteal phase defect and resulted in an improved conception rate. The endometrium of agonadal women is highly conducive to hormonal manipulation. All estrogen preparations used effectively promoted endometrial growth and proliferation. Natural P is superior to synthetic progestins for induction of receptive secretory endometrium. CONCLUSION: The development of adequately receptive endometrium is a major factor determining the outcome of IVF and ET treatment.

Embryo Transfer↗

PubMed2003

Does surgical management of endometriosis within 6 months of an in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer cycle improve outcome?

PURPOSE: To assess the effect on cycle outcome of surgery for endometriosis performed in the 6 months prior to in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET). METHODS: Retrospective analysis of all patients with a primary diagnosis of endometriosis undergoing IVF-ET during 12 consecutive months. The setting included tertiary care assisted reproductive technology program. Ninety-five consecutive cycles in candidates for autologous IVF-ET who had undergone surgical resection of endometriosis within 60 months of oocyte retrieval were evaluated. Five patients with persistent or recurrent endometriomas > 3 cm at the time of IVF-ET were excluded. Patients were divided into two groups based on the interval between the most recent surgical intervention and oocyte aspiration-Group I: < or = 6 months' interval (19 cycles); Group II: > 6 months' interval (76 cycles). RESULTS: Mean intervals between surgery and oocyte aspiration were significantly different between the groups (Gr I: 3.7 +/- 0.3 months; Gr II: 21.8 +/- 1.6 months; p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between groups with regards to age, extent of endometriosis, or results of ovarian stimulation and oocyte aspiration. Ongoing pregnancy rates (Gr I: 63.2%; Gr. II: 60.5%) were similar. Regression analyses revealed no correlation between implantation rates and either endometriosis score (r = -0.09) or surgery-oocyte aspiration interval (r = -0.13). CONCLUSIONS: The interval between surgical management of endometriosis and oocyte aspiration did not have an impact on IVF-ET cycle outcome in the absence of significant persistent or recurrent ovarian disease. Any effect of surgery on enhancing spontaneous conception may be overcome by the inherently greater impact of IVF-ET on implantation and pregnancy.

Embryo Transfer↗

PubMed1994

[The effect of co-administration of low dosage growth hormone and gonadotropin for ovarian hyperstimulation in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer].

The co-administration of low dosage growth hormone (GH) and gonadotropin (Gn) to women with suboptimal response to GnRH-a/hMG/hCG hyperstimulation regimen during previous cycles in in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) might be beneficial by promoting the maturation of oocytes, improving the fertilization rate and increasing the number of embryos replaced. Our results showed the pregnancy rate increased significantly. However, this protocol neither enhanced ovarian response to Gn, nor reduced Gn dosage required for follicular recruitment. The levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in the co-treatment group increased from 150 +/- 44 micrograms/L to 222 +/- 46 micrograms/L (P < 0.01) during the administration of GH. These increased significantly as compared with the control group. The present study showed that the administration of GH in low doses is effective.

Chorionic Gonadotropin↗

PubMed1988

The fate of embryos transferred to the oviducts of entire, unilaterally ovariectomized and bilaterally ovariectomized ewes.

