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PubMed1995

[Well-being--intrinsic value--integrity. Developments in the reevaluation of the domesticated animal].

Owing to selective breeding and conditioning to husbandry methods, domestication has resulted in modification of the anatomy, physiology, and behaviour of animals. Nevertheless, domestic animals cannot be regarded and treated as artificial products. Public interest and concern about the welfare of domestic animals has led to the recognition of the intrinsic value of animals and, in extension of this, to the ethical principle of respect for the integrity of animals. The sensibility and acceptance of these principles by those involved in ethical decision-making depends on their fundamental views about humans and the living world. In order to make judgements about the use of, and interference with, animals, it is desirable to clarify these personal views. The principle of respect for the integrity of animals leads to considerations and arguments beyond animal health and welfare. This is shown by three examples: declawing of cats, caesarean section in cattle, and laying hens in battery cages.

Animal Welfare↗

PubMed1987

Genetic parameters of milk yield and composition and their relationships with alternative breeding goals.

Milk records on 32,077 Holstein cows in first lactation from 1116 herds on the Quebec Dairy Herd Analysis Service between 1973 and 1983 were used to estimate heritabilities of and genetic correlations between milk, fat, protein, and carrier (water, lactose, ash) yields; fat, protein, and carrier percentages; and ratios of protein to fat and protein plus fat to carrier. The cows were daughters of 451 sires; each sire was represented by five or more daughters. Heritabilities were from .20 to .31 for yields, .59 to .61 for percentages, and .58 to .61 for ratio measures. The heritability of protein yield was considerably lower than other yield traits (.20 vs. .28 to .31). The expected effects of multiple trait selection under 10 alternative breeding goals, using different sets of relative economic values, were considered using the genetic parameter estimates. Selection under the existing pricing system (milk yield plus fat percentage differential) had similar expected genetic gains for fat and protein yields as would be achieved under goals that either gave weight to milk yield and fat yield or to milk yield and the ratio of protein plus fat to carrier. Inclusion of information on protein percentage in an index gave relative little additional genetic progress in most traits, except some increases in protein yield and protein percentage were expected to be greater.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

CELSS nutrition system utilizing snails.

At the 40th IAF Congress in Malaga, a nutrition system for a lunar base CELSS was presented. A lunar base with a total of eight crew members was envisaged. In this paper, four species of plants--rice, soybean, lettuce and strawberry--were introduced to the system. These plants were sufficient to satisfy fundamental nutritional needs of the crew members. The supply of nutrition from plants and the human nutritional requirements could almost be balanced. Our study revealed that the necessary plant cultivation area per crew member would be nearly 40 m3 in the lunar base. The sources of nutrition considered in the study were energy, sugar, fat, amino acids, inorganic salt and vitamins; however, calcium, vitamin B2, vitamin A and sodium were found to be lacking. Therefore, a subsystem to supply these elements is of considerable value. In this paper, we report on a study for breeding snails and utilizing meat as food. Nutrients supplied from snails are shown to compensate for the above mentioned lacking elements. We evaluate the snail breeder and the associated food supply system as a subsystem of closed ecological life support system.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Dependence of the carbon-isotope contents of breath carbon dioxide, milk, serum and rumen fermentation products on the delta 13C value of food in dairy cows.

Six dairy cows of two breeds were fed during three alternating periods with products from C3- and C4- plants to yield different natural 13C enrichments of the diet (delta 13C range: -28.0 to -13.7%). The resulting changes in the 13C enrichment of breath carbon dioxide, serum and milk of the animals followed the 13C:12C of the food, in agreement with the individual biological half-lives of those products, and established isotope discriminations. Breath CO2 was more enriched in 13C than expected. This could be related to isotope discriminations during rumen fermentation. From these results an isotopic balance model for the breath CO2 could be established.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2006

Economic values for production and functional traits and assessment of their influence on genetic improvement in the Boran cattle in Kenya.

