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PubMedDate not supplied

Power quality issues and the effects on medical equipment.

Power quality issues are becoming more important as more medical equipment utilizes microprocessor controls and switched DC power supplies. Externally and internally induced power surges and harmonics can have a dramatic effect on equipment performance. The effectiveness of a good "Equipment Management Program" can be greatly affected by poor power quality in today's hospitals. With many hospitals having been constructed in the 1970's, there is an increased likelihood that this issue will play a part in equipment downtime, and more importantly in "unable to duplicate" findings by the Clinical Engineering staff. Resolving power quality problems can have a dramatic impact on equipment performance, uptime, and cost of maintenance. This presentation will focus on identifying power quality problems, solutions, and an overall management scheme to minimize the impact on the performance of critical equipment that your facility and staff rely on to deliver cost effective patient care.

Electric Power Supplies↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Power: an application to the nursing image and advanced practice.

When asked to put a mental picture to the word nurse, the image people see is often far removed from the image nurses wish to project. Many see nurses as the handmaidens to physicians, wearing white caps and stockings, and surrendering their chairs to physicians. Others see unflattering images from the media. Nursing's tarnished image is partially responsible for a perception of oppression in nursing. Much of nursing's image problem relates to how nurses perceive and use power. Regardless of how nurses perceive power, it is through power that advanced practice nurses (APNs) will be acknowledged as members of a profession versus an occupation. With a better understanding of power, APNs may be able to improve their use of power to advance the profession. This article presents and discusses power through a review of the literature in order to better understand the term as it applies to advanced practice nursing.

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice↗

PubMed2005

An ultra-low-power programmable analog bionic ear processor.

We report a programmable analog bionic ear (cochlear implant) processor in a 1.5-microm BiCMOS technology with a power consumption of 211 microW and 77-dB dynamic range of operation. The 9.58 mm x 9.23 mm processor chip runs on a 2.8 V supply and has a power consumption that is lower than state-of-the-art analog-to-digital (A/D)-then-DSP designs by a factor of 25. It is suitable for use in fully implanted cochlear-implant systems of the future which require decades of operation on a 100-mAh rechargeable battery with a finite number of charge-discharge cycles. It may also be used as an ultra-low-power spectrum-analysis front end in portable speech-recognition systems. The power consumption of the processor includes the 100 microW power consumption of a JFET-buffered electret microphone and an associated on-chip microphone front end. An automatic gain control circuit compresses the 77-dB input dynamic range into a narrower internal dynamic range (IDR) of 57 dB at which each of the 16 spectral channels of the processor operate. The output bits of the processor are scanned and reported off chip in a format suitable for continuous-interleaved-sampling stimulation of electrodes. Power-supply-immune biasing circuits ensure robust operation of the processor in the high-RF-noise environment typical of cochlear implant systems.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1991

Power: a concept analysis.

This paper follows the Walker & Avant approach to concept analysis of the concept of power. For the purposes of the paper, power was defined as the actual or potential ability or capacity to achieve objectives through an interpersonal process in which the goals and means to achieve the goals are mutually established and worked toward. The distinction between the views of power as 'power to' versus 'power over' are addressed in the literature review. King's conceptual framework was used as a guide. Defining attributes, antecedents and consequences of power, demonstration cases, and assumptions are presented. A theorem and testable hypothesis are proposed. The final product is a conceptual map which illustrates the contents of the concept analysis.

Concept Formation↗

PubMed2006

Effect of music on power, pain, depression and disability.

AIM: This paper reports a study testing the effect of music on power, pain, depression and disability, and comparing the effects of researcher-provided music (standard music) with subject-preferred music (patterning music). BACKGROUND: Chronic non-malignant pain is characterized by pain that persists in spite of traditional interventions. Previous studies have found music to be effective in decreasing pain and anxiety related to postoperative, procedural and cancer pain. However, the effect of music on power, pain, depression, and disability in working age adults with chronic non-malignant pain has not been investigated. METHOD: A randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out with a convenience sample of 60 African American and Caucasian people aged 21-65 years with chronic non-malignant pain. They were randomly assigned to a standard music group (n = 22), patterning music group (n = 18) or control group (n = 20). Pain was measured with the McGill Pain Questionnaire short form; depression was measured with the Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression scale; disability was measured with the Pain Disability Index; and power was measured with the Power as Knowing Participation in Change Tool (version II). RESULTS: The music groups had more power and less pain, depression and disability than the control group, but there were no statistically significant differences between the two music interventions. The model predicting both a direct and indirect effect for music was supported. CONCLUSION: Nurses can teach patients how to use music to enhance the effects of analgesics, decrease pain, depression and disability, and promote feelings of power.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

The production of the psychiatric subject: power, knowledge and Michel Foucault.

