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PubMed1990

Perception and hedonics of sweet and fat taste in smokers and nonsmokers following nicotine intake.

Nicotine's effects on reducing perception and/or hedonics of sweet and fat taste may lead to less intake of sweet tasting, high-fat foods by smokers, helping to explain their generally lower body weights. Smokers and nonsmokers (n = 10 males each) rated perception (intensity and sensitivity) and hedonics (liking) of sweet/fat taste in milk samples varying both in sucrose (0, 5, 10, 20% w/w) and fat (0.1, 3.5, 11.7, 37.6% w/w) concentration on two occasions, once following intermittent presentation of nicotine (15 micrograms/kg) via measured dose nasal spray and the other following placebo. Nicotine significantly reduced perceived intensity of fat but not sweet taste and had no effect on sensitivity to either taste. There was no effect of nicotine on hedonics of sweet/fat taste. On the other hand, although there were no differences between smokers and nonsmokers in perception of sweet or fat, hedonics of sweet/fat taste was reduced in smokers regardless of nicotine or placebo intake. Thus, nicotine may acutely decrease fat taste perception without influencing sweet/fat hedonics, while long-term exposure (i.e., being a smoker) may produce chronically decreased taste hedonics without altering perception.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

How perceptions of a simulated physician-patient interaction influence intended satisfaction and compliance.

A frequent problem encountered in the evaluation of medical services is that patients intertwine or confound perceptions of technical medical skills (competence) with those of interpersonal and communication skills (courtesy). The present study investigated the extent to which competence and courtesy influenced enacted patient perceptions of medical care; as well as how those perceptions related to satisfaction and compliance with the care delivered. Small groups of undergraduates viewed one of four videotapes on which were depicted a physician-patient interaction for a sore throat problem. Differential levels of competence and courtesy were displayed in the various tapes. While watching the videotape, subjects were asked to assume the role of the sore throat patient. Factor analysis of semantic differential items administered subsequent to the videotapes revealed the presence of two strong and distinct clusters, one labeled courtesy and the other competence. Univariate ANOVAs indicated that the courtesy manipulation influenced the perception of courtesy and general medical satisfaction, while the competence manipulation influenced not only perceived competence but perceived courtesy, general medical satisfaction, and compliance as well. Subjects were able to accurately discriminate the extremes of good and poor physician behavior. The limitations of the study as well as its implications for developing better understanding of how perceptions of health care providers are formed were explored.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Career preferences and perceptions of the medical labor market among Mexican interns.

This paper examines the relationship between choice of career and perception of the medical labor market, as well as the effects of social origin, type of medical school, and place of internship. The data are derived from a survey of interns which was conducted in Mexico during 1978, when a substantial proportion of physicians was unemployed or underemployed. Career preferences were operationalized in terms of type of activity (general practice or specialty), site (ambulatory or hospital) and institution (public assistance, social security or private). Perceptions of the medical labor market were measured as an 'objective' feasibility perception and a 'subjective' opportunity assessment. Additionally, composite indices of career preferences and perceptions were constructed in order to take account of two integrated career patterns: dominant (or majority preference) vs alternative (or minority preference). Analysis of the data consistently revealed that perception of the medical labor market had a much stronger impact on preference for alternative than for dominant career patterns. Whereas social origin had no effect on career preference, type of medical school and place of internship exhibited a statistical interaction with career preference, suggesting that certain structural conditions of the medical school and the teaching hospitals led to preference for alternative rather than dominant careers. The implications of the findings are discussed with regard to health manpower policy, to conceptions of rational career choice and to the professional status of medicine in Mexico.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1994

Perception threshold and electrode position for spinal cord stimulation.

