PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Infant Development”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,045 records · Page 58Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Neonatal state organization, neuromaturation, mother-infant interaction, and cognitive development in small-for-gestational-age premature infants.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this work was to examine the relations among neuromaturation, mother-infant relationship, and cognitive development in small-for-gestational-age premature infants and to assess the interactive effects of birth weight and intrauterine growth restriction on developmental outcomes. METHODS: We studied 120 singleton premature infants (birth weight: 530-1790 g; gestational age: 25-35 weeks). In group 1, 40 small-for-gestational-age infants (22 girls) were case-matched with group 2 (n = 40) for birth weight (appropriate for gestational age matched for birth weight) and group 3 (n = 40) matched for gestational age (appropriate for gestational age matched for gestational age). Exclusion criteria included intraventricular hemorrhage grade 4, perinatal asphyxia, central nervous system infections, and genetic conditions. Infants were further divided into those born below and above 1000-g subgroups. Neonatal state organization was observed for 4 consecutive hours. Neuromaturation was assessed with the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. At 3 and 24 months' corrected age, mother-infant interaction was evaluated. At 1 and 2 years' corrected age, the infants' cognitive development was tested with the Bayley Scale of Infant Development, 2nd edition. RESULTS: Small-for-gestational-age infants showed less organized state and less mature neurobehavioral profiles, particularly in the orientation and motor domains. Mother-infant interactions were characterized by maternal intrusiveness and miscoordination and negative infant engagement. Cognitive outcomes at 1 and 2 years were lower for the small-for-gestational-age group. Small-for-gestational-age infants born < 1000 g showed the poorest neurodevelopmental, social, and cognitive development of all of the groups. Cognitive outcomes at 2 years were predicted by small-for-gestational-age status, the interaction of actual birth weight and small-for-gestational-age status, neonatal state organization, and maternal intrusive behavior. CONCLUSION: Small-for-gestational-age premature infants are at higher risk for developmental and cognitive delays, as well as difficulties in the mother-infant relationship across infancy. Those born at extremely low birth weight are at a double risk. This group should receive special clinical attention and care.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed2004

Cardiorespiratory events detected by home memory monitoring and one-year neurodevelopmental outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if infants with cardiorespiratory events detected by home memory monitoring during early infancy have decreased neurodevelopmental performance. STUDY DESIGN: Infants (n = 256) enrolled in the Collaborative Home Infant Monitoring Evaluation also completed the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II at 92 weeks' postconceptional age. Infants were classified as having 0, 1 to 4, or 5+ cardiorespiratory events. Events were defined as apnea >or=20 seconds or heart rate <60 to 80 bpm or <50 to 60 bpm, for >or=5 to 15 seconds, depending on age. RESULTS: For term infants, having 0, 1 to 4, and 5+ cardiorespiratory events was associated with unadjusted mean Mental Developmental Index (MDI) values (+/-SD) of 103.6 (10.6), 104.2 (10.7), and 97.7 (10.9), respectively, and mean Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) values of 109.5 (16.6), 105.8 (16.5), and 100.2 (17.4). For preterm infants, having 0, 1 to 4, and 5+ cardiorespiratory events was associated with unadjusted mean MDI values of 100.4 (10.3), 96.8 (11.5), and 95.8 (10.6), respectively, and mean PDI values of 91.7 (19.2), 93.8 (15.5), and 94.4 (17.7). The adjusted difference in mean MDI scores with 5+ events compared with 0 events was 5.6 points lower in term infants ( P = .03) and 4.9 points lower in preterm infants ( P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Having 5+ conventional events is associated with lower adjusted mean differences in MDI in term and preterm infants.

Apnea↗
PubMed1991

The Minnesota Child Development Inventory: validity and reliability for assessing development in infancy.

The concurrent validity and reliability of the Minnesota Child Development Inventory (MCDI) was assessed by comparing the MCDI general development index score, and each of the seven subscale scores, with the mental and psychomotor age equivalents achieved on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. In addition, the co-positivity, co-negativity, positive and negative predictive values of the MCDI in identifying infants with a mental development index (MDI), or psychomotor development index (PDI) of greater than 2 SD below the mean were assessed. Subjects were 101 infants (8 to 19 months old) who were seen at a neonatal developmental follow-up clinic after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit. Correlations were obtained for the entire sample as well as for the two chronological age groups (i.e., 8 to 10 months and 17 to 19 months) within the sample. A strong correlation between the MCDI scales and the Bayley Mental and Psychomotor Scales was documented for the entire population as well as for the individual age groups. The overall validity of the MCDI in identifying infants with a MDI or PDI of greater than 2 SD below the mean was limited due to relatively poor co-positivity and positive predictive value. Although the MCDI may yield consistent information about the development of an infant's skills, this research suggests the MCDI has limited capacity to discern infants having delayed development.

