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PubMed2003

Relationship in simulation between oxygen deficit and oxygen uptake in decrement-load exercise starting from low exercise intensity.

The purpose of the present study was to determine by simulation whether oxygen deficit kinetics in decrement-load exercise (DLE) starting from a low exercise intensity is related to the oxygen uptake (Vo(2)) kinetics. In this simulation, work rate in DLE was separated into steps that were regarded as constant-load exercises (CLEs). It was assumed that Vo(2) kinetics behaved exponentially at the onset and offset of each CLE, respectively. Vo(2) at the onset of CLEs increases at the same time and becomes a recovery phase step-by-step corresponding to the decrement of work rate. The sum of Vo(2) values at the onset of CLEs at a given time (nt-Vo(2)) corresponds to Vo(2) excluding oxygen debt in DLE. The sum of Vo(2) values at the offset of CLEs at a given time (dt-Vo(2)) corresponds to Vo(2) related to oxygen debt in DLE. The total of net- and dt-Vo(2) values is equivalent to Vo(2) actually observed in DLE (gs-Vo(2)). As the oxygen requirement level is a steady-state value of Vo(2) in CLE, the oxygen deficit level can be obtained by subtracting Vo(2) at the onset of CLE from the steady-state value. The oxygen deficit level at a given time was added in all CLEs. This is oxygen deficit per unit time (df-Vo(2)). Oxygen debt and oxygen deficit were calculated by integrating df-Vo(2) and dt-Vo(2) from the start of exercise to a given time, respectively. Gs-Vo(2) increased, reached a peak, and decreased linearly until the end of the DLE. Oxygen deficit increased rapidly and showed a steady state. Oxygen debt increased linearly after a time lapse. The difference between oxygen deficit and oxygen debt changed like gs-Vo(2) kinetics. Therefore, it is concluded that if we consider the repayment of oxygen debt in the oxygen deficit in DLE, the kinetics of the oxygen deficit becomes similar to gs-Vo(2) kinetics in the simulation.

Exercise↗

PubMed1998

The influence of exercise-induced plasma volume changes on the interpretation of biochemical parameters used for monitoring exercise, training and sport.

A number of studies have demonstrated considerable plasma volume changes during and after exposure to different environmental and physiological conditions. These changes are thought to result from transient fluid shifts into (haemodilution) and out of (haemoconcentration) the intravascular space. If the levels of plasma constituents are to be routinely measured for research purposes or used as indicators of training adaptation or the health of an athlete, then it is important to consider the dynamic nature of plasma volume. Controversy still exists over the relevance of plasma volume interactions with plasma constituent levels, and while some investigators have taken plasma volume shifts into account, others have chosen to ignore these changes. Bouts of acute exercise have been shown to produce a transient haemoconcentration immediately after long distance running, bicycle ergometry and both maximal and submaximal swimming exercise. While these changes are transient, lasting only a few hours, other studies have reported a longer term haemodilution following acute exercise. In addition, endurance training has been shown to cause long term expansion of the plasma volume. It would, therefore, seem important to consider the influence of plasma volume changes on plasma solutes routinely measured for research, and as markers of training adaptation, prior to arriving at conclusions and recommendations based purely on their measured plasma level. To further confound this issue, plasma volume changes are known to be associated with heat acclimatisation, hydration state, physical training and postural changes, all of which may differ from one experiment or exercise bout to the next, and should thus be taken into account.

Blood Chemical Analysis↗

PubMed1994

Why do women exercise? Factor analysis and further validation of the Reasons for Exercise Inventory.

This investigation examined the factor structure and correlates of the Reasons for Exercise Inventory among 101 exercising women. Subjects completed the 24-item inventory (with one added item), reported their weekly frequency of exercise, and completed two standardized body-image measures. Factor analysis indicated that, with minor modifications, the instrument has an internally consistent structure with four factors of Appearance/Weight Management, Fitness/Health Management, Stress/Mood Management, and Socializing. Appearance/Weight Management was associated with a more negative body image independent of actual body mass and was the only motive related to self-reported frequency of exercise.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Effects of virtual reality-enhanced exercise equipment on adherence and exercise-induced feeling states.

