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PubMed1981

Chronic interstitial pneumonia in association with a granulomatous encephalitis in a goat.

A 30-month-old British Alpine goat had clinical and pathological findings consistent with the diagnosis of a chronic interstitial pneumonia. The goat also had lesions in the brain similar to those described for granulomatous encephalomyelitis (GE) of goats. Lesions similar to GE were reproduced experimentally in feral goats following intracerebral inoculation of a lung homogenate from the naturally occurring case. The differential diagnosis of chronic interstitial pneumonia in goats, the differentiation of GE from viral leucoencephalomyelitis, and possible aetiological role of retroviruses in these diseases is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Experimental infection of goats with Brucella ovis.

Six goats were inoculated with Brucella ovis. Two goats were inoculated with infected semen by the intratesticular route and 2 each by installation of the semen on to the nasal or preputial epithelium. All goats produced antibody responses as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure and the serums of 5 goats reacted in complement fixation tests for B. ovis. The 2 goats inoculated by the intratesticular route and one receiving B. ovis instilled intranasally subsequently excreted B. ovis in their semen. The possibility of natural transmission is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Prevalence and distribution of caseous lymphadenitis in feral goats.

A total of 2,920 feral goats from pastoral areas of Western Australia were examined and the prevalence of caseous lymphadenitis was estimated to be 7.8 +/- 0.9% in goats presented for slaughter. Head, body and visceral lesions were present in 49.3%, 46.7% and 12.3% of affected goats, respectively. A comparison with previously reported data from sheep has been made and significant differences are discussed. Lung lesions were relatively uncommon in goats, whereas the distribution of carcase lesions was similar between the species. Multiple lesions appear to be less common in goats than in sheep.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1986

Vulvovaginitis of goats due to a herpesvirus.

Two concurrent outbreaks of genital disease in goats were associated with infection by a herpesvirus that was isolated from vulval and vaginal lesions of affected does. Serum neutralising antibody to the virus was present both in goats with the clinical disease and some unaffected goats. Of 19 goat herds examined only 4 had serum neutralising antibody positive goats with low (5%) to high (60%) incidence of infection. The virus isolate was characterised as a herpesvirus on its physico-chemical and morphological features. It contained DNA and was inactivated at low pH and by treatment with lipid solvents and trypsin. The virus particles were icosahedral, consisting of a nucleocapsid surrounded by an envelope membrane and measured approximately 150 nm in diameter. The virus was serologically related to a New Zealand isolate of caprine herpesvirus (NZ-CpHV), associated with similar genital disease, and was distinct from bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1) showing a one way neutralisation pattern.

Animals↗

PubMed1970

Distribution of ions and electrical potential differences between mother and foetus at different gestational ages in goats and sheep.

1. Potential differences associated with the compartments of goat and sheep conceptuses have been measured in vivo and in vitro during the last half of gestation and the osmolarity, and the [Na(+)], [K(+)], and [Cl(-)] of maternal and foetal plasma and amniotic and allantoic fluid taken from these animals were determined.2. The potential difference (p.d.) patterns of both goats and sheep were the same.(a) The transplacental p.d. was about 71 mV (foetus negative) in the goat, and about 51 mV (foetus negative) in the sheep.(b) The amniotic fluid p.d. (i.e. the p.d. measured between the maternal extracellular fluid and the amniotic fluid) decreased as gestation advanced (from 110 to 70 mV in the goat, and 90 to 50 mV in the sheep) and was equal to the sum of the transplacental p.d. and a p.d. between the foetal blood and the amniotic fluid. The amniotic fluid was negative relative to both maternal and foetal blood.(c) An allantoic fluid p.d. (measured between the maternal extracellular fluid and the allantoic fluid) of about 107 mV in the goat, and about 96 mV in the sheep, was equal to the sum of the transplacental p.d. and a p.d. between the foetal blood and the allantoic fluid. The allantoic fluid was negative relative to both maternal and foetal blood.(d) The results suggest that p.d.s of the fluid sacs arise from activity between the foetal fluids and the blood perfusing the foetal membranes, and not from activity across the full thickness of the foetal membranes.3. The ionic concentrations were considered in relation to the electrochemical gradients found between the maternal and foetal fluid compartments to determine whether the ions were distributed according to electrochemical equilibrium.(a) It seems that ions in the amniotic fluid tend to equilibrate with foetal plasma, and not with maternal plasma or allantoic fluid, that changes in the [Na(+)] and [K(+)] of amniotic fluid can be accounted for largely in terms of passive factors, and that variations in the [Cl(-)] are associated with activity of an electrogenic Cl(-) pump directed from the foetal blood into the amniotic fluid.(b) It appears that ions in the allantoic fluid can exchange with those of both maternal and foetal plasma, that an electrogenic pump effects absorption of Na(+) from the allantoic fluid into the foetal blood, and that the [K(+)] and [Cl(-)] of allantoic fluid are maintained largely by passive exchange under the action of electrochemical gradients between maternal plasma and allantoic fluid, and between foetal plasma and allantoic fluid.4. The results considered in the context of Na(+) passage between mother and foetus call in question the general assumption that all Na(+) reaches the foetus by passing across the placenta.