Aptitude↗
PubMed2005

Ontogeny of limb mass distribution in infant baboons (Papio cynocephalus).

Primates have more distally distributed limb muscle mass compared to most nonprimate mammals. The heavy distal limbs of primates are likely related to their strong manual and pedal grasping abilities, and interspecific differences in limb mass distributions among primates are correlated with the amount of time spent on arboreal supports. Within primate species, individuals at different developmental stages appear to differ in limb mass distribution patterns. For example infant macaques have more distally distributed limb mass at young ages. A shift from distal to proximal limb mass concentrations coincides with a shift from dependent travel (grasping their mother's hair) to independent locomotion. Because the functional demands placed on limbs may differ between taxa, understanding the ontogeny of limb mass distribution patterns is likely an essential element in interpreting the diversity of limb mass distribution patterns present in adult primates. This study examines changes in limb inertial properties during ontogeny in a longitudinal sample of infant baboons (Papio cynocephalus). The results of this study show that infant baboons undergo a transition from distal to proximal limb mass distribution patterns. This transition in limb mass distribution coincides with the transition from dependent to independent locomotion during infant development. Compared to more arboreal macaques, infant baboons undergo a faster transition to more proximal limb mass distribution patterns. These results suggest that functional demands placed on the limbs during ontogeny have a strong impact on the development of limb mass distribution patterns.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Risk factors that may adversely modify the natural history of the pediatric pronated foot.

Flatfoot is one of the most common conditions seen in pediatric podiatry practice. There is no universally accepted definition for flatfoot. Flatfoot is a term used to describe a recognizable clinical deformity created by malalignment at several adjacent joints. Clinically, a flatfoot is one that has a low or absent longitudinal arch. Determining flexibility (physiologic) or rigidity (pathologic) is the first step in management. A flexible flat foot will have an arch that is present in open kinetic chain (off weight-bearing) and lost in closed kinetic chain (weight-bearing). A rigid flatfoot has loss of the longitudinal arch height in open and closed kinetic chain. According to Mosca, "The anatomic characteristics of a flatfoot are excessive eversion of the subtalar complex during weight-bearing with plantarflexion of the talus, plantarflexion of the calcaneus in relation to the tibia, a dorsiflexed and abducted navicular and a supinated forefoot." Normally developing infants have a flexible flatfoot and gradually develop a normal arch during the first decade of life. When evaluating an infant for a pronated condition, the examiner must also consider other risk factors that may affect the foot in its overall development. These contributing factors will play a role in the development of a treatment plan. The risk factors include ligamentous laxity, obesity, rotational deformities, tibial influence, pathological tibia varum, equinus, presence of an os tibiale externum, and tarsal coalitions. The authors realize other less significant factors exist but are not as detrimental to the foot as the primary ones discussed in depth. The primary risk factors that affect the pronated foot have been outlined. The clinician should always examine for these conditions when presented with a child exhibiting pronatory changes. A thorough explanation to the parents as to the consequential effects of these risk factors and their effects on the pediatric pronated foot is paramount to providing an acceptable comprehensive treatment program. Children often are noncompliant with such treatments as stretching and orthotic maintenance. The support of the parents is crucial to maintaining an effective treatment program continued at home.

Child↗
PubMed1986

Neonatal herpes simplex virus infections. Presentation and management.

Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are recognized to be severe because of their association with significant morbidity and mortality. Through ongoing studies performed by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group, the presentation, natural history, outcome and value of antiviral chemotherapy have been considered. Infants developing neonatal HSV infections can be classified according to the extent of disease, disseminated or localized. Localized infection can be subdivided into either central nervous system (CNS) disease, occurring in 35% of infected infants, or skin, eye and mouth (SEM) disease, in 41% of infants. Disseminated disease accounts for 24% of neonatal HSV infection. Therapeutic outcome depends upon disease classification. Administration of either 15 or 30 mg/kg/day of vidarabine resulted in significantly decreased mortality for infants with life-threatening disseminated and CNS disease as compared to placebo recipients. Approximately one-third of children developed normally following disseminated disease or CNS infection. When disease was localized to the SEM, no death occurred, and 88% of treated infants developed normally. While these data indicate that therapy is effective for management of infants with neonatal HSV infection, improvements are necessary. Hopefully, a study in progress will demonstrate improved outcome with acyclovir treatment.

