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A mass fragmentographic technique was used to study the pharmacokinetic behavior of SCMC-Lys in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and with dense expectoration. Serum and urine levels, as well as bronchial mucus levels and their correlations, were determined. The data suggest that SCMC-Lys diffuses well into bronchial mucus, a useful feature for a mucolytic drug.
The quantitative behavior of interfacial resistance to mass transfer at an oil-water interface in presence of a surfactant, which occurs in addition to the diffusional resistance, is modeled. Successive approximations are used to simplify the detailed behavior to show that the experimentally determined quantitative behavior of solubilization kinetics, is also theoretically justified. The solubility of oil, the frequency of collision of micelles with the oil-water interface, and the resistance to the entry of the solubilizate into the micelle (activation energy) are identified as the key quantities governing this resistance.
Obesity and health behaviors that influence energy balance (diet, exercise, and dieting to lose weight) were examined in a population of 2108 and 2539 working men and women in relation to socioeconomic status (SES). The hypothesis investigated was that the inverse relationship between SES and obesity observed in a number of studies is due to the fact that the distribution of obesity relevant health behaviors differs by social class. Body mass index (BMI), as expected, was found to be inversely related to SES. Higher SES was also associated with several behaviors that contribute importantly to energy balance. High SES respondents reported a lower fat diet, more exercise, and a higher prevalence of dieting to control weight. However, lower smoking rates were observed in upper SES men and women and higher alcohol consumption was reported in upper SES women. Both of these associations appear to be inconsistent with the hypothesis that the inverse association between SES and obesity is caused by differences in health behaviors. In multiple regression analyses, SES remained a significant predictor of BMI after controlling for all measured health behaviors. Weaknesses in the methodologies for measuring health behaviors and possible effects of obesity itself on social mobility are suggested as possible explanations for the residual association between obesity and SES.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between weight control behaviors and potential risk factors for disordered eating in a sample of young girls. The McKnight Risk Factor Survey was administered to 523 elementary and middle school girls. In the sample of elementary school girls, results from the multiple regression analyses indicated that frequency/severity of weight control behaviors was associated with body mass index (BMI), self-confidence, peers' weight-related pressures, ethnicity, and the interaction between having divorced/separated parents and BMI. Sensitivity to peers' weight-related pressures and BMI were also associated with weight control behaviors in the middle school girls, along with poor body image, substance use, having divorced/separated parents, and the interaction between having divorced/separated parents and father's pressure for thinness. Longitudinal research is needed to determine how risk factors change over time, beginning in elementary school and continuing through high school.
The size distributions of airborne particulate matter (PM) and associated heavy metals Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, V, Mn, Cu and Fe in different inhalable fractions (< 0.8 microm, 0.8-1.3 microm, 1.3-2.7 microm, 2.7-6.7 microm and > 6.7 microm) were determined at a traffic-orientated urban site in the city of Thessaloniki, northern Greece. The airborne PM displayed a bimodal distribution with most of the mass (52%) contained in the submicron size range (< 0.8 microm) and an additional minor mode (20%) in the coarse size fraction (> 6.7 microm). Characteristic size distributions of heavy metals allowed identification of three main behavioral types: (a) metals whose mass was resided mainly within the accumulation mode (Pb,Cd), (b) those which were distributed between fine, intermediate and coarse modes (Ni,Cu,Mn), and (c) those which were mainly found within particles larger than 2.7 microm in diameter (Fe). The mean mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of PM was found at 0.85+/-0.71 microm, while the mean MMADs of heavy metals followed the order Pb (0.96 +/- 0.71 microm) < Cd (1.14 +/- 0.82 microm) < V (1.38 +/- 0.63 microm) < Ni (1.45 +/- 0.88 microm) < Cu (2.04 +/- 0.77 microm) < Mn (2.61 +/- 1.23 microm) < Cr (2.91 +/- 1.40 microm) < Fe (3.82 +/- 0.88 microm). The measured distributions are believed to result from a combination of processes including local anthropogenic and natural sources, such as traffic, industrial emissions and resuspension of road dust.
