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PubMed2005

Serological identification of tumor antigens of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Autoantibodies are often detected in the patients with esophageal cancer. We applied serological analysis of recombinant cDNA expression libraries (SEREX) to a case of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in order to identify tumor antigens. A cDNA library derived from an esophageal cancer cell line was bacterially expressed and screened for interaction with antibodies in five allogeneic sera of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. To examine the specific immunoreactivity of the antigens, sera from 16 more patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, 16 patients with gastric cancer, 16 patients with colon cancer, 16 patients with breast cancer and 37 healthy volunteers were screened. We identified 11 independent cDNA clones that potentially encoded esophageal cancer tumor antigens. The identified cDNA clones were SURF1, HOOK2, CENP-F, ZIC2, hCLA-iso, Ki-1/57, enigma, HCA25a, SPK and two EST clones named LOC146223 and AGENCOURT_7565913. The sero-positive rates of antibodies against SURF1 (48%), LOC146223 (38%), HOOK2 (14%) and AGENCOURT_7565913 (14%) were significantly higher in esophageal cancer patients than in healthy controls. At least one of these antibodies was detected in 18 (86%) of 21 sera from esophageal cancer patients. A disease-specific humoral immune response against SURF1, LOC146223, HOOK2 or AGENCOURT_7565913 was observed in most patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Antibodies against these SEREX antigens may represent a pool of candidates for serum tumor markers of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Cytokeratin 10 and Ki-67 nuclear marker expression in keratoacanthoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

The most frequent consideration in the clinical and histologic differential diagnosis of keratoacanthoma is squamous cell carcinoma. In the present study, cytokeratin 10 expression and proliferation rate as measured by Ki-67 expression were compared between 50 clinically and histologically diagnosed keratoacanthomas and 50 squamous cell carcinomas. Tissue sections from the skin were immunohistochemically stained with anti-cytokeratin 10 and anti-Ki-67 monoclonal antibodies. The distribution of cytokeratin 10 expression and proliferative cell count were analyzed. Study results showed higher cytokeratin 10 expression in keratoacanthomas than in squamous cell carcinomas and different distribution of staining in the two entities. The analysis of cytokeratin 10 expression showed a much wider range of values and statistically higher median (p<0.001) in keratoacanthomas than in squamous cell carcinomas. Additionally, the proliferation index of keratinocytes as measured by Ki-67 expression was significantly higher in squamous cell carcinomas than in keratoacanthomas (p<0.01). These results may prove helpful in histologic differentiation of these disorders.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗

PubMed2004

The problems with different management options of women with minor squamous intraepithelial lesions in Pap tests.

The optimum management of women with minor squamous intraepithelial lesions in Pap tests is controversial. With cytological surveillance after one Pap test showing atypical cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), a significant proportion of women will have undiagnosed squamous intraepithelial lesions. On the other hand, using immediate colposcopy for ASCUS almost half of the women would not have needed the procedure. This number for referral for colposcopy can be reduced to only those women who test positive for high-risk HPV-DNA, however some women will have undiagnosed squamous intraepithelial lesions. In addition, when surveillance with repeat Pap tests is used for the management of low-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) a significant number of high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions can be missed. In this article all the problems of each management policy in women with minor squamous intraepithelial lesions in Pap tests are addressed.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗

PubMed2005

[Magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of cervical lymph node metastasis from lingual squamous cell carcinoma].

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: The identification of cervical lymph node metastasis is very important for the treatment and prognosis prediction of lingual squamous cell carcinoma. Simple palpation is unsatisfactory for the accurate diagnosis of cervical lymph node metastasis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been increasingly used to evaluate cervical lymph node status. This study was to explore MRI features of cervical lymph nodes metastasis from lingual squamous cell carcinoma, and to investigate the role of MRI in diagnosing this kind of metastasis. METHODS: The MR images of 448 nodal levels in 92 patients with lingual squamous cell carcinoma were analyzed, and compared with their pathologic diagnoses. RESULTS: Of the 488 nodal levels, 166 (37.1%) were proved pathologically as metastases, level II was the most commonly involved. False-positive and false-negative rates of MRI diagnoses were higher in levels I, and II than in levels III, IV, and V. There is no statistical difference in the incidence of cervical lymph nodes metastases of different nodal levels between squamous cell carcinoma of corpus linguae and that of radix linguae. Obvious central nodal necrosis was seen in 76 nodal levels at MR images,which were proved pathologically as metastatic nodes. Extracapsular nodal invasions in 34 nodal levels had irregular contour, and infiltration of adjacent fat tissues around lymph nodes, among which carotid artery walls were encased in 2 cases. With the diagnostic criteria of metastasis as the minimal nodal diameter of >/= 8 mm or central nodal necrosis, the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MRI were 79.5%, 90.4%, and 86.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of cervical lymph nodes metastasis from lingual squamous cell carcinoma is highest in level II. MRI diagnostic criteria of cervical lymph nodes metastasis are nodal size, central nodal necrosis, and irregular contour of lymph nodes. MRI may diagnose lymph node metastasis in levels III-V with high accuracy, While its diagnosis accuracy on levels I-II is affected by the sites, which weakens its clinical value.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Squamous cell carcinoma of the distal common bile duct.

