PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Policy Making”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,045 records · Page 58Linked to original sources

Healthcare system in Japan.

In Japan, each person is obligated to enroll in a national health insurance plan. Based on egalitarianism, the system is managed by the government and it finances almost the entire healthcare needs. However low the total healthcare expenditure in Japan is compared with other major countries, the statistics cause concern for the Japanese population for the future growth of its health care. Even though the Japanese healthcare system faces many problems at present, it provides everyone with a sense of security. The key to its success is the sense of and art of balance in healthcare policy making.

Aged↗

Multidisciplinary care for breast cancer: barriers and solutions.

Breast cancer treatment and research is becoming more multidisciplinary in nature. Several modalities and areas of expertise are critical for optimal patient management. The basis for medical decisions and recommendations must reflect outcomes and clinical trial data that are designed and interpreted with broad input across different fields. Hence there has been a trend for specialization in breast disease in many large community and academic practices. Furthermore, a system of communication and standardization of data values, procedures, and protocols has begun, but needs much further development. There are many natural barriers to the process of multidisciplinary care and research in terms of logistics, finances, and education. The example of preoperative neoadjuvant therapy for early stage locally advanced breast cancer is one that involves multiple disciplines in the formulation of a treatment and in future research that will define the optimal individualized approach. This process can also shed further light on biologic principles and potential for improved treatment. Solutions for overcoming barriers to multidisciplinary care should include incentives for collaborative and coordinated clinical care across disciplines. A model of increased efficiency because of pooled resources and specialization in several fields should also be accompanied by a demonstration of increased quality of care and patient satisfaction. Any process that adds to cost or inconvenience needs to be justified in an evidence-based manner. Finally, these initiatives need to be effectively communicated to the professional and policy-making communities and to the public at large through well-conceived and unbiased educational venues.

Breast Neoplasms↗

[Zoom on the excellence of biomedical research in France].

Among the key benchmarks in assessing research excellence is the production and recognition of scientific discoveries for innovation. Despite the growing use of bibliometric indicators for policy-making purposes, there is still no consensus concerning the appropriate measures of research excellence. In this study, we examine the performance of France in biomedical sciences using several ISI-based indicators. We focus on the results provided by these two selective indicators: the absolute numbers and proportion of papers published in the very high-impact journals (above 20) and in the 1 % of the most highly cited papers. Furthermore, we present the detailed analysis of the Top 1 % French biomedical articles. On this basis we identify the crucial fields, the most active centres per speciality and the networks and the degree of international collaboration resulting from different types of research. These results provide an objective demonstration that the French biomedical research meets with high international standards and contributes to the world core research.

Biomedical Research↗

The duration and degree of end-of-life dependency of home care clients and hospital inpatients.

This investigation sought to describe and compare dependency among dying persons. To accomplish this, healthcare records of all deceased persons who received care over a 6-month period in one Canadian hospital (n = 150) and one home care department (n = 59) were reviewed. Only 36% of the home care clients died at home; all others (n = 38) were hospitalized. Almost all subjects had dependency needs on admission to care, with dependency increasing until all were completely dependent near death. Hospitalized home care clients had the longest documented average duration of total (partial and complete) dependency (81.3 days). Types of dependency (partial and complete) and progression in dependency were similar among subject groups, with the exception of 26% of hospital inpatients, who suddenly developed complete dependency until death. The duration of complete dependency varied between and among subject groups, which explains why a significant difference in lengths of complete dependency between hospital inpatients (M = 8.3 days) and home care clients who died at home (M = 4.1 days) was not found. In light of a dearth of research-based knowledge, this information should facilitate an improved understanding of the dependency needs of dying persons. Ultimately, it should assist end-of-life care planning and policy making.

Activities of Daily Living↗

Cost-effectiveness of stress echocardiography and nuclear perfusion imaging.

Cost-effectiveness analysis is a method of comparing societal economic value of 2 different strategies. Ideally, it defines accurate test-related (direct and downstream) costs and appropriately converts differential patient outcomes into a dollar value. The likelihood that cost-effectiveness analysis translated into a policy-making tool will enhance health care and/or control costs is dependent on the validity of numerous assumptions about relative costs, patient outcomes, and generalizability of the literature to regional capabilities. The purpose of this report is to review the concept of cost-effectiveness analysis as it applies to stress echocardiography and stress myocardial perfusion imaging for selected patient subsets.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗

Sustaining complementary therapy provision in primary care: lessons from existing services.