Acyclovir↗
PubMed2002

Human milk improves cognitive and motor development of premature infants during infancy.

Thirty-nine premature infants, 29 of whom received human milk (HMG) and 10 of whom received formula only (FG), were enrolled in a study examining the effect of human milk on cognitive and motor development. Infants were assessed at 3, 7, and 12 months corrected ages; the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test was administered to their mothers. HMG infants had higher motor scores than FG infants at 3 months (48 +/- 20 vs 35 +/- 12, P = .05) and 12 months (63 +/- 20 vs 46 +/- 15, P < .05) and higher cognitive scores at 12 months corrected age (101 +/- 11 vs 90 +/- 9, P < .05). HMG infants had higher scores (motor R2 = 0.2, cognitive R2 = 0.3; P < .05) adjusting for oxygen requirement and maternal vocabulary score. Human milk is associated with improved development of premature infants at 3 and 12 months corrected age in this sample.

Child Development↗
PubMed2004

Childrearing practices and developmental expectations for Mexican-American mothers and the developmental status of their infants.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The impact of parent education programs on early intervention programs is not thought to be uniform among children from majority and minority populations. This study examined the relationship between maternal childrearing practices and behaviors and the developmental status of Mexican-American infants. SUBJECTS: Participants were 62 Mexican-American mother-infant pairs. The infants' mean adjusted age was 12 months (SD=1.7, range=9-14). A third of the children were diagnosed with developmental delays and referred for early intervention by physicians or therapists when the children received their medical follow-up. The group was stratified according to socioeconomic status and acculturation using the Bidimensional Acculturation Scale for Hispanics. This scale uses cutoff points to classify individuals into 3 levels of acculturation. METHODS: Information on childrearing practices and behaviors was gathered using the Parent Behavior Checklist (PBC), the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) Inventory, and the Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale (NCATS). Infants' developmental status was assessed by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID II). The Pearson product moment correlation, partial correlations, Fisher z transformation, and multiple regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between childrearing practices and parenting behaviors, demographic factors, and infants' developmental status. RESULTS: Maternal nurturing behaviors, parent-child interaction, and quality of the home environment were positively correlated with the infants' cognitive development. Maternal years of education modified the observed relationship between PBC and BSID II scores but not the observed relationship between HOME Inventory and NCATS scores. The childrearing practices, maternal socioeconomic status (SES) and age, and infants' gestational age at birth (GA) explained 45% of the variance in infants' cognitive scores. The infants' GA, maternal SES and age, and NCATS scores accounted for 32% of the motor scores on the BSID II. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The findings partially support a link between aspects of the mothers' childrearing behaviors and their infants' cognitive developmental status. For motor developmental status, the association appeared stronger with the infants' characteristics than with maternal childrearing practices and behaviors tested in this study.

Acculturation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of social support and stressors for mothers and infants.

This correlational study of mothers and their 6-month-old infants examined the importance of social support and stressors for parenting and infant development. Mothers (n = 79) were primarily White, married, and ranged in socio-economic status from low to high. All data were collected in mothers' homes when infants were 6 months old. Diversity of sources of social support and diversity of father support were positively related to parenting (quality of stimulation in the home). Diversity of sources of social support buffered the negative relationship of maternal fatigue (stressor) to parenting. Parenting was related to social, hearing-speech, locomotor, and general development. Additionally, social support and aggravation (people in the mother's said network who make life difficult) were related to infant development, independent of parenting.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Predictive significance of magnetic resonance imaging at 4 months of adjusted age in infants after a perinatal neurologic insult.

The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the predictive significance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed at 4 months of corrected age in 60 neonates after a perinatal neurologic insult. Follow-up ranged from 2 to 5 years of chronological age. MRI examination was normal in 10; isolated external hydrocephalus was found in 15 infants. Twenty-three of these infants developed normally. Focal or multifocal lesions were shown in 6 infants, of whom 2 developed normally. Diffuse brain involvement was present in 29 cases as atrophy (n = 18), leukomalacia (n = 5), basal ganglia lesions (n = 3), and delayed myelination (n = 3). All but 4 infants showed neurologic impairment. MRI performed at 4 months of adjusted age is of prognostic significance in neonates who suffer a moderate or mild neurologic insult.

