Levels of introversion and competitional paired-associate learning.
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Adolescent↗
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Results for “Introversion, Psychological”
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Social phobia: an analysis of possible developmental factors.
Sixty-eight individuals with specific or generalized social phobia and 25 normal controls were assessed for presence of a family history of anxiety, childhood shyness, traumatic conditioning experiences, neuroticism, and extraversion. Subtype differences emerged, including significantly greater neuroticism and a more frequent history of shyness in the generalized subtype. Those with the generalized subtype also had significantly lower extraversion scores, and those with the specific subtype had a significantly higher frequency of traumatic conditioning episodes. Together, traumatic conditioning and childhood shyness predicted the presence of social phobia, although other unidentified factors also appeared to be relevant. The results are discussed in terms of potentially different modes of onset for the subtypes of social phobia and the role of neuroticism and introversion in the development of the disorder.
Adult↗
Personality, prior drug use, and introspective experience during nitrous oxide intoxication.
This report compares data on some personality characteristics and prior drug experiences of 60 volunteer young men with their subjective psychological responses while inhaling 40% nitrous oxide-oxygen mixtures for 20 min in a naturalistic laboratory setting. A rather specific trait-openness to "internal," reverie-type experiences-was very significantly related to a wide variety of drug responses, while several more general traits-including introversion and neuroticism-and openness to nonreverie mental experiences were unrelated to drug response. Prior illicit drug use was related only to mood on nitrous oxide, and not to other effects. Implications of the findings in the field of drug abuse are discussed.
Adult↗
Posttraumatic stress and maladjustment among adult burn survivors 1 to 2 years postburn. Part II: the interview data.
The purpose of this study was to assess the reaction to burn trauma, the hospitalisation characteristics and psychosocial adjustment in 174 burn victims who agreed to participate in a structured interview. It was postulated that once patients sustain a burn, the level of loneliness feelings and feelings of shame is a function of the visibility of the scars. Contrary to expectation, the visibility of the burn scars was not a predictor of pathological feelings of shame. By contrast, social introversion was a factor significantly associated with the development of burn related pathological feelings of shame.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Introversion-extraversion and the verbal conditioning and generalization of meaning responses to nonsense syllables in normal and alcoholic subjects.
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Alcoholism↗
Changes in body image and other psychological factors after intestinal bypass surgery for massive obesity.
A group of massively obese persons (predominantly women) was evaluated 6 months prior to intestinal bypass surgery and again while in the hospital awaiting surgery. A second follow-up group of massively obese persons was evaluated on the same measures in-hospital prior to surgery and then assessed periodically over the subsequent 1-year period. The 6-months-before-surgery group showed a general decline in concern with physical symptoms, anxiety, and social introversion at the in-hospital evaluation. The surgery follow-up group exhibited an increasing improvement, as weight loss progressed, in body image, feelings of physical and sexual attractiveness, and evaluation of one's personality. An improvement in mood also was seen. Body size estimation showed a realistic adjustment with weight loss. Both groups scored higher than average on a measure of the addictive personality. Follow-up of the nonresponders indicated that a substantial proportion of those persons had psychological or severe physical problems subsequent to surgery.
Adolescent↗
Personality and long term exposure to organic solvents.
Personality, especially emotional reactions of two solvent exposed groups and a nonexposed reference group were described by means of 20 formal, content and check-list type of Rorschach variables. Another objective of the study was to explore the suitability and psychological meaning of other types of Rorschach variables than those applied earlier in the field of behavioral toxicology. The factor analyses grouped the applied variables into factors of Productivity, Ego Strength, Control of Emotionality, Defensive Introversion and Aggressiveness. One solvent group, a patient groups (N=53), was characterized by a high number of Organic signs and a low Genetic Level, indicating possible psychoorganic deterioration. The other solvent group, styrene exposed but subjectively healthy (N=98), was characterized by few emotional reactions, low Anxiety and a low number of Neurotic Signs. the long duration of exposure of the solvent patient group (mean 10.2 +/- 8.7 years) was related to variables of the Productivity factor, a finding that indicates a possible better adjustment of those exposed for a longer time. The duration of exposure of the styrene exposed group (mean 4.9 +/- 3.2 years) revealed a very slight relation to personality variables, but the mean urinary mandelic acid concentration, indicating the level of styrene exposure, correlated with increased emotional reactions. For the most part definite causal conclusions could not be drawn because of the cross-sectional design of the study.