Economic values for production (sale weight in steers, SWs, kg and heifers, SWh, kg; dressing percentage, DP; consumable meat percentage, CMP and milk yield, MY, kg) and functional (cow weight, CoWT, kg; cow survival rate, CoSR, %; postweaning survival rate, PSR, %; feed intake of cows, FIc, heifers, FIh and steers, FIs, kg DM) traits were estimated for six production systems utilizing the Boran breed in Kenya. The influence of the estimated economic values on genetic improvement was also assessed using different selection indices. The six production systems were described according to their sale age, levels of input and final goal, namely, short-fed medium input beef (SMB); long-fed medium input beef (LMB); short-fed high input beef (SHB); long-fed high input beef (LHB); long-fed low input dual purpose (LLD); and long-fed medium input dual purpose (LMD). Two evaluation bases were considered: fixed herd size and fixed pasture input. In the fixed herd-size situation, the economic values for production (except MY in beef systems) and functional traits (except FI in all systems) were positive meaning a unit increase in genetic merit of these traits had greater influence on revenues than costs. As expected, the economic value for MY was negative in the pure beef systems (SMB, LMB, SHB and LHB) and positive in the dual-purpose systems (LLD and LMD). When compared with the economic values estimated in the fixed herd-size situation, in the fixed pasture input situation they were lower for feed intake in the three classes of livestock and other traits related to it in all systems. These traits were CoSR, CoWR, PSR, CoWT, SWh and MY. The economic values for CoWT in LLD and LMD were negative (KSh -11.14 and -15.33 respectively). The economic values did not influence much the direction of the genetic response in each trait in the different production systems. However, the magnitude of the actual gain was dependent on the index applied. The magnitude of the economic values for production and functional traits estimated in this study suggest that genetic improvement of these traits will have a positive effect on profitability of Boran cows kept in dual-purpose systems and when herd size is restricted. In beef systems, genetic improvement of MY will have a negative effect on profitability, especially when restrictions on herd size and feed exists.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed2004

Feeding value of pastures for horses.

The feeding value of fresh pasture grazed in situ is determined by animal performance or productivity and could be relatively easily established for growing and lactating horses. Despite this, there is a lack of published information on the relative feeding value of different pastures and forages grazed by horses in New Zealand and the world. In addition, for adult breeding or non-breeding and young or adult sport or performance horses, the definition of feeding value and its determination remain problematic. Limited information suggests that the feeding value of perennial ryegrass-based pasture in New Zealand for young growing horses is high, and growth rates for Thoroughbred horses fed solely on pasture in New Zealand are similar to those reported from the Northern Hemisphere where grain-based supplements are fed in addition to pasture or other forages. Attempts to assess the ability of fresh pastures to meet the nutrient requirements of horses are hampered by problems associated with determination of feed intake by grazing horses and lack of knowledge of the digestibility and utilisation of digested nutrients, including the relative bioavailability of macro- and micro-minerals in pasture. A further challenge for future research is to determine the effect of herbage allowance and grazing behaviour, including pasture species preferences, on voluntary feed intake by grazing horses. Grazing pasture has benefits for equine health and well-being including reduced risk of some nutrition-related disorders and reduced prevalence of stereotypic behaviour. Pastured horses have greater freedom for expression of natural behaviours including social interaction and exercise. However, grazing pasture is also associated with animal health problems, particularly parasitism and diseases related to pasture-associated toxins.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1986

Hematologic and serum biochemical values for Yucatan miniature swine.

Hematologic and serum biochemical values were determined for healthy, mature Yucatan miniature swine, Sus scrofa. These values were similar to those reported for other breeds of swine. There was no effect on erythrocyte count, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW, platelet count, or leukocyte count attributable to sex (p greater than 0.05). Differential leukocyte counts generated on an automated multichannel blood cell counter, having a three part leukocyte differential capability, were compared to 100-cell manual leukocyte differentials. Determination of lymphocyte and non-lymphocyte fractions on this system were not significantly different from microscopic differentials (p less than 0.001). However, the mononuclear cell count did not correlate well with the percentage of monocytes determined manually (r = 0.084, p greater than 0.5). Leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets behaved properly with respect to counting thresholds as modified for counting cells of other common domestic species on this automated cell counter.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Variance and covariance components for weaning weight for Herefords in three countries.

