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PubMed1990

[Apropos of a case of solitary left coronary artery].

The single coronary artery stems from the coronary ostium in one of the aortic Valsalva sinuses: no other coronary artery is present. On its own, it vascularized the whole myocardium. It is a very rare condition--0.36% according to anatomists. Anatomical study by injection-corrosion on 200 hearts at Dakar Medical Faculty's anatomical laboratory revealed only one case of single, left-hand coronary artery. It had come from a 45 year old adult killed in an accident, who, up to that time, had suffered no cardio-vascular pathology. The post-mortem showed no associated abnormality. This observation corresponds to Smith's type I anatomical classification. The trajectory followed the usual route for the left-hand coronary artery, and ended in a Y junction of the rear interventricular artery and the circumflex artery. No collateral branch flowed from it: its diameter was 5mm. Vascularization of the heart was provided for by branches proceeding from the rear interventricular and circumflex arteries.

Coronary Vessel Anomalies↗
PubMed1990

[Felix Platter (1536-1614) as ophthalmologist].

Felix Platter, physician and anatomist, had a keen interest in ophthalmology, too. By his wife, he was related to a family of surgeons; this may have brought him into closer contact with eye diseases and their cure. Platter was the first physician to attribute the sensory power of the eye to the retina and a purely optical function to the lens (humor crystallinus). The present author mentions two original observations of his: the symptomatology of posterior vitreous detachment (observed in his own myopic left eye) and a case of blindness due to compression of the optic nerves by a cranial tumour (tuberculoma). In a more comprehensive way, he discusses Platter's ideas on cataract (suffusio) and its treatment. Platter observed congenital cataract and was the first to notice that professional working near a fire (as in the case of alchemists!) may eventually lead to cataract (glass-workers' cataract, according to modern terminology).

History, 16th Century↗
PubMed1990

[Microcirculation of the Achilles tendon and significance of the paratenon. A study with the plastination method].

Rupture of a healthy Achilles tendon is disputed. A previous degenerative process with ischemia after recurrent microtraumas is usually held to be responsible. The vascular anatomy of eight human specimens was defined with a new method after perfusion through the femoral artery. This method allows exact analysis of the vessels even at a microscopic level. In contrast with the literature, the authors found a large number of anastomoses between the extra- and the intratendinous vessel system. The well-vascularized paratenon is therefore very important for the nutrition of the Achilles tendon. This fact must be taken into account during the surgical treatment of a rupture. The authors agree with the studies of the anatomist Lang who found a decrease of the intratendinous vascularization in an area 3 to 5 cm above the insertion in the os calcis. However a relationship between the frequency of rupture in this area and the vascular anatomy has not yet been shown.

Achilles Tendon↗
PubMed1990

[The history of the Autopsy Department of the Berlin Charité hospital. 1. Founding of the Autopsy Department and Philipp Phoebus as the first prosector].

The opening of the Prosector's Department at the Charité of Berlin and appointment of its first Prosector are reported in this paper. The scientific need for getting clinical postmortem investigations performed by full-fledged anatomists or for having them at least anatomically supervised and pressures resulting from Europe's first cholera outbreak, approaching Berlin about 1830, had been the principal motivations behind the initiative. On May 8, 1831, Dr. Philipp Phoebus was appointed the first Prosector of the Charité of Berlin. The position had been offered as a part-time job. Most aspects relating to the post had not been clearly defined by that date, for example, the rights and duties of a Prosector, his integration with the general pattern of Charité services, and his subordination to the local hospital committee. Phoebus made an unsuccessful attempt to define and thus secure the Prosector's position by means of a self-drafted policy paper. Misunderstandings on end and strained relations with the clinicians on the spot prompted him to quit service after 16 months. An account is given of his short but successful time at Charité, with reference being also made of the specific reason for his resignation. An outline is subsequently presented of Phoebus' further life and work, including scientific careers in Berlin, Stolberg/Harz, and at Giessen University where he held a professorship in pharmacology.

Autopsy↗
PubMed1990

[Mandible and its image, thought on cephalometry].

Starting with the mandible, chosen as a pretext, the author of this book thinks about the necessity of its shape as it is observed by anatomists and orthodontists; he draws conclusions which lead him to have reservations as to the kind of thinking which impel most of the methods of cephalometric analysis and argues for a new "look" in imaging.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1990

["The Venus of Pest"--expedition of an anatomical beauty].