Amniotic Fluid↗

PubMed1993

Selective brain cooling in goats: effects of exercise and dehydration.

1. Measurements of brain and central blood temperature (Tbr and Tbl), metabolic rate (MR) and respiratory evaporative heat loss (REHL) were made in trained goats walking on a treadmill at 4.8 km h-1 at treadmill inclines of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% when they were fully hydrated and at 0% when they had been deprived of water for 72 h. 2. In hydrated goats, exercise MR increased progressively with increasing treadmill incline. Both Tbl and Tbr rose during exercise, but Tbl always rose more than Tbr, and selective brain cooling (SBC = Tbl - Tbr) increased linearly with Tbl. Significant linear relationships were also present between REHL and Tbl and between SBC and REHL. Neither the slope of the regression relating SBC to Tbl nor the threshold Tbl for onset of SBC was affected by exercise intensity. Manual occlusion of the angularis oculi veins decreased SBC in a walking goat, while occlusion of the facial veins increased SBC. 3. Dehydrated goats had higher levels of Tbl, Tbr and SBC during exercise, but the relationship between SBC and Tbl was the same in hydrated and dehydrated animals. In dehydrated animals, REHL at a given Tbl was lower and SBC was thus maintained at reduced rates of REHL. 4. It is concluded that SBC is a linear function of body core temperature in exercising goats and REHL appears to be a major factor underlying SBC in exercise. The maintenance of SBC in spite of reduced REHL in dehydrated animals could be a consequence of increased vascular resistance in the facial vein and increased flow of cool nasal venous blood into the cranial cavity.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

[Contamination of healthy livestock with verocytotoxin producing Escherichia coli (VTEC), the first isolation from goats in Japan].

As part of the investigation on the source and route of infection with Verocytotoxin producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) in human beings, isolation of VTEC was attempted using fresh feces collected from healthy livestock (cattle, swine and goat) raised in Sagamihra, Yokohama and Hiratsuka cities from October, 1991 to March, 1992. VTEC could be isolated from 1 (1.0%) of 105 swine, 2 (3.6%) of 55 cattle and 2 (15.4%) of 13 goats. VTEC was isolated for the first time from goats in Japan. The combinations of the serotype and toxin type of the isolated strains were O116:H21 (VT2) and O163:H19 (VT2) for those isolated from the cattle, OUT:H19 (VT2vp) for that from the swine and OUT:H21 (VT1) for those from the goats. Since VTEC isolated from the cattle and goats were found to produce VT of the same serotypes as human VTEC, domestic animals were considered to be involved as a source of VTEC infection in human beings.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Monoclonal antibodies to conformational epitopes of the surface glycoprotein of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus: potential application to competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting antibodies in goat sera.

Four immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the gp135 surface envelope glycoprotein (SU) of the 79-63 isolate of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV), referred to as CAEV-63, were characterized and evaluated for their ability to compete with antibody from CAEV-infected goats. Three murine MAbs (MAbs GPB16A, 29A, and 74A) and one caprine MAb (MAb F7-299) were examined. All MAbs reacted in nitrocellulose dot blots with native CAEV-63 SU purified by MAb F7-299 affinity chromatography, whereas none reacted with denatured and reduced SU. All MAbs reacted in Western blots with purified CAEV-63 SU or the SU component of whole-virus lysate following denaturation in the absence of reducing agent, indicating that intramolecular disulfide bonding was essential for epitope integrity. Peptide-N-glycosidase F digestion of SU abolished the reactivities of MAbs 74A and F7-299, whereas treatment of SU with N-acetylneuraminate glycohydrolase (sialidase A) under nonreducing conditions enhanced the reactivities of all MAbs as well as polyclonal goat sera. MAbs 29A and F7-299 were cross-reactive with the SU of an independent strain of CAEV (CAEV-Co). By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the reactivities of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated MAbs 16A and 29A with homologous CAEV-63 SU were <10% of that of HRP-conjugated MAb 74A. The reactivity of HRP-conjugated MAb 74A was blocked by sera from goats immunized with CAEV-63 SU or infected with CAEV-63. The reactivity of MAb 74A was also blocked by sera from goats infected with a CAEV-Co molecular clone, although MAb 74A did not react with CAEV-Co SU in Western blots. Thus, goats infected with either CAEV-63 or CAEV-Co make antibodies that inhibit binding of MAb 74A to CAEV-63 SU. A competitive-inhibition ELISA based on displacement of MAb 74A reactivity has potential applicability for the serologic diagnosis of CAEV infection.