A field study was conducted to test the effectiveness of virtual reality-enhanced cardiovascular exercise equipment for increasing adherence and attendance in a mixed-sex adult sample. Attendance was significantly higher in the virtual reality-enhanced condition than in the conditions without virtual reality over the 14-wk. period. Adherence was also highest (83.33%) in the virtual-reality bicycle group. Postexercise feelings of positive engagement, revitalization, tranquility, and physical exhaustion, as measured by the Exercise-induced Feeling Inventory, did not differ among groups. Contrary to previous findings, Self-motivation Inventory scores were not associated with either attendance or adherence. While findings suggest that virtual-reality features may promote exercise adherence or attendance, it is not yet known what psychological variables they affect. Implications were drawn regarding the practical possibilities for exercise promotion.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Relationship between exercise professionals' behavioral styles and clients' adherence to exercise.

Exercise professionals (n = 15) were tested to assess whether specific personal traits or behavioral styles were associated with their clients' adherence to exercise. Assessments with the Personal Profile and the Personal Strengths Profile yielded one trait, "Controlling," that showed a mean difference (z = 2.99, p < .01) between the high and low adherence groups of professionals. Controlling was also significantly correlated (rs = .66, p < .01) with clients' adherence. This trait may be consistent with the interpersonal delivery requirements of interventions known to support adherence to exercise. Limitations and practical implications across exercise venues and types of participants were discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Performance of a psychomotor skill following rest, exercise at the plasma epinephrine threshold and maximal intensity exercise.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exercising at the epinephrine threshold and at Maximum Power Output on the performance of a skill that requires both decision-making and motor performance. Participants (N=12) undertook an incremental test to exhaustion from which their epinephrine threshold and Maximum Power Output were calculated. They were then examined on a soccer skill test following rest and exercise that was previously determined to elicit their epi nephrine threshold and Maximum Power Output. The soccer test examined the participants' speed and accuracy of response. Speed of response was measured by voice reaction time and whole body reaction time. No significant effects of exercise were shown for any of the variables. The need for further research using more complex skill tests and the use of discontinuous exercise protocols, rather than continuous ones, is recommended.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Association of exercise counselors' sex with exercise session attendance in women enrolled in a cognitive behavioral treatment system.

Attendance rates from two groups incorporating a cognitive behavioral treatment system (male counselor group, n=53; female counselor group, n=56) and a control group using standard methods of exercise counseling (n =56) were contrasted with new and returning female exercisers (overall M age=40 yr.). Analysis of variance with follow-up Scheffé tests indicated significantly greater attendance for the treatment groups (54 and 58%) than for the control group (37%) over 6 months. No significant difference between the treatment groups was found. Findings suggest that the sex of exercise counselors does not appear to influence attendance of exercise sessions.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease among exercising versus non-exercising women.

As expected, overall, women who exercised had lower body weights, BMIs, and lower risk blood profiles than did those who did not exercise, with exceptions occurring only in the 40 to 49 age group for total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure differences were small between exercisers and nonexercisers, but significant overall. Women who exercised perceived their health, feelings of well-being, and energy to accomplish daily tasks as higher and they missed fewer days of work than did their nonexercising counterparts.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

The electrocardiographic exercise test in a population with reduced workup bias: diagnostic performance, computerized interpretation, and multivariable prediction. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study in Health Services #016 (QUEXTA) Study Group. Quantitative Exercise Testing and Angiography.