The Semmelweis-Museum in Budapest, Hungary, has a small collection of anatomical wax models. Studying the correspondence of the Austrian emperor Joseph II., then King of Hungary with representatives of the Hungarian administration, we were able to find out the origin of these models, their transportation to Hungary and their large significance in anatomical teaching at the end of the 18th century in Hungary. These models are the result of a long-lasting cooperation between artists and anatomists, particularly in Italy. Their artistic climax is reached during the second term of the 18th century, reflecting the complex interaction of contemporary sociocultural trends i.e. popularization of results of scientific research, traits of enlightenment combined with an artistic hyperidealistic typization as known from classical antiquity and sponsored financially as a means of imperial representation. The aim of the study was to point to the eminent importance of this collection as a monument of cultural heritage.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1990

Sexing of human hip bones.

Eight measurements of the hipbone were taken from 62 human skeletons of unknown sex. The subjective judgements of eight experienced anatomists were used to obtain subsets of male, female and unknown sex specimens. Principal components analysis was employed as a group-finding procedure; this confirmed the subjective determinations. Discriminant function analysis, using the subjectively determined 'known' specimens, was conducted. This yielded scores which sexed the unknown subset in agreement with the groups found by principal component analysis. Further discriminant functions were calculated to exclude two hip bone measures which were shown to be poor indicators of sex. The specimens with discriminant function scores closest to the cut-off point were seen, in the graph of the first two principal components, to lie in a cluster intermediate between the main gender groups and, upon re-examination, these were found to be rather ambiguous specimens with small overall measures and a narrow sciatic notch and pubis. The results of this study indicate that mid-pubic width is a more useful sexing character than pubic length.

Acetabulum↗
PubMed1990

[Anatomic basis of the harvest of abdominal organs for organ transplants].

The abdominal organs removals, with a view to transplants, are complex surgical operations which require a perfect knowledge of visceral vascular anatomy. The common point of these removals is the "birenal en bloc excision", whose we have codified the development. This removal has induced us to revise many points of surgical anatomy and particulary: the connections between the liver and the right kidney; the importance of the mesoduodenum; the relative orientations of the portal vein and inferior vena cava axis; the ureteral vascularisation; the topography and the number of renal arteries; the connections between renal arteries orifices and superior mesenteric arterial orifice. When we have to remove, besides the kidneys, the liver or the pancreas or even the small intestine, surgical problems are the same, but then, the dissections concern also the celiac axis and the superior mesenteric artery. These multiple removals raise also many questions to the anatomist, the most interesting concerning: the multiple hepatic arteries; the connections between celiac branches of the abdominal aorta. All these notions are envisaged not only by the light of the anatomical preparations but also by reference to the clinical experience of the authors.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1989

[History of anatomy in Strasbourg].

When printing came into being, Strasbourg played a crucial role in the dissemination of the knowledge on anatomy, especially with the publication of Brunschwig's famous treatise on surgery in 1497. The first official human dissection in Strasbourg was performed in 1517. The teaching of medicine really began with the establishment of the Academy in 1566, but it was only in 1652 that a specific chair was created for anatomy. The first anatomical theatre was opened in 1670 in a secularized church contiguous to the city hospital. Until 1708, the teaching of anatomy is combined with that of botany; it was only from this date that anatomy was to be associated with surgery, and such was the case until the French Revolution. During the nineteenth century an impressive museum of anatomy was gradually established in Strasbourg. In 1872, after the annexation of Alsace, when the new german university was created, normal and pathological anatomy were separated and each chair attached to a particular institute. The building housing the institutes of normal and pathological anatomy was inaugurated in 1877 and is still used today. In 1919, when the Faculty of medicine was reorganized after Alsace was restored to France, histology and embryology were definitively separated from anatomy. Many famous anatomists worked in Strasbourg, among whom are to be found: J. G. von Andernach (1497-1574), T. Lauth (1758-1826), F. D. Reisseissen (1773-1828), J. F. Lobstein (1777-1835), E. A. Lauth (1803-1837), E. Küss (1815-1871), E. Koeberlé (1828-1915), E. Beaunis (1830-1921), H. D. Bouchard (1833-1899), J. G. Joessel (1838-1892), W. Waldeyer (1836-1921), G. Schwalbe (1844-1916), W. Pfitzner (1853-1903), F. Keibel (1861-1929), A. Forster (1878-1957) and Ph. Bellocq (1888-1962).

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1989

George Huntington and George Sumner Huntington. A tale of two doctors.

Biographical data on George Huntington, the 'discoverer' of Huntington's Chorea and George Sumner Huntington--a well-known American anatomist of the late 19th century and the first decades of the 20th century--have been confused repeatedly. This paper elucidates their mutual relationship and corrects biographical inaccuracies concerning George Huntington and George Sumner Huntington.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1989

Clinical significance and measurement of the length of the right main bronchus.