Amidohydrolases↗

PubMed1982

Neutralizing antibody response of rabbits and goats to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus.

Rabbits were immunized with purified caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and examined for neutralizing activity. Analysis of virus-antiserum interaction at 37 degrees C demonstrated little loss of viral infectivity after incubation with heat-inactivated rabbit antiserum for 60 min. However, sensitization of virus (as assessed by the addition of complement) occurred almost immediately and was 95% complete after 10 min. The complement-dependent neutralizing activity was associated with the immunoglobulin G fraction of rabbit antiserum. Addition of goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G to the immune rabbit serum-caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus mixture also resulted in neutralization of infectivity when unbound antibody was removed before addition of the anti-immunoglobulin. Serum from most caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus-infected goats contains antibody activity to the core protein p28, as demonstrated by immunodiffusion and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. However, attempts to demonstrate neutralizing activity in the serum of goats up to 1.5 years post-inoculation or in serum of hyperimmunized goats were unsuccessful when the sera were examined alone or in combination with complement or rabbit anti-goat immunoglobulin or both.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Large outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi B infection caused by a goats' milk cheese, France, 1993: a case finding and epidemiological study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of a nationwide outbreak of infection with Salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi B and identify the vehicle and source of infection. DESIGN: A case finding study of S paratyphi B infection between 15 August and 30 November 1993; a pair matched case-control study; an environmental investigation at a processing plant that produced a raw goats' milk cheese incriminated in the outbreak; phage typing and genotyping of food and human S paratyphi B isolates. SETTING: France, 15 August to 30 November 1993. SUBJECTS: 273 patients with S paratyphi B infection; 59 pairs of cases and controls matched for age, sex, and city of residence. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Numbers of cases and incidence rates by region of residence and age; matched odds ratios for dairy food preferences. RESULTS: Among the 273 cases there was one death; 203 (78%) strains belonged to phage type 1 var 3. The incidence of infection was greatest in the region where goats' milk cheese is commonly produced. Comparison of cases and controls showed a 12-fold greater risk of illness (95% confidence interval 1.6 to 92.3) from eating brand A unpasteurised goats' milk cheese. S paratyphi B isolates of phage type 1 var 3 were recovered from cheese A, goats' milk at the plant processing cheese A, and goats' milk supplied to the plant by a single farm. Genotypic IS 200 typing of food and human 1 var 3 phage type isolates showed a common IS 200 pattern. CONCLUSION: This outbreak emphasises the potential health hazards of widely distributed unpasteurised milk products in France and the need for their close bacterial monitoring.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Chrysotile and tremolite asbestos fibres in the lungs and parietal pleura of Corsican goats.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Environmental exposures to chrysotile and tremolite from the soil cause pleural plaques and mesothelioma in northeast Corsica. Goats grazing in the contaminated areas inhale asbestos fibres. We used this natural animal model to study whether these exposures actually result in increased fibre burdens in the lungs and parietal pleura. METHODS: Ten goats from areas with asbestos outcrops and two from other areas were slaughtered. Fibre content of lung and parietal pleural samples was determined by analytical transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Both chrysotile and tremolite fibres were detected. In the exposed goats, the geometric mean concentrations of asbestos fibres longer than 1 microm were 0.27 x 10(6) fibres/g dry lung tissue and 1.8 x 10(6) fibres/g dry pleural tissue. Asbestos fibres were not detected in the lungs of the two control goats. Chrysotile fibres shorter than 5 microm were predominant in the parietal pleura. Tremolite fibres accounted for 78% and 86% of the fibres longer than 5 microm in lung and parietal pleural samples, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental exposure in northeast Corsica results in detectable chrysotile and tremolite fibre loads in the lung and parietal pleura of adult goats. Tremolite fibres of dimensions with a high carcinogenic potency are detected in the parietal pleura.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Insulin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide secretion in young milk-fed and adult goats.