Basal Ganglia↗
PubMed2004

Mental and psychomotor development in Indonesian infants of mothers supplemented with vitamin A in addition to iron during pregnancy.

Maternal nutrition is important for fetal development, but its impact on the functional outcome of infants is still unclear. The present study investigated the effects of vitamin A and Fe supplementation during gestation on infant mental and psychomotor development. Mothers of infants from five villages in Indonesia were randomly assigned to supervised, double-blind supplementation once per week from approximately 18 weeks of pregnancy until delivery. Supplementation comprised 120 mg Fe+500 microg folic acid with (n 94) or without (n 94) 4800 microg retinol in the form of retinyl acetate. Mothers of infants who participated in the national Fe+folic acid supplementation programme, but whose intake of supplements was not supervised, were recruited from four other villages (n 88). The mental and psychomotor development of infants was assessed, either at 6 or 12 months of age, using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID). We found no impact of vitamin A supplementation on mental or psychomotor development of infants. In addition, infants whose mothers had received weekly Fe supplementation had similar mental and psychomotor indices as those whose mothers had participated in the governmental Fe supplementation programme. The study population was moderately Fe and vitamin A deficient. The size of the treatment groups was large enough to detect a mean difference of 10 points on the BSID, which is less than 1 sd (15 points) of the average performance of an infant on the BSID. In conclusion, the present study did not find an impact of weekly supplementation of 4800 RE vitamin A in addition to Fe during gestation on functional development of Indonesian infants. However, smaller improvements in development may be seen if studied in a larger and/or more deficient population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Influence of birth weight on educational outcomes at age 9: the Miami site of the Infant Health and Development Program.

The Miami site of the Infant Health and Development Program, an early intervention for infants born low birth weight (LBW) and preterm, was investigated. Analyses unique to this sample were required because it was the only site that selected a normal birth weight (NBW) comparison group and had the lowest sociodemographic characteristics. Epidemiological methods determined the effects of LBW and early intervention on school outcomes. Children born LBW who did not receive intervention had an increased risk of scoring below the 10th percentile on achievement tests and were placed in special education three times more often than their peers born NBW. The school outcomes of children born LBW who received intervention were consistently better than those who did not, but were worse than children born NBW; however, differences did not reach statistical significance. Children born LBW who did not receive intervention are at significant risk for poor school outcomes compared with their peers born NBW.

Child↗
PubMed2000

A review of interventions in the parent-child relationship informed by attachment theory.

Bowlby's attachment theory has inspired a dramatic shift in the way we understand the development of the early relationship between infant and caregiver(s). Though almost all infants develop an attachment relationship to their primary caregiver(s), not all of them are able to use their caregiver(s) as a secure base or haven of safety from which to explore the world. Mary Ainsworth was the first to describe in detail the aspects of the caregiving system that are most important for the development of the attachment relationship. During the last decade several studies have started to evaluate the possibility that insensitive and perhaps even inadequate parenting can be effectively ameliorated by interventions. The present article sketches the theory behind attachment-based interventions and reviews the evidence for the effectiveness of such interventions. Finally, the article gives examples of successful preventive as well as therapeutic interventions.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1993

The progression of retinopathy of prematurity and fluctuation in blood gas tension.

In this study, the relationship between the fluctuation in blood oxygen and carbon dioxide tension and the progression of acute retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) was evaluated. Eighteen extremely premature infants were selected on the basis of the following criteria: gestational age less than 26 weeks, oxygen supply or mechanical ventilation for more than 50 days, transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2) recorded almost once per hour, and arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) and arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2) measured intermittently, for over 8 weeks after birth. All of these infants developed ROP, which ceased progressing in 7 infants (group I, stage 1 or 2 ROP, international classification), but advanced in 11 (group II, stage 3 or 3+). The fluctuations in TcPO2, PaO2, and PaCO2 are represented as coefficients of both variation (CV) and mean difference (D) in these two groups. The results demonstrate that both the CV and D values of TcPO2 are significantly elevated in group II infants compared with group I infants, in the first and second 3-weeks periods, and over the entire 9-week period after birth. The incidences of extreme hyperoxemia (TcPO2 > or = 100 mm Hg) and hypoxemia (TcPO2 < 30 mm Hg) in recorded TcPO2 time series show no significant differences between these two groups. We conclude that extremely premature infants with widely fluctuating arterial oxygen tension may have a greater chance of developing progressive ROP.

Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous↗
PubMed1990

C-reactive protein in preterm premature rupture of the membranes.

The usefulness of maternal C-reactive protein (CRP) measurements in the diagnosis of chorioamnionitis and puerperal and neonatal infectious morbidity was studied among 147 patients with preterm rupture of the membranes (PROM). Thirty-three patients developed chorioamnionitis, 10 patients developed puerperal endometritis, and 21 newborn infants developed neonatal infections. There was no difference in the highest antepartum CRP between patients with or without chorioamnionitis. The overall test performance for CRP was poor suggesting that elevated antepartum CRP may be misleading in the diagnosis of chorioamnionitis. However, use of serial CRP measurements increases the test performance. The high negative predictive value suggests that CRP is useful in predicting the absence of chorioamnionitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

EEG depression and germinal layer haemorrhage in the newborn.

Amplitude integrated EEG (aEEG) recordings from 32 mechanically ventilated infants, gestational age 32 weeks or less, were analysed. All recordings were started within 24 h of birth and continued for at least 50 h. Germinal layer haemorrhage (GLH) was diagnosed by repeated ultrasonography. In six infants neither GLH nor hypocalcaemia were diagnosed; aEEG in these infants rapidly became more active after birth: at 30 h of age continuous background activity was present for more than 20% of the time, and a seizure-like pattern was exceptional. In seven infants without GLH but with hypocalcaemia and other signs of metabolic derangement, continuous background activity appeared later and seizure-like activity was frequent. In the infants with GLH, depression of the background activity was apparent. This finding was particularly distinct in the presence of severe haemorrhages. Four infants developed GLH after 30 h of age. All these infants had depressed aEEG before the development of GLH, with less than 20% continuous activity at 30 h of age. In ten infants an analysis of the aEEG during the occurrence of GLH was possible. In six of these, cortical electrical activity decreased. Due to the limitation of GLH timing, it was not possible to decide whether this decrease closely preceded or followed GLH. We suggest that GLH primarily occurs in brains with a preceding metabolic and neurophysiologic abnormality, and that further functional deterioration is caused by the most severe haemorrhages.

Cerebral Hemorrhage↗
PubMed1993

Long-term outcome of Hurler syndrome following bone marrow transplantation.

Previous reports suggested a therapeutic response of lysosomal storage diseases such as Hurler syndrome following bone marrow transplantation. However, a clearer understanding of outcome has awaited long-term follow-up. We evaluated prospectively 11 consecutive patients with Hurler syndrome receiving marrow from an HLA-identical sib donor between September 1983-October 1988. Follow-up evaluations included assessment of donor engraftment by restriction fragment polymorphism analysis, determination of leukocyte alpha-L-iduronidase level, measurement of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure, computerized tomography (CT) of the brain, and psychometric testing. In this series there was a survival rate of 9/11 (82%) with all survivors showing complete (7 patients) or partial (2 patients) donor engraftment. Prospective longitudinal evaluation of the 9 surviving children, now 3.8-8.9 years posttransplantation (median 5.5) demonstrated persistence of previously deficient leukocyte alpha-L-iduronidase at levels reflecting the donor genotype and degree of donor engraftment. Urinary glycosaminoglycan excretion declined to near-normal within 5 months of donor engraftment. Prior to treatment, 7 of 8 children studied were found to have occult intracranial hypertension (lumbar CSF pressure > 20 cm CSF); however, all surviving children attained normal or near-normal pressure within 18 months of donor engraftment. Longterm follow-up CT imaging of the brain did not show progressive volume loss (cerebral atrophy) after donor engraftment. Of 9 survivors, 4 children having a developmental quotient (DQ, Mental Development Index on Bayley Scales of Infant Development) above 80 prior to transplantation subsequently maintained IQ scores above this level. However, 5 patients with lower pretransplant DQ scores now have significant cognitive deficits and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Progressive brain damage resulting from communicating hydrocephalus may be prevented by successful engraftment. Early transplantation of children with Hurler syndrome who have normal intelligence is likely to have the clearest benefit because long-term intellectual outcome will be limited by brain damage which has occurred prior to treatment.

Bone Marrow Transplantation↗