Embryos collected from donor ewes 2 days after oestrus were transferred to the oviducts of entire cyclic (Group EC), unilaterally ovariectomized and cyclic (Group UO), entire anoestrous (Group EA), and bilaterally ovariectomized (Group BO) ewes, and 4 h, 1, 3 or 5 days after transfer the oviducts and uteri were flushed to recover embryos. Ewes in Group BO were untreated or treated with regimens of progesterone and oestradiol designed to simulate ovarian secretion before, around the time of, and after oestrus in entire ewes. There were no differences in the proportions of transferred embryos that were recovered, or in their location (oviduct or uterus), between the two sides of Group UO ewes and they were similar to recovery rates and locations of embryos in Group EC ewes. At 3 days after transfer, 62% and 50%, respectively, of embryos recovered from ewes in Groups EC and UO were in the uterus and by 5 days the percentages had risen to 89% and 75%, respectively. With all treatment regimens fewer of the transferred embryos were recovered from Group BO ewes than from Group EC ewes and few were located in the uterus. In Group BO ewes low recovery rates, and failure of embryos to enter the uterus, appeared to be due to deficiencies in the treatment regimens rather than to effects of ovariectomy. Most embryos recovered from treated ewes in Group BO and those in Groups EC and UO showed apparently normal development (86% and 79%, respectively), while 65% and 75%, respectively, recovered from untreated Group BO and Group EA ewes had developed normally. Only 9 of 163 embryos recovered from the untreated Group BO and EA ewes were located in the uterus and 8 of the 9 had failed to develop normally. Clearly, the steroid hormone requirements for development in the oviducts are not critical, but this is not so for the uterus.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Efficacy and safety of long-acting GnRH agonists in in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.

The introduction of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists combined with gonadotrophins is considered to be one of the most significant events in the development of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) programmes. This article reviews the use of GnRH agonists in IVF-ET programmes and the efficacy and safety of long-acting GnRH agonists. The use of agonists results in higher clinical pregnancy rates, more supernumerary embryos for cryopreservation and allows convenient programming of oocyte recovery. There are different types of agonist and ovarian stimulation protocol available for clinical use. Recent meta-analysis of the Cochrane database has demonstrated the superiority of the long protocols over the short and ultra-short protocols for GnRH agonist use in IVF and GIFT. The depot injection offers increased clinical and patient compliance and improves efficacy of pituitary downregulation. However, compared with short-acting agonists, the depot preparations are associated with a longer period of stimulation and higher doses of gonadotrophins. To date, there is no evidence of an increased risk of pregnancy wastages or teratogenicity in human pregnancies exposed to long-acting agonists.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Relationship between peak serum estradiol levels and treatment outcome in in vitro fertilization cycles after embryo transfer on day 3 or day 5.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationships between peak serum estradiol (E(2)) levels and treatment outcome in in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles after embryo transfer (ET) on day 3 or day 5. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of 697 IVF-ET cycles between January 1999 and December 2001. SETTING: A university-affiliated assisted reproduction program. PATIENT(S): Infertile patients undergoing IVF-ET cycles. INTERVENTION(S): Peak E(2) concentration in serum was determined on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration. The IVF-generated embryos were cultured for 2 days until transfer on day 3. If more than four 8-cell embryos were present on day 3, embryo culture was continued until day 5 for blastocyst transfer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Clinical pregnancy rates. RESULT(S): High peak E(2) levels did not adversely affect treatment outcome. After the cycles were divided according to the day of ET, high peak E(2) levels were associated with improved pregnancy rates after ET on day 5 but not on day 3. CONCLUSION(S): Increasing peak E(2) levels in IVF cycles are associated with improved pregnancy rates after ET on day 5.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Comparison of human menopausal gonadotropin administered once and twice daily in an in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer program.

This is a retrospective study which evaluates the use of twice-daily (BID) human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) for follicular stimulation in an in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) program from February to June 1985 and compares it to daily (QD) hMG from August to December 1984. All QD patients were begun on 2 ampoules of hMG, and BID patients on 2 ampoules twice daily. Individual patient responses to hMG determined subsequent doses so as to achieve continuously rising estradiol levels. The BID stimulation scheme appears to increase statistically characteristics that would be present in the ideal stimulated cycle such as elevated follicular-phase estradiol (E2) (2125 pg/ml for the BID vs 1581 pg/ml for the QD group) with an increase in the number of patients achieving the "desired" Jones pattern, increased oocyte retrieval (4.01 vs 2.45), and an increase in the number of transferred concepti (2.69 vs 1.87). No statistical differences were noted in the number of endogenous luteinizing hormone (LH) surges or mean LH. The luteal phase does not appear to have been altered by the frequency of administration. Although the increase in the total (20.0 vs 14.5%) and live-born/ongoing (16.9 vs 11.8%) pregnancy rate per laparoscopy with the BID regimen is not statistically significant, it may be that it is clinically relevant.