BACKGROUND: Empirical scores, computerized ST-segment measurements, and equations have been proposed as tools for improving the diagnostic performance of the exercise test. OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic utility of these scores, measurements, and equations with that of visual ST-segment measurements in patients with reduced workup bias. DESIGN: Prospective analysis. SETTING: 12 university-affiliated Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. PATIENTS: 814 consecutive patients who presented with angina pectoris and agreed to undergo both exercise testing and coronary angiography. MEASUREMENTS: Digital electrocardiographic recorders and angiographic calipers were used for testing at each site, and test results were sent to core laboratories. RESULTS: Although 25% of patients had previously had testing, workup bias was reduced, as shown by comparison with a pilot study group. This reduction resulted in a sensitivity of 45% and a specificity of 85% for visual analysis. Computerized measurements and visual analysis had similar diagnostic power. Equations incorporating nonelectrocardiographic variables and either visual or computerized ST-segment measurement had similar discrimination and were superior to single ST-segment measurements. These equations correctly classified 5 more patients of every 100 tested (areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curve, 0.80 for equations and 0.68 for visual analysis; P < 0.001) in this population with a 50% prevalence of disease. CONCLUSIONS: Standard exercise tests had lower sensitivity but higher specificity in this population with reduced work-up bias than in previous studies. Computerized ST-segment measurements were similar to visual ST-segment measurements made by cardiologists. Considering more than ST-segment measurements can enhance the diagnostic power of the exercise test.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

[The impact of 2-year rehabilitation on exercise tolerance and transcutaneous oxygen saturation during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].

We compared results of symptom-limited exercise test (ET) and percutaneous oxygen saturation (SaO2) during ET in rehabilitated COPD patients (R) and in control COPD patients (C) before and after 2 years of study. Group of R consisted of 27 patients (FVC 2.15 l, FEV1 1.17 l, mean age 58, range 32-76 years) who underwent comprehensive, in-hospital and domestic R, group C consisted of 19 patients (FVC 1.95 l, FEV1 1.42 l, mean age 68, range 55-83 years). The studied groups did not differ in their FVC and FEV1, but R patients were younger (p = 0.05), had more sustained ET (p = 0.0002) and greater number of METs achieved during ET (p = 0.0008). After study we found increased number of METs during ET from 3.94 to 4.77, p = 0.003, improved 10 grade Borg score in 3' ET from 4.0 to 2.5, p = 0.05 and tendency to decrease maximal drop of SaO2 during ET from 6.8 to 3.1% (NS). Patients in C group failed to improve results of ET: from 2.7 to 2.5 METs (NS), and pulse oximetry: maximal drop in SaO2 during ET from 3.1 to 3.07%, NS) and also 10-grade Borg score in 3'ET (from 2.0 to 2.8, NS). In conclusion, although differences in age and in initial exercise tolerance between studied groups could influence the results of this study, it seems that long term rehabilitation can improve both exercise tolerance and oxygen saturation during exercise in COPD patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

[Evaluation of visceral impairments by exercise testing: practice and problems in recently-developed exercise testing in disabled patients and an introduction of a newly-developed instrument for monitoring cardiopulmonary and postural parameters].

OBJECTIVE: Exercise testing plays a major role in evaluation of visceral impairments in disabled patients. We introduced recently-developed exercise testing and a newly-developed instrument for monitoring cardiopulmonary and postural parameters. We also evaluated the effects of cardiac phase II rehabilitation, pulmonary rehabilitation, and lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) in patients with cardiopulmonary diseases. METHODS: 1) The ratio of ischemic heart disease in stroke patients was assessed by exercise testing. 2) The physical status of the patients with myocardial infarction (MI) was assessed before and just after our hospitalized cardiac phase II rehabilitation program, and at a 6-month follow-up by cardiopulmonary exercise testing. 3) The physical status of the patient with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia was assessed before and after pulmonary rehabilitation by a six-minute walking test. 4) The physical status of the patients with pulmonary emphysema (PE) was assessed before and 3 months after LVRS. 5) We introduced a newly-developed instrument for monitoring cardiopulmonary and postural parameters (MCPP). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The ratio of ischemic heart disease (IHD) in stroke patients was 18%. Our hospitalized phase II cardiac rehabilitation program improved the management of cardiac risk factors and the physical status in patients with MI. The physical status of the patient with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia was markedly improved after pulmonary rehabilitation, and she did not need to undergo lung transplantation. The physical status and lung function of PE was significantly improved 3 months after LVRS. MCPP was made and used in the field of rehabilitation medicine. MCPP shows the picture and cardiopulmonary and postural parameters at the same time on a monitor, and is a very useful tool to evaluate the activities of daily living of the patients undergoing rehabilitation. MCPP may provide useful information to develop more efficient strategies for rehabilitation planning and patients' education.

