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Biotechnology↗
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Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
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Quaternary ammonium substituted agarose as surface coating for capillary electrophoresis.
A novel positively charged polymer of quaternary ammonium substituted agarose (Q-agarose) has been synthesized and explored for use as a coating in capillary electrophoresis. The fast and simple coating procedure is based on a multi-site electrostatic interaction between the polycationic agarose polymer and the negatively charged fused-silica surface. By simply flushing fused-silica capillaries with hot polymer solution a positively charged, hydrophilic deactivation layer is achieved. The polymer surface provides an intermediate electroosmotic flow of reversed direction, over a range of pH 2-11, compared to unmodified fused-silica. The coating procedure was highly reproducible with an RSD of 4%, evaluated as the electroosmotic flow mobility for 30 capillaries prepared at 10 different occasions. The application of Q-agarose coated capillaries in separation science was investigated using a set of basic drugs and model proteins and peptides. Due to the intermediate electroosmotic flow generated, the resolution of basic drugs could be increased, compared to using bare fused-silica capillaries. Moreover, the coating enabled separation of proteins and peptides with efficiencies up to 300.000 plates m(-1).
Electrophoresis, Agar Gel↗
Fall events among people with stroke living in the community: circumstances of falls and characteristics of fallers.
OBJECTIVES: To describe the frequency and circumstances of falls among a community sample of people with stroke and to compare characteristics of fallers and nonfallers. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, observational study. SETTING: Community. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-one community-dwelling people with stroke (26 men, 15 women; mean age, 69.7 +/- 11.6y), of which 23 had right-hemisphere infarction, 16 left-hemisphere infarction, and 2 had a brainstem lesion. Time since onset of stroke ranged from 3 to 288 months (mean, 50mo). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Standardized tests were used to measure mobility, upper limb function, activities of daily living (ADL ability), and mood. Information about fall events was collected by using a questionnaire. RESULTS: Twenty-one participants (50%) were classed as fallers, of whom 10 had fallen repeatedly. No significant differences were found between fallers and nonfallers on any of the measures used. However, those who had 2 or more falls (n = 10) had significantly reduced arm function (P = .018) and ADL ability (P = .010), compared with those who had not fallen or experienced near falls (n = 5). Loss of balance, misjudgment, and foot dragging during walking, turning, and sit to stand were reported by fallers as the suspected causes and activities leading to falls. CONCLUSIONS: The high risk of falling among people with stroke was evident in this community-based sample. Repeat fallers had greater mobility deficits and significantly reduced arm function and ADL ability than those who did not report any instability.
Accidental Falls↗
Proximal segment position after distraction with the MD-DOS device.
We investigated cephalometrically the movement of the proximal segment in the sagittal plane in patients treated with distraction (MD-DOS device) for mandibular lengthening. The proximal segment was anteriorly rotated, whilst the distal segment was posteriorly rotated after the lengthening procedure. Thus the angle of the jaw was advanced half the distance of the advancement of the distal segment. One possible reason for the anterior rotation of 3.3 degrees on average is the repositioning of the proximal segment during application of the anterior fixation unit in the cases where mobilization was complete. Another more plausible reason is the anterior pull by the masticatory muscles and elastic bands being greater than the reactive distraction vector component in concert with a flexible telescopic distraction module and a single posterior screw anchorage. The positional movements of both distal and proximal segments were similar to those observed after mandibular advancement with bilateral sagittal split osteotomies.
Adolescent↗
The effect of propanil co-application on 2,4-D sorption by soil.
The herbicide 2,4-D is often applied as a tank mixture in combination with other herbicide products. However, current information on 2,4-D sorption by soil is largely based on batch-equilibrium experiments without considering the competition of other herbicides for sorption sites by soil. This study quantified the effect of the herbicide propanil on the sorption of 2,4-D in soil. Results indicated that propanil competed with 2,4-D for sorption sites, particularly in soils with an organic carbon content greater than 3.6%. The decrease in 2,4-D sorption by soil, as a result of propanil competition, was most notably for herbicide concentrations that are typical of recommended field rates. We conclude that herbicide co-applications on agricultural fields have the potential to increase the mobility of herbicides in soil.
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
Application of inclusion chromatography to the determination of in vitro metabolites of estriol.
The application of inclusion chromatography with beta-cyclodextrin as a mobile phase additive in high-performance liquid chromatography to the determination of in vitro metabolites of estriol is reported. Compared to conventional methods, the inclusion chromatography gives much more satisfactory separation of isomeric estriol derivatives in a short time. Species difference (rat and guinea pig liver homogenates) is observed in the glucuronidation of estriol. The hydroxylation of estriol with rat liver homogenate occurs preferentially at the 2-position. Methylation of this product with catechol-O-methyl transferase in rat liver gives almost equal amounts of 2- and 3-methyl ethers. In contrast, 4-hydroxyestriol gives 4-methyl ether as a main product.