The issue of power has become increasingly important within psychiatry, psychotherapy and mental health nursing generally. This paper will suggest that the work of Michel Foucault, the French philosopher and historian, has much to contribute to the discussion about the nature, existence and exercise of power within contemporary mental health care. As well as examining his original and challenging account of power, Foucault's emphasis on the intimate relationship between power and knowledge will be explored within the context of psychiatry and mental health nursing. This is to say that the paper will investigate Foucault's account of how power and knowledge are central to the process by which human beings are 'made subjects' and therefore how 'psychiatric identities' are produced. In doing so, it will be suggested that Foucault's work can not only make a valuable contribution to contemporary discussions about power and knowledge, but can also provide a significant critique and reconceptualization of the theoretical foundations and associated diagnostic and therapeutic practices of psychiatry and mental health nursing.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2007

Novel technology for the provision of power to implantable physiological devices.

We report the development of a novel technology that enables the wireless transmission of sufficient amounts of power to implantable physiological devices. The system involves a primary unit generating the magnetic field and a secondary pickup unit deriving power from the magnetic field and a power conditioner. The inductively coupled system was able to supply a minimum of 20 mW at all locations and pickup orientations across a rat cage, although much higher power of up to 10 W could be achieved. We hypothesized that it would be possible to use this technology to record a high-fidelity ECG signal in a conscious rat. A device was constructed in which power was utilized to recharge a battery contained within a telemetry device recording ECG signal sampled at 2,000 Hz in conscious rats (200-350 g) living in their home cage. Attributes of the ECG signal (QT, QRS, and PR interval) could be obtained with a high degree of accuracy (<1 ms). ECG and heart rate changes in response to treatment with the beta blocker propranolol and the proarrhythmic alkaloid aconitine were measured. Transmitters were implanted for up to 4 mo, and the characteristic circadian variation in heart rate was recorded. Such technology allows potentially lifetime monitoring without the need for implant refurbishment. The ability to provide suitable power levels to implanted devices without concern to the orientation of the device and without causing heating provides the basis for the development of new devices to record or influence physiological signals in animals or humans over significantly longer time periods than can currently be accommodated.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

The power in your hand: gender differences in bodily feedback from making a fist.

Men and women differ in the meaning they attribute to physical coercion and bodily force. Men associate bodily force with gaining power, whereas women associate bodily force with expressing loss of power. It is hypothesized that because of these associations, performing bodily forceful behavior feeds back on appraisals of one's power and that bodily feedback effects will mirror the gender differences in associations. Supporting these hypotheses, it was found that unobtrusively inducing behavior related to bodily force (making a fist) activated the concept of power in a Stroop task for both genders but that it increased hope for power and positive judgments of an assertively acting target for men, whereas it decreased hope for power and led to negative judgments of an assertively acting target for women.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Trust and power in adults: an investigation using Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings.

Trust is a critical element in establishing a therapeutic nurse-client relationship that can help to change people's health experiences and quality of life. This study's purpose was to examine the relationship between trust and power using Rogers' science of unitary human beings and Barrett's theory of power. A national sample, comprised of 189 women and men, aged 21 to 60, completed Barrett's Power as Knowing Participation in Change Test that measured power and Gibb's TORI Self-Diagnosis Scale that measured trust, trust of self, and trust of others. Correlation analyses revealed support for the three hypotheses stated which predicted a positive relationship between power and trust, trust of self, and trust of others. Findings support the conceptualization of trust and power.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Application of the theory of gender and power to examine HIV-related exposures, risk factors, and effective interventions for women.