Exercise Test↗

PubMed2000

Veteran athletes exercise at higher maximum heart rates than are achieved during standard exercise (stress) testing.

OBJECTIVE: The stress electrocardiogram (sECG) is routinely used to screen individuals for underlying cardiac pathology before an exercise programme is prescribed. The underlying assumption is that the cardiac responses elicited during the sECG test are similar to those achieved during participation in sporting activities. However, this premise may be incorrect since the physical demands of different modes of exercise vary substantially. DESIGN: Ten veteran league squash players (LSP), 10 social squash players (SSP), 10 league runners (LR), 10 social runners (SR) and 10 sedentary individuals (SED) were recruited for the study. All subjects completed a lifestyle questionnaire, a full medical examination and a routine sECG. Thereafter each subject's heart rate (HR) was monitored on two separate occasions while participating in sporting activity. RESULTS: No sECG exercise-induced abnormalities were observed, although five subjects showed resting abnormalities. Maximal HR during the sECG, and maximal and mean HR during the field tests, were not significantly different between groups. However, maximal HR was significantly higher in all groups during their sporting activities than during stress testing in the laboratory (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Maximal HR in veteran athletes during specific sporting activities was significantly higher than that attained during a routine sECG. This finding was not sport-specific, nor was it related to the level of competitiveness of the trial participants. These data show that a routine sECG is a submaximal test of exercise performance, and should be interpreted as such.

Blood Pressure Determination↗

PubMed2003

Electromyographic validation of basic exercises for physical conditioning programmes. V. The comparison of the response in the deltoid muscle (anterior portion) and the pectoralis major muscle (clavicular portion) determined by the frontal-lateral cross, dumbbells and the rowing exercises.

The action potential level for shoulder muscles deltoid-anterior portion (DA) and pectoralis major-clavicular portion (PMC) determined by four different modalities of execution of rowing exercises, each one with two different grips, was recorded. These were compared with the action potential level determined for the same muscles by four different modalities of execution of the frontal-lateral cross, dumbbells exercises. Twenty-four male volunteers were examined using a 2 channel TECA TE4 electromyograph and Hewlett Packard surface electrodes. The statistic analysis showed significant (p < 0.05) superiority for all the frontal-lateral cross, dumbbells exercises in comparison to all rowing exercises for the PMC, for the DA this generalized supremacy was not observed.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1992

Functional electrical stimulation leg cycle ergometer exercise: training effects on cardiorespiratory responses of spinal cord injured subjects at rest and during submaximal exercise.

This study investigated the cardiorespiratory (CR) responses at rest and during submaximal (0-W) functional electrical stimulation (FES)-induced leg cycle ergometer (LCE) exercise prior to and following a progressive intensity FES-LCEa exercise training program in spinal cord injured (SCI) subjects. Seven quadriplegics and six paraplegics participated in FES-LCE training three sessions per week for approximately 12 weeks (36 sessions). Monitored CR responses, including oxygen uptake (VO2), pulmonary ventilation (VE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), arteriovenous O2 difference (a-vO2), blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), total peripheral resistance (TPR), and cardiac output (Q), were determined before and after training. Power output (PO) increased significantly (p < .05) over the duration of the training program, indicating increased in strength and endurance of the paralyzed muscles used. Respiratory responses were not significantly altered by training in both groups. FES-LCE training significantly increased resting HR and SBP in quadriplegics and lowered SBP, DBP, and MAP in paraplegics. In both groups, HR and BP during submaximal exercise significantly decreased and SV and Q significantly increased after completion of the training program. These results suggest that FES-LCE training improves peripheral muscular and central cardiovascular fitness in SCI subjects. Posttraining HR and BP may also be more stable in quadriplegics and alleviate hypotension. This therapeutic exercise may ultimately lead to improved rehabilitation outcome and reduced stress during activities of daily living, and possibly reduce the risks for secondary CR disabilities.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

[Grading of officially acknowledged respiratory disability and exercise disorders using cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with chronic respiratory diseases].