CONTEXT: Squamous cell carcinoma of the biliary tree is rare. Although few cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the intrahepatic bile-duct and gallbladder have been reported, until today, only four cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct have been reported in the literature. CASE REPORT: We present a case of squamous cell carcinoma of the distal common bile duct presenting with obstructive jaundice in a 60-year-old male which was successfully managed by a Whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy. CONCLUSION: Squamous cell carcinoma of the distal bile duct without lymph node metastasis can be managed by pancreaticoduodenectomy alone.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗

PubMed2004

[Screening of molecular markers of lung squamous cell carcinoma by microarrays].

OBJECTIVE: To identify molecular markers of lung squamous cell carcinoma by cDNA microarray technique. METHODS: cDNA expression profiles were examined by microarrays of 6 surgical specimens of stage I lung squamous cell carcinomas. Those genes, either up-regulated or down-regulated in every specimen studied, were identified. The expression levels of nm23 and BRCA2 by the squamous cell carcinoma of the lung were further examined by immunohistochemical techniques. RESULTS: A total of 107 genes were identified, of which 26 were up-regulated and 81 were down-regulated in all six specimens. Immunohistochemical staining showed that, compared with normal lung tissues, the intensity of nm23 expression by the squamous cell carcinoma of lung was significantly increased while that of BRCA-2 was decreased. CONCLUSION: cDNA microarrays can be used to identify gene expression profile of lung cancer, some of which may be used as markers of lung squamous cell carcinoma.

BRCA2 Protein↗

PubMed1992

Esophageal squamous carcinoma in five patients with Barrett's esophagus.

Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is a well-known complication of Barrett's esophagus. This report describes five patients (three men and two women) with Barrett's esophagus and squamous carcinoma of the esophagus. All patients had hiatal hernia, and three had a history of tobacco and alcohol use. The tumors were located in the Barrett's mucosa in one case, at the squamocolumnar junction in two cases, and in the squamous-lined mucosa above the Barrett's mucosa in two cases. One patient also had focal adenocarcinoma associated with the squamous carcinoma of the esophagus. Review of the literature identified 11 previously reported cases. Occurrence of esophageal squamous carcinoma in Barrett's esophagus patients suggests a possible relationship between these two conditions, and the need for a careful evaluation of the squamous esophageal mucosa and the squamocolumnar junction at the time of endoscopy.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2004

The significance of ferritin, lipid-associated sialic acid, CEA, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) antigen, and CYFRA 21-1 levels in SCC of the head and neck.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the value of some tumor markers in the diagnosis and treatment follow-up of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ferritin, lipid-associated sialic acid (LSA), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) antigen and CYFRA 21-1 levels were determined in 28 patients with squamous cell carcinoma and in a control group of 20 patients with benign lesions of the head and neck. The measurements were made before treatment and in the first and third months of treatment. RESULTS: The sensitivity rates were as follows: 10.7% for ferritin, 89.3% for LSA, 21.4% for CEA, 42.9% for SCC antigen, and 14.3% for CYFRA 21-1. The specificity was 100% for all the markers. The sensitivity increased to 96.4% when CEA and LSA were used in combination. Declines in the levels after treatment were significant for ferritin, CEA, SCC antigen, and LSA. No significant relationship was found between the marker levels and lymph node metastasis, stage, and histologic differentiation of the tumors. Only ferritin and LSA levels were correlated with tumor size. Squamous cell carcinoma antigen was the only marker that manifested high levels in patients who developed locoregional recurrence and/or mortality. CONCLUSION: Of the markers studied, LSA, CEA and SCC antigen may be of value in the evaluation of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Sensitivity and specificity rates may increase when they are used in combination.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[The expressions of K-ras in human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (Hep-2) and its significance].