It is important for surgeons, pathologists, anesthetists and anatomists to know the length of the right main bronchus. It extends from the carina of the trachea to the origin of the right upper lobe bronchus, but an exact method for measuring it has never been described. Using bronchography, the authors measured the length of the right main bronchus in 24 patients. The posteroanterior projection taken at a standard distance (1.8 m) from the patient was used to minimize distortion due to the technique; if present, the distortion would not be more than 5% and would be an increase rather than a decrease in length. The mean length of the right main bronchus was found to be 1.09 cm (range from 0 to 2.9 cm). The clinical importance of this measurement is discussed. The authors conclude that many anatomy textbooks err in describing the length of the right main bronchus as 2.0 to 5.0 cm, but are correct in describing the left main bronchus as being about 5 cm long.

Bronchi↗
PubMed1989

Formaldehyde. Council on Scientific Affairs.

In response to Resolution 195 (A-87), the medical literature on the adverse health effects of formaldehyde was reviewed, and the potential cancer risk to anatomists and other related health professionals from exposure to the chemical is described. Though the evidence in humans is limited and controversial, both the Environmental Protection Agency and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, in their consideration of available epidemiologic and toxicological studies, now regard formaldehyde as a possible human carcinogen and will regulate it accordingly.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1989

"Celebration of the smile".

April is Dental Health Month--a month especially set aside to alert Canadians that Dental Health is indeed a major ingredient of the total quality of life. This year, the campaign's primary focus will not be mastication, function, freedom from disease or pain, but "Celebration of the Smile." A Smile is infectious, it's contagious, and one of the world's greatest bargains. The returns are immeasurable. When truly genuine and freely given, the Smile elicits almost instant trust and friendship. No frown can ever do that! And it takes so very little effort and energy. We are not sure what anatomist conducted the research but it is reported that three times more muscles are required to frown than to Smile! Dentists everywhere can take much pride in their contribution to enhancing one of Nature's most precious commodities--the Smile. What a long road it has been from the primitive attempts of just a hundred years ago when alleviating pain was the priority and any crude attempt to enhance appearance was secondary. Only 25 years ago silicate cement was often the only material available for anterior teeth. Far, far too many beautiful Smiles were marred with dark halos around poor fillings and recurrent decay. Missing teeth were commonplace; there were gaps, spaces and "flipper dentures." It's hard to believe how rapidly we have advanced in so short a time. Taken for granted today are caries-free mouths, composite filling materials that defy detection, bonded porcelain veneers and fixed prostheses that can even improve where Nature has "faltered."(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Canada↗
PubMed1989

[Neils Stensen (1638-1686) in the medicine of his era].

The 350th anniversary of the birth of Niels Stensen (1638 to 1686) gave rise for the memory of a personality representative for the palmy days of the anatomy of the 17th century. Stensen's merits concerning the basic research which are undisputable up to now comprised the total complex of anatomy and embryology. Quite apart from the discussion about priority not only the contributions elaborated but also the ideas of the Danish anatomist pointing out into future were of immense importance at long sight.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1989

Formaldehyde. AMA Council on Scientific Affairs.

In response to Resolution 195 (A-87), the medical literature on the adverse health effects of formaldehyde was reviewed, and the potential cancer risk to anatomists and other related health professionals from exposure to the chemical is described. Though the evidence in humans is limited and controversial, both the Environmental Protection Agency and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, in their consideration of available epidemiologic and toxicological studies, now regard formaldehyde as a possible human carcinogen and will regulate it accordingly.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1989

The anatomy and physiology of the optic nerve: historical notes.

The authors outline the historical development of anatomical and physiological acquisitions on the optic nerve. From the first descriptions of Alcmaeone of Crotone (6th century B.C.) through the Aristotelean school, we arrive at the systemization of Claudius Galen. After the medioeval parenthesis, it fell to Vesalius to give a new impulse to anatomical research. Varolio and Eustachi describe the exact point of origin of the optic nerves. Later observations involve both anatomists and physiologists. The question of the transmission of sensory messages is described (Willis, von Haller), as is the microscopic structure of the optic nerve (Zinn, von Leeuwenhoek). After the description of the decussation of the fibers of the optic nerve in the optic chiasma, research into this cranial nerve has an increasingly neurophysiological and neurochemical orientation, continuing until the recent discovery of axoplasmic flow.

History, 15th Century↗
PubMed1989

[100 years ago: landmarks in the medical education of women].

The discussion about the study of medicine for women rose in high waves in Germany in the middle of the eighties of the last century. A lecture on this topic held by the anatomist Waldeyer in 1888 was typical for the reservations of the majority of the German professors. It led to a polemics by means of which a convinced suffragatte tried to refute those prejudices which had to be overcome before beginning with 1908 the way to the Prussian universities was judicially made free for the German women.

Education, Medical↗