OBJECTIVE: To examine factors which sustain complementary therapy services in primary care in order to inform policy making in a context of rapid change. DESIGN: In-depth qualitative case studies, including semi-structured interviews with key informants. SETTING: 10 existing schemes of complementary therapy provision in primary care across England. RESULTS: GPs and complementary practitioners reported wide-ranging benefits from complementary therapy provision in primary care. However, they felt that their ability to sustain complementary therapy provision was mediated by a) funding, b) the need for research, and c) appropriate service delivery mechanisms. a) Many schemes were the result of and sustained by personal vision. As such they had negotiated a variety of funding sources over a considerable period, against a background perception that continued funding was uncertain. b) Most informants believed that more research was needed to provide a solid evidence base for service continuation and development, in particular clinical and cost-effectiveness work. c) The manner of service delivery, notably whether a service was located within a general practice or in a referral centre, was seen as having implications for the integration of practitioners and for patient access to services. CONCLUSIONS: Current complementary therapy provision in primary care has developed on an 'ad hoc' basis. In particular, the existence of GP fundholding in the 1990s, in which primary care physicians were able to purchase health services on a practice basis, facilitated the development of services in this way. Within the current Primary Care Group context, where purchasing decisions are made collectively by a group of general practices within a region, consideration needs to be given to both the continuity of schemes already in existence and to whether a more standardized approach to service development will be required to facilitate sustainable provision.

Complementary Therapies↗

Developing a theoretical framework on postpartum care from Tanzanian midwives' views on their role.

OBJECTIVES: to describe a theoretical framework developed from the views of midwives in relation to provision of systematic postpartum care. DESIGN: qualitative focus group study using grounded theory approach. SETTING: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. PARTICIPANTS: 49 nurse-midwives in five focus group discussions each having 9-11 participants. FINDINGS: the components of the Basic Social Process of 'Becoming a good resource and support person for the postpartum woman' consisted of 'reflection' as an entry point into the process. Integration, networking, balancing, and dealing with reality, emerged as categories related to process activities. The category of 'defining abilities' required that midwives become aware of their competency and their limitations in reflection and all process activities, so that improvement can be part of 'getting ready', a category that describes what needs to be done at individual and health system level to prepare for systematic postpartum care programmes. The 'caring' category was linked to an outcome of the process 'doing things in the right way', which means providing quality postpartum care. The conditional matrix shows the midwife as an individual affected by several micro and macro conditions. CONCLUSIONS: the proposed theoretical framework can be used in understanding the dynamics of work situations and in assisting midwives to achieve the goal of being good resource and support persons for postpartum women. Interventions for midwives should focus on the major components of the framework but also on the concepts that relate the proposed framework to other central concepts in midwifery and nursing, issues in the theory-practice gap, empowerment, political awareness, involvement in policy making, decision making and dealing with job stress.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

The impact of globalization and environmental change on health: challenges for nurse education.

The environment is an established domain of nursing knowledge, but some authors argue that the traditional perspective is too narrowly focused on the immediate environment to appreciate the relevance of the global environment. This article explores how human activities are bringing about global changes through their impact on biogeochemical cycles, land use and mobility of organisms, altering biodiversity and climate, and ultimately compromising the ecosystems services that sustain our planet. The consequences of global change for population health are examined, including the emergence of drug-resistant diseases, and the implications of climate warming and pollution for health. Addressing these issues presents a considerable challenge for nursing at all levels, in promoting sustainable policies, integrating environmental considerations into clinical practice, and in the nursing role as health educators. The greatest challenge is to education, to raise awareness of the relevance and importance of the global environment to health, and to empower nurses with sufficient understanding of the issues to apply them to practice, participate in debate and contribute to policy-making that aims to reduce the burden of global changes. The extent to which the profession is prepared to diversify in response to these challenges is discussed.

Adult↗

[Infection surveillance in North Rhine-Westphalia--standard reports, barometer and early warning system].