OBJECTIVE: K-ras oncogene activation has been common in pancreatic carcinomas and colon cancer and lung cancer. Some researchers in other countries have reported that human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is unrelated to K-ras gene activation. This study aims to present our research on the expression of K-ras in human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (Hep-2) and its significance for establishing a solid foundation for further study of the relativity of human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and K-ras gene point mutations. METHOD: We have measured the expression of K-ras in human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (Hep-2) and in human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines (MIAPaCa-2) with RT-PCR technology. RESULT: The expression of K-ras mRNA in Hep-2 and MIAPaCa-2 is strong and positive. CONCLUSION: The expression of K-ras mRNA in human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (Hep-2) is positive. Development of laryngeal carcinoma could be in connection with the activation of K-ras gene point mutation.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗

PubMed2005

[A case of unknown primary squamous cell carcinoma in the neck showing a high response with combined chemotherapy including nedaplatin, adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil].

We report a case of a 54-year-old man with unknown primary squamous cell carcinoma in the bilateral neck. The patient was treated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy, because his right common carotid artery was invaded by the right neck tumor, and a complete curative operation was not considered possible. We chose instead combination chemotherapy with nedaplatin, adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil (NAF), because it was reported that NAF was available for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. After 3 cycles of NAF chemotherapy, the patient showed a partial response of approximately an 86% decrease in the right neck tumor for over three months. In addition to NAF, radiation therapy was performed. In the CT findings after chemotherapy and radiation therapy, the patient showed a complete response in the bilateral neck tumors. Unknown primary squamous cell carcinoma in the neck has been treated by combination therapy consisting of chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery. The regime of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin is said to be an effective treatment for unknown primary squamous cell carcinoma in the neck. Based on our experience, NAF would be available as chemotherapy for unknown primary squamous cell carcinomas in the neck.

Antibiotics, Antineoplastic↗

PubMed2005

[Expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN/CD147) in human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and the relationship between the expressions and the clinical features. METHOD: The expressions of EMMPRIN were detected by the method of immunohistochemical SP in 42 specimens taken from the patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, 28 specimens from precancerous lesion and 20 specimens from normal laryngeal tissues. RESULT: Positive expressions rates of EMMPRIN in the specimens from laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, precancerous lesion and normal laryngeal tissues were 88.1%, 57.1% and 5.0%, the intensive expressions rates were 52.4%, 10.7% and 0%. There were significant differences among laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, precancerous lesion and normal laryngeal tissues. In laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, the expressions of EMMPRIN had a significant relevance to clinical phases and lymph node metastasis. The intense expressions rate in phase II-IV was much higher than that in phase I-II, while the intense expressions rate in cases with lymph node metastasis was higher than in those cases without lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSION: The expression of EMMPRIN has relationship with the pathological type of laryngeal tumor and has relevance to clinical stage and lymph node metastasis of laryngeal carcinoma.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Cell proliferation of bulky cervical squamous cell carcinoma is strongly associated with a paracrine tissue-specific growth factor(s).