This study examines whether the grading of officially acknowledged respiratory disability reflects exercise disorders in patients with chronic respiratory diseases. In order to do this, we analyzed the cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) data of 258 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 125 with sequela of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and 52 with interstitial pneumonia between 1989 and 2002. The peak oxygen uptakes of grade 1 and 3 COPD patients were 12.4 +/- 3.8 and 14.9 +/- 4.3 ml/min/kg (mean +/- SD), respectively. The worse the grade, the lower was the peak oxygen uptake, the differences being significant in COPD patients. Despite this, the peak oxygen uptake range overlapped greatly between grade 1 and grade 3 COPD patients. Sixty percent of patients with TB and 46% of patients with IP whose peak oxygen uptakes were similar to those of grade 1 COPD patients failed to be acknowledged as grade 1. There were no significant differences between the peak oxygen uptake of grade 1 COPD patients and grade 1 TB patients, grade 3 TB patients, and grade 4 IP patients. Patients with TB and IP showed more severe ventilatory and gas exchange disorders than those with COPD. We concluded that the present system of acknowledgement of respiratory disability in Japan did not accurately reflect exercise disorders in patients with chronic respiratory diseases. As well as this, we argue that there is discrimination between patients with COPD, TB and IP. It is necessary to establish an alternative system, reflecting exercise disorders evaluated by CPET to offer a more accurate acknowledgement.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Lumbar paraspinal electromyographic activity during trunk extension exercises on two types of exercise machines.

The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare lumbar paraspinal muscle activity during trunk extension exercises on two lumbar extension machines with different types of pelvic stabilization mechanisms. Thirteen healthy male (n = 9) and female (n = 4) volunteers aged 21-24 (22.6 +/- 1.4) were recruited in a university setting. Surface electromyographic activity was recorded bilaterally from the L3-4 paraspinal region during trunk extension exercises performed on two different exercise machines. One machine, the MedX, has a complex pelvic stabilization mechanism. The other machine, the Cybex, has a relatively simple pelvic stabilization mechanism. There was no significant difference between lumbar paraspinal electromyographic activity during trunk extension on the MedX compared to the Cybex dynamic variable resistance trunk extension machine. These results suggest that a complex pelvic stabilization mechanism does not significantly enhance the level of activation of the lumbar paraspinal muscles during lumbar extension exercises. Thus, a less expensive trunk extension machine with a less sophisticated pelvic stabilization mechanism, such as the Cybex, can be used to train the lumbar paraspinal muscles. This is important to rehabilitation clinicians because these machines are often more readily available and easier for patients to use. Further research is warranted to determine the applicability of these findings to a patient population.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Exercise, self-efficacy, and exercise behavior in hypertensive older African-Americans.

Older African-Americans have very high rates of hypertension, and they experience one of the highest hypertension-related death rates of all American ethnic groups. They are also one of the most physically inactive groups, which contributes to their hypertension-related health problems. Interventions are needed to assist them in increasing their exercise activities and thereby gaining better hypertension control. This study evaluated the relationship between physical activity level and exercise self-efficacy for this group. Findings support a strong association and suggest that interventions that address exercise self-efficacy would be helpful for increasing the level of exercise in older African-Americans. Suggested nursing interventions, based on theory, are proposed.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1990

Comparative evaluation of the effect of balloon dilatation by exercise precordial mapping and exercise 201-thallium scintigraphy.

Precordial exercise electrocardiographic mapping and exercise 201-thallium scintigraphy were simultaneously used on sixteen patients before, shortly after and three months after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) to evaluate the immediate and late results of the intervention. In spite of the limited number of observations, positive exercise precordial mapping and or a reversible 201-thallium perfusion defect after PTCA seem to be indicative of failure of balloon dilatation or of development of restenosis in a given coronary artery. "Reverse minimum", that is the minimum in the resting precordial map which disappears on exercise, may be a sign of segmental coronary artery occlusion and well functioning collateral supply.

Adult↗