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PubMed1988

Perceived social support in gays and lesbians in cohabitating relationships.

In a descriptive study, I sought to identify the providers of social support for 69 gay and 50 lesbian cohabitating couples. I also (a) compared differences between gays and lesbians on the most frequent and total number of providers of support and satisfaction with social support; (b) assessed differences between partners within the couples on the social support dimensions and related these differences to relationship quality; and (c) related the social support dimensions to psychological adjustment. For both gays and lesbians, the most frequent social support providers, in order, were friends, partners, family, and coworkers. Gay and lesbian couples (and partners within these couples) did not differ on any of the social support dimensions. However, discrepancies between partners' scores were related to low relationship quality, especially for lesbians. For both gays and lesbians, high social support was related to psychological adjustment. The findings indicate that gender differences in social support are not universal, that such differences are probably mediated by socialization processes, and that social support is linked to relationship quality and to psychological adjustment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

MMPI characteristics of professional prostitutes: a cross-cultural replication.

The personality characteristics of 41 professional prostitutes in Brussels, Belgium, were examined using either a French- or a Flemish-language version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). A comparison group of 96 nonprostitute women was recruited from among employees of an international airline. Age differences within the prostitute group were also examined. In some contrast to prior research findings, the prostitute group was significantly more deviant on several indicators of psychopathology. Also, older prostitutes were more deviant than younger ones. An appreciable number of the women in this profession are in need of psychological treatment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A diminishing of self: women's experiences of unwanted sexual attention.

The health effects of everyday occurrences of unwanted sexual attention (such as looks, whistles, and comments) were explored in semistructured interviews with 8 women in Seattle, WA. Participants described the strategies they used for avoiding and dealing with unwanted sexual attention, as well as the effects the attention had on their health and sense of self. Grounded theory techniques were used to code the data and identify themes. The women in this study were affected both physically and emotionally by their experiences and their perceived ineffectiveness in dealing with them. On a phenomenological level, these experiences contributed to a "diminishing of self," which included feeling dehumanized and lacking agency. This project begins to describe the complexities of this seemingly simple everyday occurrence and relates the experience to social science and psychological theory.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Self-esteem and self-acceptance: an examination into their relationship and their effect on psychological health.

Nurses are increasingly using cognitive behaviour therapy as an intervention for psychological problems attached to a variety of clinical conditions. Developing both self-acceptance and self-esteem have been identified as ways to enhance cognitive interventions. However, there are disagreements about the relationship between self-esteem and self-acceptance and their influence on psychological health. The study examined the relationship between these concepts and also the association between the concepts and psychological health. Fifty-eight participants with a diagnosis of severe and enduring mental health problems were assessed recording levels of self-esteem, self-acceptance, depression, anxiety and psychological well-being. The results revealed that, in comparison with the general population, the sample were more likely to have lower self-acceptance and self-esteem, and higher levels of anxiety, depression and psychological ill health. The concepts of self-esteem and self-acceptance were found to be similar but not synonymous. Self-esteem was more closely associated with affect, with higher levels of self-esteem being indicative of lower levels of depression. Self-acceptance appeared to be more closely associated with general psychological well-being and to be more helpful when undertaking clinical work for general psychological problems.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Meaning-making in the aftermath of sudden infant death syndrome.

The reconstruction of meaning in the aftermath of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is part of the grieving process but has to date been poorly understood. Earlier theorists including Freud, Bowlby and Kübler-Ross provided a foundation for what occurs during this time using stage theories. More recent researchers, often using qualitative techniques, have provided a more complex and expanded view that enhances our knowledge of meaning reconstruction following infant loss. This overview of representative contemporary authors compares and contrasts them with the longstanding models that are being supplanted within the emerging field of thanatology. Understanding parental reactions within this new framework can help healthcare professionals in dealing with those affected by SIDS and provide a more empathic and sensitive approach to individual differences. Parents' own accounts of their post-SIDS experience are consistent with these newer theories. Comprehending how parents cope and reconstruct their lives is an important element in providing appropriate psychological support services.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1984

Postoperative course of patients during hospitalization following renal transplantation.

The results presented here are based on a longitudinal study on 33 patients who were first interviewed on dialysis and followed up over the hospitalization period following cadaver renal transplantation. The emotional state of the patients before and after surgery is described, three typical postoperative courses are shown. Possible predictors for the mastering of stressful events in this stage are delineated based on the previous interview on dialysis. The findings confirm that many patients experience substantial strain on dialysis and during their inpatient care after transplantation. Despite this, the predominant feeling of most of the patients in this period is hope. The results stress the importance of psychological assessment prior to transplantation in order to identify patients with psychosocial risk factors. This may enhance adequate preparation for possible strains occurring in transplantation and provide more efficient psychological aids.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1975

Psychosomatic research today: a clinician's overview.