The increasing significance of communicable diseases requires new surveillance tools. Modern electronic instruments in analysis and communication replace the former "handbased" statistics and allow the development of early warning systems. In North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) the Institute of Public Health started an approach to develop a modular surveillance system prior to the the implementation of the new German infectious disease protection act. The first module called "Automated infectious disease notifications and information system (AIM+)" generates various standard hypertext reports which are published as "Infectious disease reports NRW" on the internet (www.loegd.nrw.de). In addition the infectious disease information is linked with a geographical information system (GIS) giving spatial and temporal patterns. The second module called "Infectious disease barometer NRW" offers a quick actual overview highlighting several selected diseases. It can be electronically sent out to any interested person. The third module "Early warning system" realizes an effective early detection system by combining six statistical procedures with a total of 11 separate methods. In case of detecting clusters and outbreaks it automatically generates warning reports to the responsible parties. All three modules together improve the epidemiological surveillance of the population in NRW, support the translation of information to prevention and control measures, and therefore strengthen epidemiological policy-making.

Communicable Disease Control↗

Active life expectancy.

This study was designed to demonstrate the feasibility of forecasting functional health for the elderly. Using life-table techniques, we analyzed the expected remaining years of functional well-being, in terms of the activities of daily living, for noninstitutionalized elderly people living in Massachusetts in 1974. The expected years, or active life expectancy, showed a decrease, from 10 years for those aged 65 to 70 years to 2.9 for those 85 or older. Active life expectancy was shorter for the poor than for others, and women had a longer average duration of expected dependence than men. The measure of active life expectancy provides important information about health at a given population level, in terms other than death. This information can be used for actuarial purposes in planning and policy making. It is also useful in identifying high-risk populations for which preventive health care and medical care can compress morbidity during the last years of life.

Activities of Daily Living↗

The generation of socioeconomic surfaces for public policymaking.

The development is explained of a technique to generate 'modeled' surfaces of census-type socioeconomic survey data that offer the potential to overcome many of the problems inherent in the analysis and presentation of such data in conventional area-based form. Potential benefits of the modeled surfaces include a level of resolution that arguably can provide a more finely focused spatial basis for the generation of a wide range of spatial indicators that can aid public policy making. This type of application requires that the method is set within a flexibly managed information framework and includes suitable tests for the reliability of the generated surfaces.

Demography↗

Organizational ethics in Catholic health care: honoring stewardship and the work environment.

Organizational ethics refers to the integration of values into decision making, policies, and behavior throughout the multi-disciplinary environment of a health care organization. Based upon Catholic social ethics, stewardship is at the heart of organizational ethics in health care in this sense: stewardship provides the hermeneutic filter that enables basic ethical principles to be realized practically, within the context of the Catholic theology of work, to concerns in health care. This general argument can shed light on the specific topic of non-executive compensation programs as an illustration of organizational ethics in health care.

Catholicism↗

Maritime accident investigation methodologies.

Whenever a naval disaster occurs, a public outcry is heard to a full investigation into the causes of the event. Although the maritime industry has an outstanding reputation in accident investigation, such investigations are hardly conducted in inland shipping or leisure craft sailing. Due to a number of serious accidents in the maritime sector and increasing interest by public and media, the philosophy of independent investigations has gained interest at a policy making level in the European Union and with international NGO's, such as the International Maritime Organization IMO. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the application of this methodology in all segments of shipping. The paper elaborates a conceptual model, principle processes and available techniques as a common orientation to safety-focused investigations. Accident investigation reports of Dutch investigative agencies are benchmarked to this model assessing the potential of the approach to all segments of shipping. It shows the applicability to minor as well as major accidents and the importance of independence. Systemic deficiencies at all levels in safety of shipping are identified and a generic applicability is demonstrated. It is concluded that independent accident investigation provides a powerful diagnostic tool for reducing the peril of drowning.

Accidents↗

The SAFE strategy for trachoma control: planning a cost-effectiveness analysis of the antibiotic component and beyond.

AIM: A limited literature addresses the cost-effectiveness of the prevention and treatment of trachoma and its sequelae. The literature focuses on government costs. This paper motivates the inclusion of and details methods for measuring the costs for the target population. METHODS: Costs to the targeted population can be measured while studying efficacy or effectiveness. These costs can be added to the more frequently measured costs to the government to calculate costs for the entire society. This section indicates the types of costs to consider, refines the concept of costs, describes the necessary data, outlines how the methods of data collection fit with the methods that would be employed for a general effectiveness study, and describes the appropriate calculation of a cost-effectiveness ratio. RESULTS: The costs to the targeted population can be measured with few additional resources. Placing a value on villagers' time or translating clinical results into summary, preference-based health-related quality of life measures would increase the resources required more substantially. DISCUSSION: For theoretical and practical reasons, future cost-effectiveness analyses of the full SAFE strategy and the antibiotic component of the strategy should be done from a perspective that includes both the government and the targeted population. This can be useful in policy making and increase our understanding of reasons for less than universal participation.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

Infectious disease surveillance in North Rhine-Westphalia: first steps in the development of an early warning system.