Hydrocarbon and wax ester components of cuticular lipids of the braconid parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor Say reared at 25 degrees C on larvae of a pyralid moth have been identified by GC-MS and analyzed with respect to adult age, mating status, and diet. The hydrocarbons range in carbon number from C(21) to C(45) and consist of a homologous series of n-alkanes, 11-, 13-, and 15-methyl alkanes, 13,17-dimethyl alkanes, and Z-5, Z-7, and Z-9-alkenes. The wax esters found in the cuticular lipid fraction are a series of homologous compounds with the acid portion being short chain, unbranched, even carbon number acids from C(8) to C(20) (predominately C(8) to C(16)). The alcohol portions of the esters are secondary alcohols with carbon number from C(22) to C(25) (predominately C(23) and C(25)) with the hydroxyl function located at C(6), C(7), C(8), and C(9). Gender, age, and nutritional states were significant factors for variation in several of the individual esters, but mating status did not affect wax ester composition. Ontogenetic examinations indicated that prepupal, and early pupal cuticular lipids contain only hydrocarbons. Low levels of wax esters are detectable in late stage pupae, and somewhat greater quantities of wax esters are present on newly eclosed adults. When pharate adults emerge from the cocoon, however, their cuticular lipids consist of approximately equal amounts of hydrocarbons and wax esters, and 6d post emergence from the cocoon, wax esters are the predominant lipid component.
The relationship between eating style, attitudes towards food and food intake was investigated in 846 British adolescent schoolchildren. Eating style was assessed with the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, attitudes towards food with a series of specially prepared questions, and food intake with a diet history taken by a dietitian. The results showed that restraint, external and emotional eating were associated with very different profiles of attitudes and behaviour. Restrained subjects had a higher body weight, more negative attitudes towards food, a lower likelihood of overeating and a lower overall energy intake. External eaters had a lower body weight, positive attitudes to food, and reported a higher energy intake. Emotional eaters fell in between in some ways, with some signs of situational loss of control combined with a negative attitude towards overeating. While external eating appeared to be attenuated by restraint, emotional eating was enhanced by it. The implications of these eating styles for later patterns of eating and weight are discussed.
Increasing recognition of the world-wide obesity epidemic as a major public health problem has recently led to new directions in the public health approach of the management of obesity, including new public health strategies, and appropriate programs for the obese individual.
The prevalence of obesity worldwide has risen sharply during the last four decades. The etiology of obesity is complex and includes a host of genetic influences in addition to the overconsumption of energy coupled with a sedentary lifestyle. Obesity is known to cause or exacerbate many co-morbid conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, stroke, certain cancers, arthritis and obstructive sleep apnea. Modest weight losses of 5-10% of actual weight are related to significant improvements in co-morbid conditions, but unfortunately the rate of recidivism with short-term therapy for obesity is high. The recent recognition of obesity as a chronic disease that should be treated with long-term programs and possibly with polypharmacy, and the alarming increase in its prevalence, have prompted extensive research and the development of new pharmacotherapy.
Ten peptides containing one, two or three disulfides were examined to determine their behavior under fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometric conditions. The mass spectra for the disulfide and the reduced disulfide forms of each peptide were compared. Several factors were examined that contribute to the fast atom bombardment mass spectra of these peptides: components of the FAB matrix such as alkali cations, acids, bases and reducing agents, the intrinsic molecular properties of the intact peptide, and the effect of reducing conditions on sensitivity. The FAB mass spectra of the disulfide-containing peptides examined in this study displayed accurate molecular weight information and fragmentation which indicated the position of the disulfide in the amino acid sequence.
OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to establish whether an index of exposure to westernization would predict dieting behavior over and above the predictors of body mass index (BMI) and social influences. The study also sought to compare dieting behaviors among adolescents from three different cultural backgrounds. METHOD: A total of 100 females from Beijing, China, 60 females of Chinese heritage living in Sydney, Australia, and 100 female Australians of no Chinese background were assessed. The exposure to westernization index incorporated the country of birth, the predominant language spoken at home, the country of birth of one's parents, and the country of residence. RESULTS: Exposure to westernization was found to be a significant predictor of dieting status. The westernization index remained an important predictor when BMI and social influences to diet were taken into account. Interestingly, the Chinese Australian girls dieted the least, although the Chinese girls living in China perceived more influence from their peers to diet, despite their lower BMI. CONCLUSION: The exposure to westernization index provides a useful assessment of important influences on dieting in adolescent females.