Developed by Robert Connell, the theory of gender and power is a social structural theory based on existing philosophical writings of sexual inequality and gender and power imbalance. According to the theory of gender and power, there are three major social structures that characterize the gendered relationships between men and women: the sexual division of labor, the sexual division of power, and the structure of cathexis. The aim of this article is to apply an extended version of the theory of gender and power to examine the exposures, social/behavioral risk factors, and biological properties that increase women's vulnerability for acquiring HIV. Subsequently, the authors review several public health level HIV interventions aimed at reducing women's HIV risk. Employing the theory of gender and power among women marshals new kinds of data, asks new and broader questions with regard to women and their risk of HIV, and, most important, creates new options for prevention.

Communicable Disease Control↗

PubMed2000

Assessing achievement, affiliation, and power motives all at once: the Multi-Motive Grid (MMG).

In this article, we introduce the Multi-Motive Grid (MMG), a new diagnostic tool to measure motives with respect to their hope and fear components. The MMG combines features of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) with features of self-report questionnaires. Similar to the TAT, a set of 14 pictures representing a balanced set of achievement-arousing, affiliation-arousing, and power-arousing situations is presented together with a set of statements representing important motivational states. Six motive scores can be calculated: hope of success (HS) and fear of failure (FF) for the achievement motive, hope of affiliation (HA) and fear of rejection (FR) for the affiliation motive, and hope of power (HP) and fear of power (FP) for the power motive. Results of factor analyses suggest a 3-factor solution, with a general fear factor (FF, FR, FP), a factor combining the hope components of achievement and power (HS and HP), and a third factor representing HA, but the 6 a priori factors also reflect a sound structural model. Reliability data show that the internal consistency and retest reliability of the MMG scales satisfy traditional standards. External validity of the MMG has been established in all 3 motive domains. Three separate studies document that (a) individuals high in resultant achievement motivation perform better and report more flow experience, (b) individuals high in resultant power motivation profit more from a leadership training program, and (c) individuals high in resultant affiliation motivation recollect more highly memorable affiliative themes.

Achievement↗

PubMed1990

Power-sharing in lesbian partnerships.

This study of 70 lesbian couples explored whether partners who characterized certain aspects of their relationships as equal in power-sharing were similar in age, income, education, and financial assets, while those who viewed their power-sharing as unequal would be dissimilar on these social status variables, and, second, whether or not most lesbian couples considered their relationships as egalitarian. Power-sharing was assessed through a number of questionnaire items, and snowball sampling was utilized. Three types of couples emerged: (a) equal, (b) unequal but in agreement about who had more power, and (c) couples with differing perceptions about power-sharing. The findings indicated that power-sharing arrangements could not be explained by age, income, education, and asset differences between partners. Egalitarianism was the ideal in most relationships, but had not been achieved to the same degree in each of the areas investigated.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Are submissive nurses ethical?: reflecting on power anorexia.

We believe that the notion of power anorexia, which we define as a lack of desire to exercise power, is central to reflections about nursing ethical concerns. Questioning the assumption that nurses are powerless, we argue that nurses can and do exercise power and that their actions and inactions have consequences not only for themselves, but also for those for whom they care. We propose that a feminist ethics perspective be used both to understand and to overcome nurses' power anorexia. Feminist thinkers remind us not only of oppression's psychological impact, but that stereotypical views about women are socially constructed and, therefore, can be changed. Nurses using this framework should explore the implications of a centralized notion of caring to the way we conceive of power relations in health care. Perhaps deconstructing caring by focusing on how nurses exercise power could help us to re-conceptualize nursing and promote new agendas for health and health care.

Brazil↗

PubMed1991

[Coalition tactics of the weaks in the power struggle].

This study was intended to investigate the coalition tactics of the weaks under the situation where four players in the power relationship such as "A greater than B = C = D, A less than (B + C + D)" struggled for new resources of power. Subjects were 128 male undergraduates divided into 32 groups of four members each. The experimental design was 2 (determinants of power strength; resource size or rank order) x 2 (range of power distance between the strong and the weaks; large or small). As the result, it was revealed that the weaks preferred revolutional coalition "BCD" under the condition where the resource size determined the power strength, while preferred getting-ahead coalition "AB, AC, AD" under the condition where the rank order determined, and that expansion of power distance reinforced such tendency of the weaks. It was also shown, however, that the weaks did not always form the coalitions as they had hoped before bargaining. In conclusion, the necessity to examine the characteristics of the weaks' mentalities and behaviors in coalition bargaining was suggested.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Understanding the impact of power in organizations.