The perception threshold for epidural spinal cord stimulation in chronic pain management was analyzed on 3,923 testing data obtained from 136 implanted patients. The initial areas of paresthesiae due to stimulation were recorded and reported as the stimulation map according to the location of electrodes. Measurement of dorsal thickness of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) layer was obtained from 26 subjects using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The results indicate that the perception threshold is a function of the spinal level of the implanted electrodes, of the mediolateral position in the spinal canal and the contact separation of electrode. Differences in perception threshold at various vertebral levels are mainly due to varying depths of the dorsal CSF layer. The medially placed electrodes caudal to the mid-cervical levels have a higher perception threshold than more laterally placed ones. The electrodes at high and mid-cervical levels, however, have a smaller perception threshold if placed medially. The information obtained from this investigation has important implications for the design of a new-generation stimulation system and clinical application to maximize the longevity of the power source.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Effects of age, hypertension history, and neuroticism on health perceptions.

The effects of measured blood pressure, history of hypertension diagnosis, age, and neuroticism on number of somatic complaints and self-rated health were examined in a sample of 970 non-health-care-seeking adult men and women. Significant differences in number of somatic complaints and self-rated health were found due to age, neuroticism, and history of hypertension diagnosis. Measured blood pressure, however, was unrelated to both measures of health perception. With the exception of the effect of neuroticism on somatic complaints, the effects of the independent variables on health perceptions were rather small in magnitude and explained only small proportions of the variance. Age differences had a particularly weak effect on health perceptions, accounting for less variance than either neuroticism or history of hypertension diagnosis. A significant interaction of neuroticism with awareness of hypertension was found, but only for number of somatic complaints. These results suggest that health perception is a complex, multidimensional construct. The relatively weak influence of hypertension diagnosis on health perception may account for the difficulties in maintaining patient compliance with antihypertensive treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

On feeling in control: a biological theory for individual differences in control perception.

This review aims to create a cross-disciplinary framework for understanding the perception of control. Although, the personality trait locus of control, the most common measure of control perception, has traditionally been regarded as a product of social learning, it may have biological antecedents as well. It is suggested that control perception follows from the brain's capacity for self regulation, leading to flexible and goal directed behaviours. To this account, a model is presented which spans several levels of analyses. On a behavioural level, control perception may be a corollary of emotion regulation, executive functions, and social cognition. On a neural level, these self-regulatory functions are substantiated in part by the dorsolateral and ventral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex. In addition, a possible role of subcortical-cortical dopamine pathways underlying control perception is discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Risk perception research: socio-cultural perspectives on the public experience of air pollution.

This paper reviews recent work in the field of risk perception research, taking its examples primarily from work relating to air pollution issues. The paper opens with a brief discussion of the psychological literature on risk perception, in order to set out the key insights, criticisms and more recent developments associated with such approaches, before turning to the findings of recent socio-cultural analyses of perceptions of air pollution. This account, which considers how social and cultural factors influence the way in which people interpret and make sense of risk, draws linkages with psychological risk perception research, revealing that over the last decade there has been a pronounced degree of convergence between the conclusions being reached across these two (historically disparate) fields of research. The paper concludes by evaluating the relevance of risk perception research for the science and policy of risk assessment and management.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed2005

Perceptions on use of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in pregnancy and the policy implications for malaria control in Uganda.

In malaria endemic areas intermittent treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is recommended for malaria prevention in pregnancy. Yet, data on perceptions regarding use of this drug are scarce. An exploratory study was conducted to assess perceptions on SP in Mukono district, Uganda. This is an initial step towards a review of the policy aimed at improving access and use of SP in pregnancy, which is currently low. Results show that SP is perceived to be an effective drug that cures malaria quickly. However there are negative perceptions related to its use in pregnancy. SP is believed to be strong and weakens pregnant women, causes abortions and foetal abnormalities. There is also a perception that resorting first to SP for malaria treatment may lead to the development of drug resistance. This perception may limit access to effective treatment of malaria in this community since the policy in Uganda recommends SP in combination with chloroquine as the first-line treatment. The policy implications of these findings include developing a health promotion package to demystify the misconceptions on the strength of SP, to explain its benefits and side-effects. This package will involve giving health workers refresher training on communication and counselling on use of SP in pregnancy targeting special groups like pregnant adolescents. These results provide important lessons to policy makers and programme managers who aim at scaling up access of SP for malaria prevention in pregnancy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Body mass index and body weight perception as risk factors for internalizing and externalizing problem behavior among adolescents.

PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between body mass index (BMI), body weight perception (BWP), and indicators of internalizing and externalizing distress and social, attention and thought problems in a large representative sample of Dutch youth. METHODS: A total of 1826 pupils in the eighth grade of primary education and 5730 students in the first four years of secondary education gave their height and weight to obtain an estimate of their BMI. They reported their evaluation of their body weight and completed Achenbach's Youth Self-Report (YSR) (1991), which assesses eight types of problem behavior. Data were analyzed in a multivariate framework with BMI and BWP as predictors and the YSR scores on different kinds of problem behavior as dependent variables, controlling for background characteristics. RESULTS: Both BMI and BWP are associated with internalizing and externalizing problem behavior, and social, attention and thought problems. Multivariate tests show that BWP is more closely linked to problem behavior than BMI. Adolescents who were either underweight or overweight but considered themselves in good shape had no more problems than the group with normal BMI and BWP 'good'. The perception of being 'too thin' and particularly the perception of being 'too heavy' best predict problem behavior in both male and female adolescents. Overweight youngsters with an adequate perception of their weight have less somatic complaints than their normal-weight peers who perceive themselves as too heavy, but they show higher withdrawnness, social problems, and anxiety/depression. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent girls are more dissatisfied with their weight than boys; however, the relationship between weight perception and problem behavior is the same for both genders.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Radioactive contamination of wild mushrooms: a cross-cultural risk perception study.

The aim of the present work was to determine the public perception of radioactive contamination of wild mushrooms, to confront this perception with an expert opinion, and to determine those factors that are perceived differently by specialists and lay people. The Internet appeared to be a useful tool in attaining these goals by finding the appropriate people across the world. The statistically significant differences in the perception of various aspects of mushroom pollution were revealed between respondents from three world regions, which were differently affected by the Chernobyl accident. Moreover, the majority of people have demonstrated a considerable difference in the perception of the global contamination of the environment versus the pollution of their local counties. The socio-psychological explanations of data are given. In general, there is a steady consistency in the perception of factors, which may control the radioactive contamination of edible fungi, by the majority of respondents. However, experts (radioecologists) rank the factor of fungal species as an extremely important parameter, while other people perceive the factors of the distance from the source of the pollution and the time thereafter as the most important parameters. Such discrepancies between professional and unprofessional opinions are discussed and some recommendations for risk communications are presented.

Agaricales↗

PubMed2005

Illness perceptions among cardiac patients: relation to depressive symptomatology and sex.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined cardiovascular disease (CVD) illness perceptions and how they relate to depressive symptomatology among women and men. METHODS: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients at two hospitals were approached, and 661 consented to participate (504 men, 157 women; 75% response rate). Participants completed a survey including the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ). RESULTS: Women perceived a significantly more chronic course (P<.001) and more cyclical episodes (P<.05) than men did, while men perceived greater personal control (P<.001) and treatability (P<.05) than women did. Participants perceived diet, heredity, and stress as the greatest CVD causes. For women (F=5.49, P<.001), greater depressive symptomatology was significantly related to younger age (P<.05), lower activity status (P<.001), and perceiving a chronic time course (P<.01). For men (F=7.68, P<.001), greater depressive symptomatology was significantly related to being non-white (P<.05), lower activity status (P<.001), less exercise behavior (P=.01), and three illness perceptions, namely, perceiving a chronic course (P<.05), greater consequences (P<.001), and lower treatability (P<.05). CONCLUSION: Women, compared with men, are more likely to attribute CVD to causes beyond their control and to perceive CVD as a chronic, untreatable condition. Illness perceptions were related to depressive symptomatology, which suggests that interventions to reframe these perceptions may be warranted to improve emotional health in the context of CVD.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2004

Human non-phase-locked gamma oscillations in experience-based perception of visual scenes.