To examine the possibility of a cervical squamous cell carcinoma-specific growth factor(s), previously suggested by clinical findings and in vitro culture experiments, we examined in vitro cultures and nude mouse transplantations of cervical squamous cell carcinoma cells obtained from a patient with a bulky cervical tumor without detectable distant metastases. The cancer cells did not proliferate without additional growth factors but remained viable in vitro. Fourteen weeks after transplantation of the tumor cells on their backs, 1 of the 3 nude mice developed large metastatic pelvic tumors without macroscopic metastatic lesions in their lungs or liver. When these pelvic tumor fragments were trans-planted onto the backs of other nude mice, ulcerated back tumors and larger metastatic pelvic tumors, but no macroscopic metastatic lesions in the lungs or liver, were observed. Histopathological examination of these pelvic tumors showed that all were the same squamous cell carcinoma as the primary tumor. These results indicate that cell proliferation of bulky cervical squamous cell carcinoma is strongly associated with a squamous cell carcinoma-specific growth factor(s) in a paracrine manner.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Oesophageal intraepithelial and invasive neoplasia of squamous cell type: epidemiology and outcome in Luxembourg, 1980-2001.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Oesophageal intraepithelial neoplasia of squamous cell type (INSC) and invasive oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (IOSCC) are infrequent diseases in Western Europe. The aim of the present study was to collect population-based data of both entities over a 20 year-period and to look for concomitant neoplastic affections in order to define an adequate diagnostic strategy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The National Morphologic Tumour Registry allowed to review the data of all patients with INSC and IOSCC diagnosed between 1980 and 2001 and to record the time trends in incidence, the oncologic co-morbidity and the outcome of the patients. RESULTS: 29 patients with INSC and 363 cases of IOSCC were identified. The overall age-standardized (world) incidence rate of intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive squamous cell carcinoma were 0.2 and 4.2 per 10(5), respectively, the M/F-ratio for both 3:1. During the study period, the incidence rate of invasive cancer remained stable in males but showed a 3-fold increase in females. There was a 2-fold increase of the intraepithelial neoplasia incidence in the last decade. The precancerous/cancerous-ratio increased slightly over the last 5 years. 31% of the patients with an INSC and 17.6% of those with IOSCC had concomitant precancerous and cancerous lesions especially of head and neck (laryngopharyngeal) or pulmonary origin. The observed 5-year survival rate was 8.8 +/- 3% (95% confidence interval) for IOSCC and 27.6% +/- 17% for INSC. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of invasive oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas remains stable whereas that of detected intraepithelial squamous cell neoplasias is remarkably low, indicating potential underdiagnosis. Considering the overall low incidence rates, mass screening for oesophageal cancer does not seem reasonable in Luxembourg. Nevertheless, patients at high-risk for oesophageal or head and neck or broncho-pulmonary cancer should be identified and surveilled by endoscopy, possibly with vital staining.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Recurrent cervical squamous cell carcinoma presenting with cardiac tamponade. Recurrent cervical carcinoma-tamponade.

Cervical squamous cell carcinoma rarely metastasizes to the heart, and cardiac tamponade secondary to pericardial involvement has been only rarely reported. We describe a case of recurrent cervical squamous cells carcinoma presenting with cardiac tamponade secondary to extensive pericardial metastases. The patient, a 38-year old woman, initially presented with Stage IIIB cervical squamous cell carcinoma. She responded well to radiation and chemotherapy, there was no clinical or radiographic evidence of persistent disease after the initial therapy. Sixteen months after presentation, she developed shortness of breath and chest pain. The patient received additional chemotherapy; however, she died 17 months after her initial presentation. At autopsy, metastatic keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma extensively involved the pericardium and superficial myocardium. This case illustrates the unusual occurrence of recurrent cervical squamous carcinoma presenting with cardiac dysfunction secondary to pericardial metastases.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD 106) in normal and neoplastic human esophageal squamous epithelium.

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), a key receptor for the leukocyte-associated integrin (VLA4), is a crucial mediator of leukocyte adhesion and has co-stimulatory functions in inflammation at various organ sites. Specifically, VCAM-1/VLA4 interactions have been shown to play important roles in the setting of cutaneous immune responses, such as psoriatic lesions in humans and acute Graft-versus-Host-Disease in mice. VCAM-1 is generally expressed on activated endothelial cells in inflamed tissues, mediating endothelium-leukocyte interactions, leading to leukocyte diapedesis to the site of inflammation. We report novel and unexpected membrane expression of VCAM-1 in the basal squamous epithelial strata of the normal human esophagus and distinct patterns of epithelial expression in esophageal pathology. To further delineate the differential expression patterns of VCAM-1 in the esophageal epithelium, we examined specimens from squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), adenocarcinoma, and Barrett's columnar cell metaplasia. VCAM-1 was strongly expressed in squamous cell carcinoma, but not adenocarcinoma nor columnar epithelia in Barrett's esophagus. VCAM-1 expression was focally accentuated at sites characteristic of microscopic tumor invasion in SCC, pointing to a potential role of VCAM-1 in the development of metastasis. In addition, in vitro immunofluorescence studies using OE21 cells, an esophageal squamous epithelial cell line, displayed distinct VCAM-1 immunoreactivity confined to mitotic and dividing cells. Cell cycle arrest caused a significant decrease in VCAM-1 immunoreactivity in OE21 cells. These data suggest a previously unappreciated role for VCAM-1 in esophageal squamous epithelial homeostasis and pathology.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗

PubMed2006

[Expression of ETV5 and MMP-7 in early stage cervical squamous cell carcinoma and its role in lymphatic metastasis].