Records from the Hereford Associations of the United States (USA), Canada, and Uruguay were used to estimate genetic and phenotypic variances and covariances for weaning weight. Estimation was done using a complete animal model, relatively large data sets, and the same methodology for the three countries in order to determine whether genetic parameters for weaning weight were homogeneous across environments. Data were composed of 2,322,722, 487,661, and 102,986 edited weaning weight records for USA, Canada, and Uruguay, respectively. Ten samples were obtained from each country by eliminating data from small herds with fewer than 500 records, selecting herds at random from the entire data set after removing the small herds, and then retaining the direct-sire-connected contemporary groups within each sample. The final sample sizes ranged from 9,832 to 46,377 records. An accelerated EM-REML algorithm was used in estimating the (co)variance components in each sample. The estimates were pooled by calculating the arithmetic mean of the 10 samples from within each country. Direct and maternal (in parentheses) heritability estimates were .24 (.16), .20 (.16), and .23 (.18) for USA, Canada, and Uruguay, respectively. Maternal heritabilities reported here are nearly 50% smaller than the values currently used in national genetic evaluation for the breed, which were estimated using sire-maternal grandsire models. Covariance between direct and maternal was negative in all countries, accounting for 6, 8, and 10% of the total phenotypic variation, and the total dam effect was 32.5, 37.0, and 34.0% in USA, Canada, and Uruguay, respectively. Total heritabilities were similar among the countries, with values of .19, .19, and .17 for the three respective countries. The similarity of genetic and environmental parameters across the three countries suggests that joint genetic evaluation is feasible across environments provided that the genotype x environment interaction is negligible and can be ignored.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

[Intratesticular administration of testosterone in the therapy of disorders of the quality of ejaculates in boars].

The clinical effect of the bilateral intratesticular administration of a microcrystalline water suspension of testosterone was studied in ten boars of Duroc breed exhibiting semen quality disorders. The ejaculate quality disorders included separate or combined deviations of the values of sperm concentration (hypozoospermia to oligozoospermia), sperm activity (asthenozoospermia), or the occurrence of abnormal spermatozoa (teratozoospermia) from the spermiological standard. After intratesticular infiltration, all the criteria of spermiogram were completely restored in four cases and the boars could be returned to insemination use. A partial improvement of the spermiogram (the number of spermiological criteria with positive responses and the development of their values) without fully meeting all the requirements of the spermiological standard was recorded in four breeding boars. No positive response of ejaculate quality characteristics was obtained in two boars. As to the evaluated criteria of the spermiogram, sperm activity was the most frequent positively influenced parameter in the cases of idiopathic or combined asthenozoospermia, and the increased percentage of abnormal spermatozoa was the least frequent positively influenced parameter in the cases of idiopathic or combined teratozoospermia. It is supposed that the easily practicable methods of intratesticular infiltration with a microcrystalline testosterone suspension could expand the therapeutic possibilities available to veterinary andrologists in the treatment of ejaculate quality disorders in boars.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Assessment of the population structure of five Finnish dog breeds with microsatellites.

Genetic variabilities within and between Finnish populations of Golden Retrievers, German Shepherds, Wirehaired Dachshunds, Pembroke Welsh Corgis and Bedlington Terriers were quantified with microsatellite allele numbers, observed heterozygosities, expected heterozygosities, FIS estimates, FST estimates and DS distances. In a sample of 50 individuals from each, breed and ten polymorphic loci, the highest genetic diversity was exhibited in the Wirehaired Dachshunds and lowest in the Bedlington Terriers. Although statistically significant deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) equilibrium were observed, they occurred at an unexpectedly low frequency. Most strikingly, the extremely small Bedlington Terrier population displayed genotypes in H-W proportions in all investigated loci. The H-W deviations always occurred with positive FIS estimates, which, on average, were not larger than values reported for free-living canids. Genetic differentiation between the breeds was very large. As a comparison, present estimates were, on average, over two times higher than previously observed between breeds of sheep, and over two times higher than the highest estimates reported between human populations. Moreover, the highest DS distances were only slightly lower than the lowest values inferred between humans and chimpanzees. Severe bottlenecks in the recent past of the examined breeds were not statistically supported. The presented data imply genetic isolation and intense artificial selection in the history of these breeds of dogs.

Alleles↗

PubMed2004

Application of advanced synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) microspectroscopy to animal nutrition and feed science: a novel approach.

Synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform IR (SR-FTIR) microspectroscopy has been developed as a rapid, direct, non-destructive and bioanalytical technique. This technique, taking advantage of synchrotron light brightness and a small effective source size, is capable of exploring the molecular chemistry within the microstructures of a biological tissue without the destruction of inherent structures at ultraspatial resolutions within cellular dimensions. This is in contrast to traditional 'wet' chemical methods, which, during processing for analysis, often result in the destruction of the intrinsic structures of feeds. To date there has been very little application of this technique to the study of feed materials in relation to animal nutrient utilisation. The present article reviews four applications of the SR-FTIR bioanalytical technique as a novel approach in animal nutrition and feed science research. Application 1 showed that using the SR-FTIR technique, intensities and the distribution of the biological components (such as lignin, protein, lipid, structural and non-structural carbohydrates and their ratios) in the microstructure of plant tissue within cellular dimensions could be imaged. The implication from this study is that we can chemically define the intrinsic feed structure and compare feed tissues according to spectroscopic characteristics, functional groups, spatial distribution and chemical intensity. Application 2 showed that the ultrastructural-chemical makeup and density of yellow- and brown-seeded Brassica rape could be explored. This structural-chemical information could be used for the prediction of rapeseed quality and nutritive value for man and animals and for rapeseed breeding programmes for selecting superior varieties for special purposes. More research is required to define the extent of differences that exist between the yellow- and brown-seeded Brassica rape. Application 3 showed with the SR-FTIR technique that chemical differences in the ultrastructural matrix of endosperm tissue between Harrington (malting-type) and Valier (feed-type) barley in relation to rumen degradation characteristics could be identified. The results indicated that the greater association of the protein matrix with the starch granules in the endosperm tissue of Valier barley may limit the access of ruminal micro-organisms to the starch granules and thus reduce the rate and extent of rumen degradation relative to that of Harrington barley. It is the first time that the microstructural matrix in the endosperm of barley has been revealed by using the SR-FTIR technique, which makes it possible to link feed intrinsic structures to nutrient utilisation and digestive behaviour in ruminants. Application 4 showed with the SR-FTIR technique that the chemical features of various feed protein (amide I) secondary structures (such as feather, wheat, oats and barley) could be quantified. With a multi-component fitting program (Lorentz function), the results showed feather containing about 88% beta-sheet and 4% alpha-helix, barley containing about 17% beta-sheet and 71% alpha-helix; oats containing about 2% beta-sheet and 92% alpha-helix; and wheat containing about 42% beta-sheet and 50% alpha-helix. The relative percentage of the two may influence protein value. A high percentage of beta-sheet may reduce the access of gastrointestinal digestive enzymes to the protein structure. Further study is required on feed protein secondary structures in relation to enzyme accessibility and digestibility. In conclusion, the SR-FTIR technique can be used for feed science and animal nutrition research. However, the main disadvantage of this technique is the requirement for a special light source; a synchrotron beam.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2001

Social causes of correlational selection and the resolution of a heritable throat color polymorphism in a lizard.

When selection acts on social or behavioral traits, the fitness of an individual depends on the phenotypes of its competitors. Here, we describe methods and statistical inference for measuring natural selection in small social groups. We measured selection on throat color alleles that arises from microgeographic variation in allele frequency at natal sites of side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana). Previous game-theoretic analysis indicates that two color morphs of female side-blotched lizards are engaged in an offspring quantity-quality game that promotes a density- and frequency-dependent cycle. Orange-throated females are r-strategists. They lay large clutches of small progeny, which have poor survival at high density, but good survival at low density. In contrast, yellow-throated females are K-strategists. They lay small clutches of large progeny, which have good survival at high density. We tested three predictions of the female game: (1) orange progeny should have a fitness advantage at low density; (2) correlational selection acts to couple color alleles and progeny size; and (3) this correlational selection arises from frequency-dependent selection in which large hatchling size confers an advantage, but only when yellow alleles are rare. We also confirmed the heritability of color, and therefore its genetic basis, by producing progeny from controlled matings. A parsimonious cause of the high heritability is that three alleles (o, b, y) segregate as one genetic factor. We review the physiology of color formation to explain the possible genetic architecture of the throat color trait. Heritability of color was nearly additive in our breeding study, allowing us to compute a genotypic value for each individual and thus predict the frequency of progeny alleles released on 116 plots. Rather than study the fitness of individual progeny, we studied how the fitness of their color alleles varied with allele frequency on plots. We confirmed prediction 1: When orange alleles are present in female progeny, they have higher fitness at low density when compared to other alleles. Even though the difference in egg size of the female morphs was small (0.02 g), it led to knife-edged survival effects for their progeny depending on local social context. Selection on hatchling survival was not only dependent on color alleles, but on a fitness interaction between color alleles and hatchling size, which confirmed prediction 2. Sire effects, which are not confounded by maternal phenotype, allowed us to resolve the frequency dependence of correlational selection on egg size and color alleles and thereby confirmed prediction 3. Selection favored large size when yellow sire alleles were rare, but small size when they were common. Correlational selection promotes the formation of a self-reinforcing genetic correlation between the morphs and life-history variation, which causes selection in the next density and frequency cycle to be exacerbated. We discuss general conditions for the evolution of self-reinforcing genetic correlations that arise from social selection associated with frequency-dependent sexual and natural selection.