Adult↗
Ventilatory response to CO2. I. A psychobiologic marker of the respiratory system.
When a gas mixture containing CO2 is breathed by a healthy subject, alveolar ventilation is increased. The ratio delta ventilation/delta PCO2 has been termed the ventilatory response to CO2 (S). Since the development of a rebreathing method in 1967, it has proved easy to measure this index of the regulation of ventilation. This index, although showing considerable interindividual variation (range, 0.5-9 liters/min/mm PCO2), tends to be consistent over time for any given individual. Positive correlations between S and personality traits such as anxiety, extroversion, and aggression and negative correlations between S and certain scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI: depression, psychopathology, psychasthenia, and social introversion) have been found in previous studies. It was hypothesized that S may be a psychobiologic marker of the respiratory system. A project in which 82 normal subjects (50 male, 32 female) were studied with both psychologic (Eysenck Personality Inventory, Catell 16PF, and 168-item MMPI) and rebreathing tests was undertaken to investigate this possibility further. A strong correlation between S and neurotic personality traits was found, but this correlation appeared valid only in female subjects.
Adult↗
Patterns of adaptation and personality disorders.
Patterns of adaptation to conflict were explored with the Serial Color-Word Test, and personality disorders were assessed by means of the Coolidge Axis II Inventory in a group of 76 nonpsychotic women volunteers in the age range 18-50 yr. (M=29.1 yr., SD=8.3), who attended a psychiatric outpatients unit. Forward multiple regression analyses were performed to investigate whether patterns of adaptation were associated with personality disorders. 10 out of 13 personality scales, as measured by the Coolidge Axis II Inventory, were significantly predicted by adaptive variables. Some predictors were positive and others were negative. The variable R(AD) was a negative predictor of avoidant and dependent personalities, and a positive predictor of Extraversion, Aggressive personality, and Antisocial personality; this finding suggests that R(AD) may represent the regulative counterpart of a continuum from passive introversion to aggressive extraversion. The results encourage further research on nontrait laboratory correlates of personality disorders.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
[Differential diagnostic criteria in cervico-brachial psychalgia].
In 100 patients with only for a short time existing pains in the region of neck, shoulder and arm and inconspicuous laboratory and X-ray findings by means of the galvanic test of the muscular function and Janda's test of the muscular function a vastly intact nerve-muscle-apparatus was proved. In the ENR-test after Brengelmann and Brengelmann clear introversion values, significantly high neurodizism values and slightly increased rigidity values were shown. Also the VELA-values were significantly higher than in the normal comparative group. In an additional inquiry predisposing biographical references for the existence of actual conflicts were found. As to the inclusion of further biographical data, 68% of intense affect reactions, 16% of functionally fixed neurotic reactions, 9% of primary and 7% of secondary neurotic maldevelopments are concerned. After a 4-week- hard-and-fast date (15 mg/a day) the complaints improved without a clear retrogression of the neurotic constellations. At the same time a change of the initially slightly increased conducting values of the skin and of the vegetative complaints appeared. A cervico-brachial psychalgia is present, when an organic muscle disease was excluded, when in the ENR-test high values to neuroticism, to introversion and rigidity are found and when a temporary connection to actual conflicts are the result.
Brachial Plexus Neuritis↗
[Plasma beta-endorphins under the effect of pain stimulus. Preliminary report].