Emphasis is placed on the opportunities and importance, at this time, of continuing with clinically oriented psychosomatic research. For instance, the multidimensional studies of sleep and of depression are beginning to throw new light on psychosomatic processes, and so too are the studies of life events and illness. Short-term prospective clinical investigations provide an attractive framework for such work and they can be complementary to long-term survey studies investigating relationships between constitutional characteristics including personality, and social conditions and disease. There are some useful new tools for measureing psychological characteristics.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Sustaining fantasies and the 16 PF.

This study examined the relationships between the Sustaining Fantasy Questionnaire (SFQ) and the 16 PF for 63 college students. The questionnaire is a self-report measure of characteristic fantasies used to reduce negative affect and maintain self-esteem. High scores on the fantasy scales having to do with power and revenge, death and illness, withdrawal and protection, and restitution, and on the scales measuring negative affect and the inability to produce comforting images were all associated with 16 PF indications of psychological distress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Chaos, an omen of transcendence in the psychotherapeutic process.

Here some of the basic ideas assembled under the recently coined term chaos theory are applied to the process of psychotherapy. Utilizing some ideas from chaos theory, "chaos" is defined in psychological terms as a state of overwhelming anxiety and is interpreted as the first indication of potential psychological growth. The concepts of Analytical Psychology and the modality of sandtray therapy are used to illustrate the type of therapeutic approach this theoretical work proposes in the transcendent cycle. Psychotherapy simply facilitates a transformation, wherein clients are guided through the chaos they are experiencing so that they may grow beyond their current psychological limitations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Stress among nurse managers: can anything help?

In this paper, Sharon Judkins describes a descriptive study that investigated hardiness associated with stress among nurse managers in hospitals. As hypothesised, low levels of stress were positively associated with high hardiness. Further, high hardiness was a strong predictor of low levels of stress. Dealing effectively with work stressors by helping increase hardiness may better equip managers (and their staff) to prevent or reduce negative effects of stress, such as physical and psychological illness.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

The TMPDS personality: fact or fiction? An overview.

It is widely accepted that abnormal personality traits and psychological stress are important factors in the etiology and maintenance of the temporomandibular pain and dysfunction syndrome (TMPDS). However, this assumption is based largely on clinical lore rather than research evidence. Continued belief in the stress theory has onerous implications. Such conclusions will lead not only to problems of patient care, but may also forge an unstable foundation for future research. Three theories have been advanced that support a relationship between personality and TMPDS. They are the psychosomatic, coping and psychophysiological theories. But evidence in support of all three theories is currently lacking. It has not been shown that TMPDS cases are characterized by a specific premorbid personality or an exaggerated vulnerability to psychological stress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cognitive behavior therapy with depressed elderly patients: initial experiences and results].

Our understanding of depression in old age focuses on a) restrictions and changes in living conditions, in social and somatic functions, in social contacts; b) real or perceived lack of control over those changes; c) rigid, absolute, negative expectations and assumptions; d) deficits in alternative behavior. A group program for treatment of depressed older patients based on those elements is described and first results of pilot studies are presented. These findings are quite promising and congruent with the few available Anglo-American studies. Despite the results, we are still far from being able to give empirically supported advice on how to efficiently treat depressed older patients. Further controlled investigation is necessary, including larger samples, multiple assessments, and well-designed pharmacological and psychological control conditions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

The adolescent patient at discharge and in the post-hospitalization environment: a review.

Whereas only cursory mention has been made in the literature concerning adolescent behaviors in relation to impending hospital discharge, implicit is the belief that some evidence of upset continues to emerge following discharge. Adolescent reactions following discharge would appear to be individual and may be related to the medical and surgical procedures used and possibly the method of pre-hospital preparation. Behaviors ranging from a reluctance to leave the hospital to a number of psychological benefits of hospitalization for adolescent patients have also been reported. Although adolescent patients in one recent study (Denholm, 1986) did not show evidence of negative behavior following discharge, this should not minimize the reported reactions, thoughts, and behaviors of adolescents which may occur during the hospitalization. Nor should it imply that, in the light of reduced or absence of upset following discharge as found in one study, all preparation for surgical and medical procedures should cease. What is suggested is that at discharge, the adolescent may perceive the hospitalization experience as a particularly positive event and feel relieved and even pleased with having successfully completed this difficult process. Perhaps having adolescents focus on realistic expectations and return to normal behavior and activities prior to discharge may promote a higher degree of readiness for this event. Adjustment to discharge may also be facilitated by providing information to parents that there is evidence which suggests that some adolescents leave hospital with elevated self-esteem and demonstrate certain psychological gains.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

[Clinical and psychometric findings in spasmodic torticollis].