Drug Administration Schedule↗

PubMed1996

Comparison of reoperation for moderate (stage III) and severe (stage IV) endometriosis-related infertility with in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of reoperation for stage III or IV endometriosis-related infertility versus IVF-ET. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: In vitro fertilization-embryo transfer unit and tertiary infertility clinic. PATIENTS: Twenty-three couples with stage III or IV endometriosis-related infertility undergoing IVF-ET and 18 women undergoing reoperation for stage III or IV disease, both groups undergoing treatment after failed initial surgery to restore fertility. RESULTS: The cumulative pregnancy rate (CPR) after reoperation for stage III or IV endometriosis-related infertility after 3, 7, and 9 months was 5.9 percent, 18.1 percent and 24.4 percent, respectively. The cumulative PR after one and two cycles of IVF-ET with stage III or IV endometriosis was 33.3 percent and 69.6 percent, respectively. The cumulative PR after one cycle of IVF-ET was higher than with reoperation 33.3 percent versus 24.4 percent. After two cycles the cumulative PR was significantly higher than reoperation 69.6 percent versus 24.4 percent. The mean number of oocytes retrieved was 8.5 +/- 4.6, the mean number of embryos was 4.8 +/- 2.9, and the fertilization rate was 64 percent +/- 21.8 percent. The PR per cycle, per oocyte retrieval and per ET was 38 percent, 42 percent, and 44 percent, respectively, with the implantation rate being 16 percent. The live birth rate per oocyte retrieval and per ET was 29.7 percent and 34.4 percent, respectively. No statistically significant difference could be demonstrated with regard to the fertilization, implantation, nor pregnancy or live birth rates, as compared with IVF-ET outcome with tubal infertility. CONCLUSION: If initial surgery fails to restore fertility in patients with moderate (stage III) or severe (stage IV) endometriosis-related infertility, IVF-ET is an effective alternative; reoperation for asymptomatic patients offers little added benefit.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Reproduction results and offspring performance after non-surgical embryo transfer in pigs.

Increased interest in transfer of valuable genetic material around the world with minimal health risks has stimulated the development of non-surgical embryo transfer (nsET) technologies in pigs. Experimental evidence shows that nsET without sedation of the recipients is now feasible. The goal of this study, therefore, was to evaluate a method of nsET under commercial conditions. The experiment included 135 donor gilts and 45 multiparous recipient sows. Ovulation was induced in both donors and recipients, and nsET was performed using the Swinlet catheter. Donor gilts averaged 16.5 (7-45) corpora lutea, but this depended on age of the donor (P < 0.05). An average of 10.1 transferable blastocysts was recovered per donor, and the recovery rate was 84%. For 44 nsET, 14 recipients (31%) came into estrous before Day 23 after ovulation, 7 recipients (16%) came into estrous between Days 23 and 30, 3 recipients (6.8%) came into estrous between Days 39 and 48, 2 recipients (4.5%) had a late abortion. Finally, 18 of 44 recipients (41%) resulted in successful births, with an average liter size of 7.2 +/- 2.8. Birth weight of nsET piglets were 0.2 kg more than control piglets, but depended on litter size ((P < 0.05). The sex-ratio was not different from 50%. No anatomical abnormalities were observed in the offspring of nsET. Of the recipients that did not become pregnant from nsET, 91% became pregnant after insemination in the next estrous. Gilts born from nsET gave on average 12.4 +/- 3.0 total born piglets in their first pregnancy. In conclusion, the nsET procedure used in this study can be applied in practice without the need for special facilities, such as surgical and anesthesia equipment.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Development of a persistent ovarian follicle and associated elevated concentrations of 17beta-estradiol preceding ovulation does not alter the pregnancy rate after embryo transfer in cattle.