Plasma concentrations of glucose, immunoreactive insulin (IRI), and immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide (IR-GIP) were studied in six adult and five young milk-fed goats after intravenous or intraduodenal infusions of glucose. Glucose concentrations after intraduodenal infusions were elevated from 3.5 to 4.7 mmol/liter on the average in adult and from 4 to 7 mmol/liter in young goats. Intravenous infusions were given at rates adjusted to mimic very closely the plasma glucose curves after intraduodenal infusions. Plasma IRI increased from 250 to 600 pmol/liter in adult and from 180 to 500-600 pmol/liter in young goats, but no significant differences were observed between intravenous and intraduodenal infusions. Duodenal infusions of glucose did not stimulate the release of IR-GIP in adult or young goats. It is concluded that the goat is lacking the incretin system for rapid disposal of oral glucose loads and that IR-GIP does not participate in regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin release in this species.

Aging↗

PubMed1994

Characterization and postnatal development of 5'-deiodinase activity in goat perirenal fat.

The capacity to generate the active thyroid hormone 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) from thyroxine (T4) has been assessed in the major adipose tissue depot (perirenal) of newborn goats through measurements of iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase activity. High activity of the enzyme was found in the perirenal adipose tissue. Developmental studies demonstrated that there was a rise, then a fall, in iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase activity (per milligram of protein) over the first week of postnatal life, with a further decline between the second and third weeks. At 3 wk of age, the activity per gram of tissue was only 2% of that of the newborn; however, because of age-related increases in the lipid content of the perirenal adipose tissue, the activity per cell (per microgram of DNA) at 3 wk of age was approximately 10% of the activity in the newborn. Kinetic studies and inhibition characteristics with propylthiouracil, gold thioglucose, and T4 indicated that the iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase in goat perirenal adipose tissue is of the type I form; there was no evidence for the type II enzyme. Affinity labeling of the iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase with bromoacetyl-rT3 or bromoacetyl-T4 was consistent with this view. In contrast to goats, only the type II enzyme is evident in rats and mice. It is concluded that the perirenal (brown) adipose tissue is likely to be a significant source of T3 for other tissues in newborn goats and that there are major species variations in the form of iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase present in brown fat, with the goat exclusively exhibiting type I.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1979

Composition of cerebral fluids in goats adapted to high altitude.

We explored the ionic composition of cerebral interstitial fluid (cISF) in six unanesthetized goats at sea level (SL) and again after 5 days at a simulated high altitude (HA) of 4,300 m. By measuring net transependymal fluxes of HCO3-, Cl-, and lactate during ventriculocisternal perfusions with lactate-free artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with various [HCO3-] and [Cl-], we determined [HCO3-] and [Cl-] in the inflowing perfusate that produced zero flux, which are estimates of the concentrations of these ions in cISF. Ventilatory acclimatization to HA was established in the goats with alkaline shift in cisternal CSF pH. At SL zero flux of HCO3- and of Cl- occurred when [HCO3-] and [Cl-] in the perfusate were equal to those in CSF. At HA Cl- flux again was zero when [Cl-] in perfusate and in the goat's own CSF were equal; however, for HCO3-, zero flux occurred at HA when [HCO3-] in perfusate was significantly lower than in CSF. Mean transependymal washout of lactate was 16 times larger at HA than at SL. We conclude that at SL [HCO3-] and [Cl-] in CSF were the same as in cISF. In goats adapted to HA [Cl-] in cISF and in CSF were again equal, whereas [HCO3-] in cISF was lower and [lactate] presumably higher than in CSF. The fluid surrounding the central chemoreceptors appears to be more acidic in goats acclimatized to HA than at SL despite the alkalosis in cisternal CSF. This may contribute to ventilatory acclimatization to HA.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed1988

Effects of altered CSF [H+] on ventilatory responses to exercise in the awake goat.