Perception results from ongoing interactions between stimulus-driven visual processes and cognitive context. These reciprocal relations are emphasized when a visual stimulus is degraded, forcing the perceiver to fill the missing information in, based on internal representations. The neural mechanisms by which internal representations facilitate visual perception are still unclear. Here we investigated the role of EEG oscillations in the gamma band, thought to reflect the elaboration of internal visual representations, in the experience-based perception of visual scenes. Twelve subjects were trained with degraded images of natural scenes. EEG was recorded while they performed a detection task on trained and untrained degraded stimuli. Non-phase-locked gamma band responses in a large frequency spectrum (55-85 Hz) were observed around 200 ms post-stimulus onset at posterior sites, and were larger when subjects reported an accurate perception based on previous experience. These results suggest that mid-latency gamma oscillations in the visual cortex underlie the experience-based perception of visual scenes.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Quantifying deficits in the perception of fear and anger in morphed facial expressions after bilateral amygdala damage.

Amygdala damage has been associated with impairments in perceiving facial expressions of fear. However, deficits in perceiving other emotions, such as anger, and deficits in perceiving emotion blends have not been definitively established. One possibility is that methods used to index expression perception are susceptible to heuristic use, which may obscure impairments. To examine this, we adapted a task used to examine categorical perception of morphed facial expressions [Etcoff, N. L., & Magee, J. J. (1992). Categorical perception of facial expressions. Cognition, 44(3), 227-240]. In one version of the task, expressions were categorized with unlimited time constraints. In the other, expressions were presented with limited exposure durations to tap more automatic aspects of processing. Three morph progressions were employed: neutral to anger, neutral to fear, and fear to anger. Both tasks were administered to a participant with bilateral amygdala damage (S.P.), age- and education-matched controls, and young controls. The second task was also administered to unilateral temporal lobectomy patients. In the first version, S.P. showed impairments relative to normal controls on the neutral-to-anger and fear-to-anger morphs, but not on the neutral-to-fear morph. However, reaction times suggested that speed-accuracy tradeoffs could account for results. In the second version, S.P. showed impairments on all morph types relative to all other subject groups. A third experiment showed that this deficit did not extend to the perception of morphed identities. These results imply that when heuristics use is discouraged on tasks utilizing subtle emotion transitions, deficits in the perception of anger and anger/fear blends, as well as fear, are evident with bilateral amygdala damage.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Risk perception of oral cancer in smokers attending primary care: a randomised controlled trial.

To encourage the public to attend and accept oral cancer screening, further understanding is required of the ability of structured information to alter patient knowledge and risk perceptions. Previous work has shown the benefit of written information for those at high risk of oral cancer, especially for tobacco smokers. This study investigated three hypotheses: first that a patient information leaflet (PIL) would enhance risk perceptions, and second that the effect of the leaflet on knowledge would be confirmed as in previous studies and third that these improvements would be associated with smoking behaviour. Patients (N = 995) attending 20 general dental practices in Northern Ireland were invited to participate, 28 refused (response rate = 97%). Patients were randomised into two groups. The experimental group received a PIL and then completed a self-report questionnaire, whereas the control group followed same procedure without the PIL. Measures included a 36 item oral cancer knowledge scale and two items to assess risk perception. Usable data were available from 944 patients; mean (SD) age = 42 (15), 65% female. Risk perceptions of oral cancer were minimally effected by the PIL (p = 0.023). This effect was demonstrable in smokers. Smokers were sixteen (95% CI: 8-30) times more likely to believe that they were at greater risk of oral cancer than non-smokers. A clear benefit of the PIL on patients' oral cancer knowledge was found, particularly for smokers and those with a history of smoking. These findings demonstrate that public awareness of smokers can be raised with written information although health beliefs such as risk perceptions require more intensive intervention.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Clinic staff perceptions of tuberculosis treatment delivery in Bali.