It is often difficult to detect warning signals on infectious disease outbreaks from raw surveillance data. Data need to be used for a timely generation and distribution of information on the current state of infectious diseases. This offers the opportunity to detect outbreaks and to initiate preventive measures. To improve the surveillance system in North Rhine-Westphalia we have introduced an infectious disease barometer, a simple tool based on weekly notification data. The aim of this tool is not to provide in depth data analysis, but to help to detect clusters or outbreaks. This can be the first step in the development of an early warning system and can support epidemiological investigation and policy making.

Communicable Diseases, Emerging↗

Games of truth: rethinking conformity and resistance in narratives of heroin recovery.

Conventional paradigms of drug treatment present addicts as liars, fabricators, and manipulators until they are truly involved in their recovery process. My ethnographic study engages with and expands upon Foucault's (1988) concept of "games of truth" and De Certeau's (1984) work on "strategies" and "tactics" to illuminate complex and shifting relations between and among staff and clients in a methadone clinic in Toronto, Canada. I suggest the notion of "complicity" in order to address radical instability in these relationships, and I also question commonly held binaries, such as truth and lies, enunciation and action, domination and resistance, that underlie theoretical and addiction treatment realms. In this process, I contribute not only to anthropological theorizing but also to policy making. The staff and clients' multifaceted interpretations of heroin recovery question a single standard of "successful" treatment and point to the need for broader social interventions to address the diverse needs of heroin users.

Female↗

Farm animal welfare research in interaction with society.

Over the last 30 years concern about farm animal welfare has increased and has become a public issue in the Netherlands. Public discussion has stimulated research in this field, financed by both government and industry. Dutch society in general and consumers of animal products in particular, want to see high standards of welfare for production animals. Good animal welfare has gradually gained more impact in the total quality concept of the product. This will encourage scientists to continue to analyse the welfare status of animals and to come up with innovative solutions for the remaining problems. At ID-Lelystad much effort is put into farm animal welfare research. This research includes for example, the development of behavioural tests for quantifying and interpreting fear in cattle, investigations into the effects of dietary iron supply and a lack of roughage on behaviour, immunology, stress physiology, and pathology in veal calves, studies of the ontogeny of tail biting in finishing pigs and feather pecking in laying hens as well as evaluation of the welfare effects of automatic milking in dairy cows. The results of these projects contribute to concrete improvements in animal husbandry and expertise and support policy making and legislation. The animal industry as well as retailers should aim at the further implementation of this knowledge and to specify welfare standards to guarantee consumer acceptance of animal production.

Animal Husbandry↗

Mild head injury: differences in prognosis among patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13 to 15 and analysis of factors associated with abnormal CT findings.

We performed a retrospective study of 2484 consecutive patients with mild head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score 13-15) who were seen during a period of 18 months. Of these, 2351 (94.6%) patients scored 15 points, 88 (3.5%) scored 14 points and 45 (1.3%) 13 points. A multivariate analysis showed that advanced age, a lower GCS (13-14) and the presence of skull fracture, and focal signs, significantly increased the incidence of abnormal computed tomography (CT) findings. By contrast, the gender, the mechanism of injury, the occurrence of initial loss of consciousness, posttraumatic amnesia and coagulation disorders did not significantly increase the incidence of abnormal CT findings. Patients with 13-14 GCS had a significantly higher incidence of initial loss of consciousness, of skull fracture, abnormal CT findings, need for hospital admission, delayed neurological deterioration and need for operation than patients with a GCS of 15. Thus, we suggest separating patients with a GCS of 13-14 into a different category and recommend performing CT in all those not improving within 4-6 h of injury. Such a policy makes skull radiography unnecessary in this subgroup. By contrast, skull radiographs may be useful for the triage of patients with a GCS of 15 that represent most of the mild head injury cases; radiographs should be obtained in patients presenting with initial loss of consciousness or posttraumatic amnesia (27.9% of the total cases) as these two findings were associated with a significantly higher incidence of fracture. Patients without these two findings (72.1% of the cases) showed a very low incidence of skull fracture (0.9% in this study) and may be discharged home with a warning sheet.

Adult↗