Animals↗
Practical implementation of the medical exposure directive (97/43) in Luxembourg.
The medical exposure Directive of 1984 was updated in 1997 (EURATOM 97/43) and should be implemented into national legislation before May 2000. Need for harmonisation exists in Europe, as differences in the application of ionising radiation exist throughout European countries and social mobility of the population is increasing. The context of the justification/optimisation process as well as specific characteristics of national health legislation and Social Security legislation and their impact on radiation protection of the patient, are presented. Existing differences in the justification process throughout Europe are: (i) prescribing process of the X ray examination, training of the prescriber, (ii) auto-referral; (iii) economic situation in the member states. The optimisation process is mainly sensitive to: (i) 'culture' of radiation protection in each national medical community; (ii) training; (iii) technical and clinical audits; (iv) quality assurance.
European Union↗
The professional portfolio: a snapshot of your career.
Create a list of your personal and professional goals, growth, and achievements.
Career Mobility↗
Acute intraoperative arterial lengthening for closure of large vascular gaps.
This study demonstrates the feasibility of acute extraluminal expansion to elongate arteries intraoperatively in order to overcome defects too large to be repaired primarily. Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: an expander-elongation group and a nonexpanded control group of 10 rats each. Arterial resections were performed ranging from 6 to 22 mm. A miniaturized tissue expander was used to stretch vessels in three consecutive cycles over a 15- to 20-minute period (expander-elongation group). Defects twice as long as those which could be overcome by mobilization alone (nonexpanded control group) could be closed following the application of this technique without thrombosis. Initial laboratory findings and the application of this method in a clinical case are presented.
Anastomosis, Surgical↗
Potential for antioxidant therapy of cystic fibrosis.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Changes in redox state clearly play a role in airway inflammation and mucus rheology. Furthermore CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator), the defective protein in cystic fibrosis (CF), not only is regulated by redox state but also directly modulates the epithelial redox environment through transepithelial flux of glutathione. The purpose of this review is to explore the potential therapeutic interest of antioxidant molecules in CF. RECENT FINDINGS: Several antioxidants have been shown to have mucolytic and anti-inflammatory properties. Some antioxidants such as zinc and vitamin C may also help increase epithelial chloride secretion through CFTR-dependent and independent pathways. Other antioxidants are showing promise in helping CFTR mobilization to plasma membranes. SUMMARY: The many levels of potential application offered by antioxidants make this class of molecules one of the promising areas of therapeutic development for CF. Several redox-modulating agents have a high likelihood of providing useful approaches for the treatment of many aspects of CF airway disease.
Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗
Experiencing and perceiving visual surfaces.
A theoretical framework is proposed to understand binocular visual surface perception based on the idea of a mobile observer sampling images from random vantage points in space. Application of the generic sampling principle indicates that the visual system acts as if it were viewing surface layouts from generic not accidental vantage points. Through the observer's experience of optical sampling, which can be characterized geometrically, the visual system makes associative connections between images and surfaces, passively internalizing the conditional probabilities of image sampling from surfaces. This in turn enables the visual system to determine which surface a given image most strongly indicates. Thus, visual surface perception can be considered as inverse ecological optics based on learning through ecological optics. As such, it is formally equivalent to a degenerate form of Bayesian inference where prior probabilities are neglected.
Depth Perception↗
Appointment and mobility of general practitioners.
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Advertising↗
Altered Ca2+ homeostasis in human uremic skeletal muscle: possible involvement of cADPR in elevation of intracellular resting [Ca2+].
BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic renal failure may develop muscle weakness and fatigability due to disorders of skeletal muscle function, collectively known as the uremic myopathy. Cyclic adenosine diphosphate-ribose (cADPR), an endogenous metabolite of beta-NAD+, activates Ca2+ release from intracellular stores in vertebrate and invertebrate cells. The current study investigated the possible role of cADPR in uremic myopathy. METHODS: We have examined the effect of cADPR on myoplasmic resting Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in skeletal muscle obtained from control subjects and uremic patients (UP). [Ca2+]i was measured using double-barreled Ca2+-selective microelectrodes in muscle fibers, prior to and after microinjections of cADPR. RESULTS: Resting [Ca2+]i was elevated in UP fibers compared with fibers obtained from control subjects. Removal of extracellular Ca2+, or incubation of cells with nifedipine, did not modify [Ca2+]i in UP or control fibers. Microinjection of cADPR produced an elevation of [Ca2+]i in both groups of cells. This elevation was not mediated by Ca2+ influx, or inhibited by heparin or ryanodine. [cADPR]i was determined to be higher in muscle fibers from UP compared to those from the control subjects. Incubation of cells with 8-bromo-cADPR, a cADPR antagonist, partially reduced [Ca2+]i in UP muscle fibers and blocked the cADPR-elicited elevation in [Ca2+]i in both groups of muscle cells. CONCLUSION: Skeletal muscles of the UP exhibit chronic elevation of [Ca2+]i that can be partially reduced by application of 8-bromo-cADPR. cADPR was able to mobilize Ca2+ from intracellular stores, by a mechanism that is independent of ryanodine or inositol trisphosphate receptors. It can be postulated that an alteration in the cADPR-signaling pathway may exist in skeletal muscle of the patients suffering from uremic myopathy.