It was hypothesized that prolonged elevation in 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) preceding ovulation as a result of a persistent ovarian follicle would have a detrimental effect on pregnancy rate after Day 7 (behavioral estrus = Day 0) of the estrous cycle. Cows were either treated with exogenous progesterone (P(4)) for 10 d or remained untreated (CON; n = 76). Cows were treated with 1 of 2 doses of P(4) from Day 6 to 16 which was intended to result in either elevated E(2) (EE(2); n = 76) or normal E(2) (NE(2); n = 76) concentration in the circulation. At the initiation of P(4) treatment, cows received prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) to eliminate the endogenous source of P(4). On Day 16, the exogenous source of P(4) was removed from treated cows, while cows in the CON group received PGF(2alpha). A single embryo was transferred into each cow 7 days after observation of behavioral estrus. Blood samples were taken on alternating days during the treatment period to determine concentrations of P(4) and E(2). The pregnancy rate was determined by ultrasonographic examination 25 to 32 d after embryo transfer. There was a treatment-by-day interaction (P < 0.0001) on E(2) concentrations in the plasma during the 10-d treatment period. Cows in the EE(2) group had a higher concentration of E(2) by Day 8 (6.1 +/- 0.5 pg/ml) and this concentration remained elevated until PRID removal compared with that of cows in the NE(2) (2 +/- 0.2 pg/ml) and CON (2.0 +/- 0.3 pg/ml) groups, which had concentrations of E(2) similar to those at the initiation of treatment. Pregnancy rates after embryo transfer did not differ (P = 0.56; X(2) = 1.1) among cows in the EE(2) (30.7%), NE(2) (36.2%) and CON (32.9%) groups. Prolonged elevation of E(2) concentrations associated with the development of a persistent ovarian follicle preceding ovulation did not affect the pregnancy rate to embryo transfer after Day 7 of the estrous cycle in cows.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Maternal/paternal sharing of DQ-Alpha type II histocompatibility antigens not associated with pregnancy outcome following in vitro fertilization (IVF)-embryo transfer (ET).

PURPOSE: To determine if maternal/paternal sharing of DQ alpha major histocompatibility (MHC) type II antigens is associated with reduced pregnancy and implantation rates following in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET). METHODS: Prospective study with type II MHC DQ alpha alleles detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology using Perkin Elmer Amyli-type HLA DQ alpha PCR amplification and typing kit. The tests were only performed on patients having their first IVF cycle. RESULTS: No difference was found in clinical pregnancy rates per transfer between those couples sharing DQ alpha I alleles and those who did not (43.7% vs 40%). There were no spontaneous abortions in the group sharing DQ alpha I alleles. CONCLUSION: Maternal/paternal sharing of DQ alpha I antigens does not reduce fecundity following IVF-ET.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Improvement of clinical pregnancy rate and implantation rate of in-vitro fertilization-embryo transfer patients by using methylprednisone.

A prospective non-randomized study was undertaken to test whether immunosuppression improves implantation and pregnancy rates in an in-vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) programme in patients with tubal factor infertility. Treatment involved ovarian stimulation, transvaginal oocyte retrieval, IVF-ET, and assessment of short-term administration of large doses of corticosteroids (60 mg of methyl-prednisone x 4 days). When compared to the group that did not receive immunosuppressive doses of methylprednisone (group A; mean age 31.85 +/- 4.09 years), those subjects who were treated (group A2) showed a statistically significant increase in pregnancy (P < 0.01) and take home baby rate (P < 0.01). Similar results were observed in subjects who received corticosteroids in their first IVF-ET attempt (group B; mean age 34.32 +/- 4.98 years). Our results suggest that immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids administered for a short period of time to patients undergoing IVF-ET could significantly improve the implantation and pregnancy rates. Possible mechanisms of action of corticosteroids are proposed.

Embryo Implantation↗