We investigated the effects of selective large changes in the acid-base environment of medullary chemoreceptors on the control of exercise hyperpnea in unanesthetized goats. Four intact and two carotid body-denervated goats underwent cisternal perfusion with mock cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of markedly varying [HCO-3] (CSF [H+] = 21-95 neq/l; pH 7.68-7.02) until a new steady state of alveolar hypo- or hyperventilation was reached [arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) = 31-54 Torr]. Perfusion continued as the goats completed two levels of steady-state treadmill walking [2 to 4-fold increase in CO2 production (VCO2)]. With normal acid-base status in CSF, goats usually hyperventilated slightly from rest through exercise (-3 Torr PaCO2, rest to VCO2 = 1.1 l/min). Changing CSF perfusate [H+] changed the level of resting PaCO2 (+6 and -4 Torr), but with few exceptions, the regulation of PaCO2 during exercise (delta PaCO2/delta VCO2) remained similar regardless of the new ventilatory steady state imposed by changing CSF [H+]. Thus the gain (slope) of the ventilatory response to exercise (ratio of change in alveolar ventilation to change in VCO2) must have increased approximately 15% with decreased resting PaCO2 (acidic CSF) and decreased approximately 9% with increased resting PaCO2 (alkaline CSF). A similar effect of CSF [H+] on resting PaCO2 and on delta PaCO2/VCO2 during exercise also occurred in two carotid body-denervated goats. Our results show that alteration of the gain of the ventilatory response to exercise occurs on acute alterations in resting PaCO2 set point (via changing CSF [H+]) and that the primary stimuli to exercise hyperpnea can operate independently of central or peripheral chemoreception.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗

PubMed1994

Modulation of respiratory rhythm by alpha 2-adrenoceptors in awake and anesthetized goats.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists in the control of breathing with goats that were either awake (n = 7) or anesthetized and artificially ventilated (n = 11). Awake goats infused intravenously with either of the alpha 2-agonists clonidine (1.0-6.0 micrograms/kg) or guanabenz (15.0-63.0 micrograms/kg) exhibited two distinct ventilatory patterns. One pattern was characterized by tachypnea in which respiratory frequency and minute ventilation increased to approximately 50% above control values. A second ventilatory pattern consisted of slow breathing with reductions of respiratory frequency and minute ventilation and highly variable expiratory duration intervals. These two patterns were unaffected by bilateral carotid body denervation. In anesthetized goats, alpha 2-agonists also caused an arrhythmia in phrenic nerve activity that was similar to the slow breathing pattern seen in awake goats. Respiratory disturbances were abolished by the selective alpha 2-receptor antagonist SKF-86466 (100-500 micrograms/kg), indicating that the effects are mediated by alpha 2-receptors. The results suggest that stimulation of alpha 2-adrenoceptors generally has an inhibitory effect on breathing in goats. The disruption of ventilation with clonidine or guanabenz suggests that alpha 2-adrenoceptors may play an important role in the control of central respiratory rhythm.

Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists↗

PubMed1984

Transfer of gamma-glutamyltransferase from mother colostrum to newborn goat and foal.

In goat and mare colostrum, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity is relatively low (mean values are, respectively, 900 and 350 U/l). In the serum of newborns before suckling, GGT is also low (less than or equal to 28 U/l in goats and less than or equal to U/l in foals); then in goats GGT is much increased on the 1st day (mean = 127 U/l), and it decreases during the following days. In foals, serum GGT slowly but regularly increases for the first 5 days, then decreases. Such differences can be attributed to intestinal protein absorption capabilities which are selective in newborn foals and unselective in goats. Therefore, serum GGT measurement can be a good test of colostrum intake in newborn goats, but not in foals.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Relapse infection after chemotherapy in goats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei: pathological changes in central nervous system.

Fourteen goats were experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei with the following results: Four animals became terminally ill 24 to 47 days after inoculation of trypanosomes and were killed for necropsy. A second group of four goats became sick, had signs of systemic trypanosomiasis, were treated with diminazine aceturate (Berenil) and recovered showing no signs of disease over observation periods of 151 to 163 days. A third group of six goats, were treated with Berenil and temporarily recovered and in 60 to 79 days after therapy; four of these goats underwent relapse infection characterized by severe central nervous system (CNS) disease. Two of these goats were necropsied 45 days after chemotherapy, before clinical signs were evident, to show early neurological lesions. In group 3 (the relapse group), the microscopic changes became more severe as relapse infection progressed. Microscopically, the central nervous system lesions were edema, hyperemia, and infiltration of plasma cells, small lymphocytes, and some macrophages in the leptomeninges, choroid plexus, and brain parenchyma. Relapse infection is discussed from the standpoint of an occult phase of the disease where parasites are protected from the effects of trypanocidal drugs by the blood-brain barrier.

Amidines↗