Using a diagnostic kit N.E.N. (USA) the authors investigated beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in the plasma of young, healthy subjects. It was found that the level of beta-endorphin determined in this way in 10 subjects ranged from 15 to 120 pgml-1 and showed relatively constant values in two determinations carried out at an interval of one hour. Psychological tests showed that subjects with low beta-endorphin level had a low neuroticism index and extra-version, while in the subjects with high beta-endorphin level the neuroticism index was high and introversion features were more prevalent. After application of a painful stimulus (ischaemic test) the level of beta-endorphin changed in most subjects increasing or decreasing. The comparison of the differences in the levels of beta-endorphin immediately before and after the test for pain tolerance suggests that the higher was this difference the lower was pain tolerance and conversely.
Adult↗
Combination of ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring and psychological testing in coronary artery disease patients.
Ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring and psychological testing were performed in 100 patients with chronic stable myocardial infarction. These patients were divided into four groups according to their chest pain and transient ST-segment depression by Holter monitoring during the follow-up period: group A, 40 patients without complications; group B, 20 patients with silent myocardial ischemia; group C, 14 patients with episodes of chest pain alone; and group D, 26 patients with postinfarction angina. Whereas group B had silent myocardial ischemia and extroversion, groups C and D were characterized by introversion and neuroticism. The frequency of multi-vessel disease was 41% for group A, 53% for group B, 8% for group C and 70% for group D. The patients of group B not only received treatment for coronary artery disease but also behavioral counseling and those of group C received psychotherapy. The results support the view that a combination of Holter monitoring and psychological testing is clinically useful for the development of therapeutic strategies for coronary artery disease.
Aged↗
Depression as a powerful discriminator between physically active and sedentary middle-aged men.
This study identifies the relative importance of psychological dimensions that discriminate between habitually physically active and sedentary men. The data support the notion that physical activity has psychological benefits. Subjects (N = 22) were normal, medically healthy middle-aged men (40-60 years of age). Data were collected on selected physiological (treadmill) and psychological (MMPI) variables and replicated within four months. The Student's t-test and discriminant function analysis were used in the statistical analysis. Physically active men (n = 11) have lower depression (scale 2) and lower social introversion (scale 10) than the sedentary men (n = 11). The physically active men may exhibit MMPI scale differences in 'neurotic' tendencies from the sedentary men, but there is no apparent difference in scales suggestive of 'psychotic' tendencies. Depression (scale 2) is the most powerful discriminator between physically active and sedentary men, followed by hysteria (scale 3) and social introversion (scale 10). In conclusion, our data identify depression as the most important MMPI scale that discriminates between physically active and sedentary men.
Adult↗
[Eysenck's personality dimensions (MPI) in breast and lung cancer patients and their relationship to patients' delay (author's transl)].
In 1148 control persons and 498 cancer patients, the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI), developed by H. J. Eysenck, was used to determine the personality dimensions neuroticism (N) and extraversion (E). The results in the control group were similar to studies in other countries showing that the MPI is a useful instrument for psychometry in the G.D.R., too. Personality scores depend upon sex, age and social group (defined by education and occupation). Cancer patients generally do not differ from non-cancerous patients (so-called "controls"). In patients with breast cancer (female N = 231) or lung cancer (male N = 123), it was found that patients consulting the doctor without delay after onset of symptoms (breast cancer < 4 weeks; lung cancer < 8 weeks) are characterized by low scores for neuroticism (N) and high scores for extraversion (E). The combination of low N (--12) and high E (13 +) is significantly more prevalent in patients seeking medical advice without delay. It is suggested that these observations which are in agreement with reports from other countries and observers should be used in planning health education. Obviously it is not enough to disseminate factual information on cancer but it seems necessary to develop means and methods to reach people with low education, high scores for neuroticism and for introversion in order to influence their health behavior by personal discussion.
Adult↗
[The value of child development psychological models for child and adolescent psychiatry].