In a previous study screening for psychopathological symptoms in a sample of 256 patients with spasmodic torticollis had resulted in 27% of patients, whose mean score of the GSI of the SCL-90-R was above the double standard deviation of the control group of normals (Scheidt et al. 1994). In this study the self-reported psychopathology of a subsample of 19 TS patients was controlled for its agreement with a clinical assessment in a psychiatric interview. The results of the study confirm the validity of the SCL-90-R as a screening instrument for psychological distress and psychopathology. However a tendency for social desirability in a subgroup of patients might lead to underestimate the degree of psychological distress in this patient group and might als account for some of the discrepant findings concerning psychological distress and psychopathology in TS in former studies. Furthermore the clinical assessment revealed a high psychiatric and psychosomatic morbidity prior to the onset of the spasmodic torticollis as well as a high frequency of traumatic life events (e.g. bereavement) in the patients premorbid history. In addition to coping with a crippling neurological condition concurrent psychopathology in TS therefore should be considered also in terms of the individuals premorbid psychological vulnerability.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Psychological resilience, positive emotions, and successful adaptation to stress in later life.

In 3 studies, the authors investigated the functional role of psychological resilience and positive emotions in the stress process. Studies 1a and 1b explored naturally occurring daily stressors. Study 2 examined data from a sample of recently bereaved widows. Across studies, multilevel random coefficient modeling analyses revealed that the occurrence of daily positive emotions serves to moderate stress reactivity and mediate stress recovery. Findings also indicated that differences in psychological resilience accounted for meaningful variation in daily emotional responses to stress. Higher levels of trait resilience predicted a weaker association between positive and negative emotions, particularly on days characterized by heightened stress. Finally, findings indicated that over time, the experience of positive emotions functions to assist high-resilient individuals in their ability to recover effectively from daily stress. Implications for research into protective factors that serve to inhibit the scope, severity, and diffusion of daily stressors in later adulthood are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1964

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE LIMBS: II. PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EDUCATIONAL ASPECTS.

As a preparatory step towards the development of a complete habilitation program for children with congenital limb anomalies associated with maternal ingestion of thalidomide, the medical records of all patients with congenital limb anomalies referred to the Rehabilitation Institute of Montreal in the past decade were studied, and an examination and a thorough reassessment were made of 41 patients (21 males and 20 females). The medical and prosthetic aspects were dealt with in Part I of this paper. Part II describes, in a joint report, the results of psychiatric, psychological and educational assessments.There was no evidence of major emotional disorder in any of the patients, although conflicts were intensified by the presence of the physical anomaly. No relation was found between intelligence, emotional adjustment and disability. The patient's attitude towards his disability and prosthesis is definitely influenced by the degree of parental acceptance of the handicap and by the character of the emotional undertones in the total environment. In order to favour the occurrence of the healthiest modes of development in these children, the authors believe that the medical profession should be made fully aware of the physical and emotional problems which may arise after the birth of a deformed child. It is considered very important that the mother should receive psychotherapeutic support as soon as possible after the child is born.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

How patients with fibromyalgia experience their symptoms in everyday life.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is characterized by diffuse widespread pain and fatigue. The purpose of this study was to search for a deeper knowledge of the way patients with FMS experience their symptoms in everyday life. METHOD: Qualitative interviews, applying the phenomenological method, were used. The respondents were interviewed twice and asked to describe a typical day. Eleven Swedish women, aged 24-54 years, fulfilling the ACR criteria for FMS participated in the study. The duration of pain ranged from three to 20 years. Three patients worked full-time, six worked part-time and two did not work outside the home. RESULTS: The effect of perceived symptoms on everyday life was considerable. Four different patterns of perceiving and managing symptoms were identified: Struggling: respondents who perceived that they managed their everyday life by mobilizing their physical and psychological strength to fight their pain and fatigue; Adapting: respondents who perceived that they managed their everyday life by planning their activities on the basis of their assumptions of limitations; In despair: respondents who were in despair as they could no longer cope with their pain and life situation; Giving up: respondents who had given up many activities of everyday life and felt that their symptoms dominated their life. CONCLUSIONS: The study illuminates qualitative differences in FMS patients' experience and management of their symptoms in their everyday life. These differences ought to be considered when planning physiotherapy treatment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