Adult↗
External fixation of the foot and ankle.
The use of Hoffmann external fixation in the treatment of ankle and foot trauma in 26 patients is reviewed. There were 21 males and five females, ranging in age from 14 to 56 years. There were 22 fresh fractures and four arthrodeses. Fourteen of the 22 injuries were open fractures. Eight of 22 involved foot joint disruptions. This form of treatment required a complete set of external fixation equipment, sound knowledge of foot and ankle anatomy, and technical skill in frame construction and application. This fixateur allowed three plane stabilization of complex fractures, mobilization of unaffected joints, and access to wounds for soft tissue care. Follow-up evaluations from 24 to 48 months demonstrated good clinical results. The fractures healed and soft tissue and joint function were preserved. The arthrodeses fused. There were no neurovascular complications, pin tract infections, or equipment breakage. Foot trauma frequently combines soft tissue injury and complex skeletal instability, which makes external fixation particularly attractive. Although ideal indications for the use of this technique have not yet been determined, the theoretical advantages and initial results are encouraging. External fixation is a useful addition to the treatment armamentarium of the foot surgeon.
Adolescent↗
The extended retrosigmoid approach: an alternative to radical cranial base approaches for posterior fossa lesions.
OBJECTIVE: The extended retrosigmoid approach is presented as a simple and safe modification of the traditional retrosigmoid approach, with increased exposure resulting from a limited mastoidectomy and skeletonization of the sigmoid sinus. METHODS: Patients with posterior fossa vascular lesions treated with the extended retrosigmoid approach between 1997 and 2003 were reviewed. A detailed description of the surgical approach, as well as case illustrations, is provided. We present a video narrated by the senior author in which a description of the technique is offered. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients underwent this approach to manage 40 lesions, including 15 dural arteriovenous fistulae, 9 arteriovenous malformations, 10 cavernous malformations, and 6 aneurysms. The extended retrosigmoid approach differs from the traditional approach with its C-shaped skin incision, posterior mastoidectomy, and extensive dissection of the sigmoid sinus, craniotomy rather than craniectomy, and anterior mobilization of the sinus with the dural flap. CONCLUSION: The application of the extended retrosigmoid approach to a series of complex lesions in the posterior fossa demonstrates its applicability as an alternative to radical cranial base approaches. The extended retrosigmoid approach requires a fundamental change in the management of the sigmoid sinus. The neurosurgeon must be familiar with petrous bone anatomy, experienced dissecting through bone using a high-speed drill, and comfortable working directly over a major venous sinus. The technical modifications of the extended retrosigmoid approach can be incorporated into the neurosurgical repertoire and will enhance exposure of the cerebellopontine angle and deep vascular structures, thereby minimizing the need for brain retraction and other transpetrous approaches.
Adult↗
How Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program can do a better job of insuring uninsured children: the perspectives of parents of uninsured Latino children.
BACKGROUND: Eight and a half million US children are uninsured, despite the 1997 enactment of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) with $39 billion in funding, and Latinos continue to be the most uninsured racial/ ethnic group, with 24% (3 million) uninsured. Why SCHIP and Medicaid have not been more successful insuring uninsured children is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To identify reasons why parents are unable to insure uninsured Latino children in a state where all low-income children are eligible for insurance. METHODS: Bilingual focus groups of parents of uninsured Latino children from Boston communities with the highest proportion of uninsured Latino children. RESULTS: The 30 parents interviewed in 6 focus groups had a mean age of 39 years; 63% never graduated high school and 33% were US citizens. The mean age of their children was 12 years, and the median annual family income was $9120. Parents reported 52 barriers to insuring children. Major obstacles included lack of knowledge about the application process and eligibility (especially misconceptions about work, welfare, and immigration), language barriers, immigration issues, income, hassles, pending decisions, family mobility, misinformation from insurance representatives (being told insurance is too expensive and parents must work), and system problems (including lost applications, discrimination, and excessive waits). Parents universally agreed case managers would be helpful in insuring uninsured children. CONCLUSIONS: Even in a state where all low-income children are eligible for health insurance, current SCHIP and Medicaid outreach and enrollment are not effectively reaching uninsured Latino children. Parents need better information about programs, eligibility, and the application process, and a more efficient, user-friendly system.
Child↗