A number of studies have investigated patient perceptions of tuberculosis (TB) treatment delivery, but few have systematically investigated the perceptions of clinic staff. We therefore conducted individual interviews using Q-methodology with 25 staff directly involved in the delivery of TB treatment services in 18 different public sector health centres in Bali. Factor analysis was used to identify shared perceptions of TB treatment delivery in Bali among the sample studied. Three distinct perspectives emerged, indicating that all staff do not have shared understandings of difficulties and priorities in TB treatment. The main areas of difference in staff perceptions concerned the existence of barriers to treatment and the focus on the community context of TB treatment. The demonstrated variation in the perceptions of TB treatment delivery in Bali has important implications for the design of strategies to improve treatment delivery and the control of TB.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Self-perception in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The purpose of this study was to compare self-perceptions of children diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with those of children not diagnosed with ADHD. Seventy-seven children aged 8-12 years composed the two groups-38 participants with ADHD and 39 control participants without ADHD. The children completed the Self-Perception Profile for Children Questionnaire designed to measure self-perceptions in school-aged children. t Tests compared differences in mean scores between the groups. The ADHD group had a significantly lower overall score and a lower score on the behavioral conduct subscale compared with children without ADHD. Findings suggest a difference in the way school-aged children with ADHD perceive themselves as compared with their peers. The cumulative effect of years of low self-esteem and negative self-perception may have significant life consequences. Attention should be focused on fostering self-esteem and positive self-perception in children with ADHD through support groups and behavioral training.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Protein phosphorylation in Nicotiana tabacum cells in response to perception of lipopolysaccharides from Burkholderia cepacia.

Bacterial LPS have the ability to act as modulators of the innate immune response in plants. Complex and largely unresolved perception systems exist for LPS on the plant cell surfaces that lead to the activation of multiple intracellular defense signaling pathways. The aim of the present study was to investigate the perception mechanism of cultured Nicotiana tabacum cells towards LPS from Burkholderia cepacia (LPS(B.cep.)), with regard to the role of protein phosphorylation during signal perception-related responses to gain a better understanding of the chemosensory perception of LPS elicitor signals in plant cells. In vivo labeling of protein phosphorylation events during signal transduction indicated the rapid phosphorylation of several proteins with the hyperphosphorylation of two proteins of 28 and 2 kDa, respectively. Significant differences and de novo LPS-induced phosphorylation were also observed with two-dimensional analysis. The protein kinase inhibitor, staurosporine, totally inhibited the extracellular alkalinization response induced by LPS(B.cep.), while the oxidative burst was only partially inhibited by staurosporine. Inhibition of protein phosphatase activity by calyculin A intensified the LPS(B.cep.) responses. The results indicate that perception- and signal transduction responses during LPS(B.cep.) elicitation of tobacco cells require a balance between the actions of certain protein kinases and protein phosphatases.

Burkholderia cepacia↗

PubMed2006

Influence of antipsychotic medication on pain perception in schizophrenia.

A number of clinical observations indicate that pain processing might be disturbed in psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. Only a few studies have investigated pain perception in schizophrenia. The main objective of this study was the investigation of thresholds of warmth perception (WP), thermal pain onset (TPO) and thermal pain tolerance (TPT) in acute schizophrenic patients and the influence of antipsychotic medication on the patients' responses. We investigated 23 schizophrenic subjects who had been not received antipsychotic treatment for 8 weeks, and we then reassessed them 3 days later after the introduction of neuroleptics. Acute symptoms of schizophrenia were measured using the Scales for the Assessment of Positive and Negative Symptoms. Thresholds were determined by a contact thermode on both volar wrists. Schizophrenic patients showed significantly increased thresholds of WP and TPO relative to healthy controls. Antipsychotics did not alter pain thresholds. We found no correlation between pain perception and psychometric scales. Our findings demonstrate altered warmth and heat pain perception in acute schizophrenia. We believe that our findings can be attributed to information-processing abnormalities of the disorder and that they are not specific to pain processing, per se, since both WP and TPO were significantly different. Future studies should evaluate attentional deficits in schizophrenia in relation to pain perception.

Adult↗