The literature on personality research, developmental psychology and psychopathology has consistently revealed two types of personality. According to different theoretical and methodological approaches these types are considered as prototypes of a personality dimension, or as behavioral patterns in psychopathology. In the research on adult personality, they are known as extraversion and introversion. Child psychiatrists refer to these prototypes as externalizing and internalizing disorders. However, there are few empirical studies on the congruency between adult personality types and childhood disorders. Longitudinal studies from the USA and New Zealand give evidence that adult personality types can predict coping styles of school age children in stressful and challenging situations. Research on infant attachment to caregivers, revealing consistently different qualities of interaction patterns, may also be predictive for different coping styles in children of preschool age. Interdisciplinary discussions will focus on the question, whether early behavior patterns should be seen as predictors for adult traits (homotypic continuity) or as developmentally determined indicators for underlying functions (heterotypic continuity). Possibly, in early developmental stages behavior patterns have adaptive functions and in later stages become chronic strategies over time. Another topic concerns the relation between personality traits and pathologic behavior patterns and whether chronic strain may be influential.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
[Psychological and sexual effects of hormonal contraceptives--results of a survey].
Subject of our examination are emotional-affective, vegetative and psycho-sexual disturbances which are possibly caused by oral contraceptives. 511 women, taking different oral contraceptives, were questioned. For that purpose we used a schedule of sociological dates, attitudes and complaints devised by ourself and connected with a part of Böttcher's Introversion-Neurotizism-Rigidity-Questionnaire. Neurotic and introverted persons are tending to suppose a connection between the "Pill" and certain inconvenient sensations as affective disturbances, diminished concentration, dyssomnia and an avoidance behavior in sexuality. But the results of investigation gave also evidence for a distinct increase of sexual unaffectedness without disadvantageous uninhibition. A classification of the disturbances relative to the particular drugs did not reveal any differences within our cases. The sample "Gravistat" had significantly raised scores of neurotizism and here can also be observed an increase of inconvenient psychical disturbances. We recommend to give better information on the mode of action of the respective contraceptives. In cases of neurotic attitude a psychotherapeutical consultation between doctor and patient may diminish psychosexual disturbances as symptoms of the application of oral contraceptives.
Adult↗
Psychological characteristics of patients with normal-tension glaucoma.
BACKGROUND: A study was carried out to evaluate the extent of psychosomatic complaints in patients with normal-tension glaucoma. METHODS: Twenty-four patients (M:F=3:21; mean age 58+/-15.3 years) with normal-tension glaucoma were rated according to the von Zerssen Symptom List (psychosomatic discomfort), the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI-N, emotional status and MPI-E, extroverted-introverted), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). An age- and sex-matched control group (n=24; M:F=3:21; mean age 56+/-13 years) without any ocular or other general chronic disease was selected. RESULTS: In comparison with the control group the patients with normal-tension glaucoma showed significantly more complaints (von Zerssen Symptom List) and were more emotionally unstable (MPI-N). No group differences were found regarding extroversion-introversion (MPI-E) and depression (BDI). In the 16PF, patients with normal-tension glaucoma were remarkable, only for a significant negative correlation between the duration of illness and psychic endurance. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that patients with normal-tension glaucoma show evident psychosomatic involvement. However, the sequence of the pathogenetic development remains unclear. Therefore, it is not known whether these psychological disturbances are factors contributing to the development of normal-tension glaucoma or whether they are a result of normal-tension glaucoma. Nevertheless, some patients with normal-tension glaucoma had these disturbances. Besides reduction of intraocular pressure and improvement of vascular condition, those who display psychological disturbances should receive psychological support, such as autogenic training.
Adult↗
Pretherapy interpersonal relations, patients' alliance, and outcome in brief therapy.
This study examined the relationship between pretherapy clinical assessments of interpersonal relations and (1) patients' therapeutic alliance and (2) outcome in time-limited psychotherapy (up to 25 sessions). For 33 college men with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and social introversion, clinical judgments of interpersonal relations predicted patients' level of collaborative, positively toned participation in a therapeutic relationship, accounting for up to a quarter of the variance in observers' ratings of audiotaped segments from therapy sessions. Pretherapy assessments of overall psychological health were highly comparable with assessments of interpersonal relations as predictors of a patient's alliance; however, when the redundancy between the two types of clinical judgments was controlled, interpersonal relations were the better predictor. Assessments of interpersonal relations were found to correlate with outcome measures at a modest level.
Adolescent↗