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Transcription factor Ets variant gene 5 (ETV5) participates in tumor metastasis, and matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) also plays an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis. This study was to investigate the expression of ETV5 and MMP-7 in cervical squamous cell carcinoma, and explore the roles of ETV5 and MMP-7 in invasion and metastasis of early stage cervical squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of ETV5 and MMP-7 mRNA in 86 samples of cervical squamous cell carcinoma and 21 samples of normal cervix, and immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of MMP-7 protein in these samples. RESULTS: The mRNA levels of ETV5 and MMP-7 were significantly higher in cervical cancer tissues than in normal cervix tissues (0.507+/-0.073 vs. 0.201+/-0.057, P<0.01; 0.488+/-0.078 vs. 0.305+/-0.064, P<0.01), and were significantly higher in nodal metastasis group than in no nodal metastasis group (0.538+/-0.063 vs. 0.496+/-0.073, P<0.05; 0.542+/-0.066 vs. 0.468+/-0.072, P<0.01). The protein level of MMP-7 was significantly higher in cervical cancer tissues than in normal cervix tissues (3.826+/-1.427 vs. 1.714+/-0.383, P<0.01), and was significantly higher in nodal metastasis group than in no nodal metastasis group (4.935+/-1.614 vs. 2.623+/-1.086, P<0.01). The positive rate of MMP-7 protein was significantly higher in lymph node metastasis group than in no lymph node metastasis group (65.21% vs. 36.51%, P<0.01). ETV5 expression was positively correlated to MMP-7 expression (r=0.221, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: ETV5 and MMP-7 are highly expressed in metastatic cervical squamous cell carcinoma, and may be served as markers in estimating the invasive and metastatic potential of cervical squamous cell carcinoma.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[Morphologic quantitative analysis of nucleus in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma with Automatic Image Cytometry].

OBJECTIVE: Analyze morphological character of nucleus in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma with Automatic Image Cytometry, discuss the relation between morphological parameters and tumor clinic. METHOD: We discussed morphological character of nucleus from 83 cytology specimens which included 21 laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas and 20 benign diseases with Automatic Image Cytometry. RESULT: Nucleus from laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas had bigger nuclear area nuclear radius, nuclear perimeter and more DNA content per nuclear area than from laryngeal benign diseases, furthermore, these parameters showed distinct difference in different anatomic positions and different pathologic types. We concluded that nuclear areas of nucleus in S phase from laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas are more than 77 microm, Second Order Regression Equation(Y =aX2+bX+c) described scattered diagrams between mean nuclear radius and nuclear area of laryngeal cytology specimens with different larynx pathology and different cell phase in cell cycle. The more the value of coefficient "c"(c>1.82) and the less the value of coefficient "b" (b< 0.045), the more the probability of malignant tumor diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Morphologic quantitative analysis parameters, such as nuclear area, mean nuclear radius, nuclear perimeter and DNA content per nuclear area, are suitable for diagnosing laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas. They could offer valuable morphologic quantitative criterion in assisting cytology diagnose and evaluating tumor clinical characters when these parameters associated with nuclear area of nucleus in S-phase and the coefficients of Second Order Regression Equation.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗

PubMed2006

[The effects on expressions of p53 and PCNA by inhibition of hTERT with siRNA in transplantable model of human laryngeal squamous carcinoma in nude mice].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expressions of p53 and PCNA by inhibition of hTERT with siRNA in xenografted laryngeal squamous carcinoma in nude mice. METHOD: pshRNA involved fluorescein gene was synthesized according to the sequence of hTERT cDNA. The xenografted tumor in nude mice was established by using human laryngeal squamous carcinoma cell line (Hep-2). pshRNA packaged by METAFECTENE was transfected into the transplantation tumors. The volumes of the subcutaneous tumor were determined. Fluorescence expression in the tumors was detected by confocal microscopy. The expressions of p53 and PCNA were detected using immunohistochemistry. RESULT: The subcutaneous tumors appeared in all the nude mice after transplantation five days later. The diameter of subcutaneous tumors become 5-7 mm after transplantation. Many green fluorescent cells were observed by confocal microscopy after transfection of pshRNA and blank plasmid. The growth of laryngeal squamous carcinoma in nude mice was significantly decreased as compared with the control group. The proliferation activity was inhibited by 76.50%. The expressions of p53 was upregulated and the expression of PCNA was downregulated. CONCLUSION: The transfection of pshRNA could significantly induce inhibitory effects on growth of laryngeal squamous carcinoma in nude mice and the expression of PCNA could be effectively downregulated. The inhibition of telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA could upregulate the expression of p53 and promote the apoptosis of carcinoma cells as well as inhibit the proliferation of laryngeal squamous carcinoma cells.

Animals↗