The interfacial properties of a mixed system of low-charged cationic polyelectrolyte and silica nanoparticles has been studied by means of ellipsometry. Special attention was devoted to the effect that the order of addition of the two components has on the adsorption behavior of the mixed system. Adsorption on silica was in one case studied after simultaneous addition of the components to the aqueous solution. The measured adsorption rates were then much slower than expected for a mass-transfer limited process. This behavior signifies the presence of an electrosteric barrier arising due to preadsorbed polymer-particle complexes. Interfacial layers containing particles were at plateau conditions shown to be highly swollen, whereas the cationic polymer in the particle-free systems adopted a more flat surface conformation. The layer thickness was observed to monotonously increase with an increasing presence of nanoparticles in solution, while the surface excess showed a maximum at intermediate values. The finding was rationalized by the competition between particles and the surface for polymer charges leading to swelling and a decreased effective interaction between polymer and surface. In the other case studied, when polyelectrolyte and nanoparticles were added sequentially, a much more rapid concentration-dependent adsorption was observed. The kinetic adsorption barrier for nonassociated particles was clearly negligible compared with that for the polymer-particle complex. The surface excess did not exhibit an adsorption maximum as a function of added nanoparticles in this situation, indicating that the polymer layer to some degree is irreversibly anchored at the silica surface. Some implications of the above findings for practical papermaking using multicomponent retention systems are put forward. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.
What can one predict about the future of behavioral pediatrics? How can its present academic status be enhanced? What anticipatory guidance can be offered to behavioral pediatrics fellows? The evolution of ambulatory pediatrics and adolescent medicine as academic disciplines offers a historical perspective that helps answer these questions. The similarities between these sister disciplines and behavioral pediatrics are identified along with the principles that guided their development. Likewise, promoting factors and potential future initiatives for behavioral pediatrics are presented. A checklist of career success predictors is included. The establishment of Sections of Personal Health Promotion in departments of pediatrics is suggested as a means to augment the creativity, resources, and critical mass available to Sections of Behavioral Pediatrics.
Since 1981, the Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission has been conducting a primary prevention program intended to alter the development of intoxicant use patterns in adolescents. The program uses an integrated set of approaches involving mass communications, face-to-face program elements, community action and small-scale education activities. Mass media have a unique and powerful role as one element of such a program. Able to introduce broad concepts and convey basic, general information, they can also aid in establishing an atmosphere of acceptance of critical issues. Mass media alone probably cannot alter behavior. However, they can reinforce essential arguments and legitimize the community-based, face-to-face program elements that may be able to achieve lasting behavior change.
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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to test effects of a culturally competent, dietary self-management intervention on physiological outcomes and dietary behaviors for African Americans with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: A longitudinal experimental study was conducted in rural South Carolina with a sample of 97 adult African Americans with type 2 diabetes who were randomly assigned to either usual care or the intervention. The intervention consisted of 4 weekly classes in low-fat dietary strategies, 5 monthly peer-professional group discussions, and weekly telephone follow-up. The culturally competent approach reflected the ethnic beliefs, values, customs, food preferences, language, learning methods, and health care practices of southern African Americans. RESULTS: Body mass index and dietary fat behaviors were significantly lowered in the experimental group. At 6 months, weight decreased 1.8 kg (4 lb) for the experimental group and increased 1.9 kg (4.2 lb) for the control group, a net difference of 3.7 kg (8.2 lb). The experimental group reduced high-fat dietary habits to moderate while high-fat dietary habits of the control group remained essentially unchanged. A trend in reduction of A1C and lipids was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest the effectiveness of a culturally competent dietary self-management intervention in improving health outcomes for southern African Americans, especially those at risk due to high-fat diets and body mass index >or= 35 kg/mm(2). Given the burgeoning problem of obesity in South Carolina and the nation, the time has come to focus on aggressive weight management. Diabetes educators are in pivotal positions to assume leadership in achieving this goal for vulnerable, rural populations.