Although implementation of Shared Governance appears to have failed, it failed primarily on the surface. Many staff nurses actively involved in the Shared Governance movement not only were empowered but were dramatically affected on a professional level. Several council chairpersons were empowered to assume management roles in the transition back to the hierarchial model--a manifestation of their professional growth and development. At the unit level, several units lobbied the new leadership to allow them to continue to do peer review and unit-based council management of unit governance issues. Three councils lobbied to continue to do their work, although in a modified role, in the reestablished hierarchial structure. The three remaining councils were those of Practice, Quality, and Research. If nurse leaders at any level within the organization are to guide their departments forward while in the throes of the current chaos in health care, they must develop and use their power bases, both formal and informal, as individuals and then as leaders. Russell Coile identifies the need for more clinical expertise (expert power) on the executive team of health care organizations. He predicts that 50% of the executive team will be nurses and physicians and that only health care executives with an MBA or financial backgrounds, who also have well-developed informal power bases with skills in relationship development, facilitation, and networking, will be part of the new system. Those with a diversified informal power base will be most successful in guiding their organization to its destination. The future for nursing leaders is in the sharing of information; it is about embracing diversity and recognizing the contributions others can make that are refreshingly different; it is also about clearly defining a balance in life, because balanced leaders who have found a way to nurture and meet their own needs are better positioned to do the same for others. Ultimately, understanding the impact of power in an organization, regardless of organizational structure, begins with understanding and defining your own power base.

Decision Making, Organizational↗

PubMed2001

[Trust and power--three interrelationships].

Trust is not always an idyllic phenomenon; it may also serve as a context in which power is exercised. Reflecting on power in relation to trust gives us a richer theoretical framework for analysing the social conditions for establishing, maintaining and eroding relations of trust. This article proposes three interrelationships between trust and power: power may create trust; unequal distribution of power may affect the conditions for establishing and maintaining relations of trust; the internal structure of interest and control is identical in some types of trust relations and some types of power relations.

Humans↗

PubMed1992

An isolation power supply by phototransmission.

An isolation power supply by phototransmission was proposed, and the conversion efficiency and the electric characteristics of a prototype of the power supply unit were estimated. Infrared light emitting diodes (LEDs) and single-silicon-crystal solar cells were used as light sources and photovoltaic cells, respectively. A maximum conversion efficiency of 3.9% was achieved. The constant output voltage feedback system, which detects the change of the output voltage of the solar cells and controls the driving current of the LEDs, operates this power supply at maximum conversion efficiency independent of loads. The liquid-cooling structure of the power supply unit can keep the conversion efficiency nearly constant independent of the input power. The fabricated power supply has little capacitive leakage current and negligibly small internal noise.

Electric Power Supplies↗

PubMed2003

A plaque removal study comparing two advanced-design oscillating battery-powered toothbrushes.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the plaque removal efficacy of two advanced-design battery-powered toothbrushes (Crest SpinBrush Pro and Oral-B CrossAction Power) following a single use. METHODOLOGY: This study was a randomized, controlled, examiner-blind, four-period crossover design, which examined plaque removal with the two toothbrushes following a single use by 40 subjects. Plaque was scored before and after brushing using the Turesky Modification of the Quigley-Hein Index. RESULTS: Average baseline plaque scores were 2.915 and 2.883 for the SpinBrush Pro and CrossAction Power toothbrush treatments, respectively. The SpinBrush Pro toothbrush delivered an adjusted (via analysis of covariance) mean difference between baseline and post-brushing plaque scores of 0.802, while the CrossAction Power toothbrush delivered an adjusted mean difference of 0.667. The SpinBrush Pro toothbrush, on average, had 20.2% greater plaque removal scores relative to the CrossAction Power toothbrush. These results were statistically significant (p < 0.001). The observed results on the buccal and lingual surfaces were consistent with the overall results, and were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The results of this study support the conclusion that the SpinBrush Pro removes statistically significantly greater amounts of plaque over a one-minute brushing period compared to the CrossAction Power toothbrush.

Adult↗