Alleles↗

PubMed1994

Conception rates. 1. Derivation and estimates for effects of estrus detection on cow profitability.

Objectives were to derive equations and obtain estimates per cow of days to conception, milk production, semen purchases, calvings, and reproductive failures based on the probability of estrus detection and AI conception. The net benefits of changing rates of estrus detection, including changes in milk production, semen purchases, and replacement inventories (culled cows and calves) were converted to annual values and multiplied by fixed prices to obtain estimates of the annual financial benefit of a change in rates of estrus detection. Improvement in milk production because of a 1-d decrease in DIM at conception was dependent on DIM, peak milk production, and monthly rate of decline in daily milk production. Variation was considerable in expected benefits of improved estrus detection. Under the assumption that replacement was not planned prior to breeding (in which case improved estrus detection would have no value), estimated financial benefits for increasing the probability of estrus detection from 60 to 70% with a 70% AI conception rate were $6/yr; increasing from 20 to 30% the rate of estrus detection with a 50% AI conception rate increased estimated annual benefits to $83. This wide range of values occurred with fixed costs and prices so that fluctuating prices would introduce further variation in financial benefits. Derived equations allow point estimates of expected benefits with input values estimated.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Breeding and biotechnology for improving berry nutritional quality.

Breeding and biotechnological approaches are currently used to increase the content of specific bioactive components of plants, but the manipulation of plant metabolism is still not easy to address. There is an increasing awareness that multiple genetic and environmental factors affect production and accumulation of bioactive compounds, but these factors are rarely taken into account when fruit is marketed. Rigorous and unprejudiced evaluation of scientific evidence requires a defined set of criteria and methods of evaluation, particularly when breeding and biotech programs are aimed of producing new varieties with improved nutritional values combined with high plant production efficiency and fruit quality. In order to develop new genotypes and commercial cultivars the availability of new sources of Quality Attributes (QA) and Nutritional Attributes (NA) should be explored. In the strawberry, wild species such as F. virginiana glauca and F. vesca are good sources of bioactive compounds, but in raspberries the introduction of the wild germplasm (R. parvifolium) did not improve the nutritional quality of fruit. The methods available for detecting fruit TAC, combined with TPH and other quality parameters such as sugars, total acidity and fruit color, can be proposed as excellent tools for developing a fast and reliable program for screening large breeding populations for high nutritional quality genotypes. Furthermore, NA can represent a useful tool to facilitate analysis of "substantial equivalence" of transgenic and control derived fruit.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed2002

Use of chromametry and digital photography for objective measurement of skin color in clinically normal dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether skin erythema in clinically normal dogs can be quantified by use of chromametry and image analysis of digital photographs. ANIMALS: 9 German Shepherd Dogs and 10 mixed-breed dogs. PROCEDURE: Hair was clipped at 7 sites on the body. Skin erythema was evaluated at the axillary region, right and left lateral aspect of thorax, right and left loin area (ie, part of the back between the thorax and pelvis), right and left groin area (ie, the junctional region between the abdomen and thigh), metatarsal digital pad, and on the nose. Replicate measurements were done by use of chromametry and image analysis of digital photographs, using erythema values in accordance with the Committee International d'Eclairage (CIE)-Lab color system. RESULTS: Repeatability was high for both techniques. Within-dog variation was lower than between-dog variation. Between-dog variation was high for both groups of dogs. Interregional variation was significant in German Shepherd Dogs and mixed-breed dogs. Erythema values revealed symmetry between the right and left lateral aspects of the thorax and loin and groin areas. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Precise objective methods are available for skin erythema quantification. Chromametric and photographic erythema values had a high within-dog reproducibility. Between-dog variability was high for German Shepherd Dogs and mixed-breed dogs as was regional variation, indicating differences in color among dogs.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Urinary androgen concentrations and social status in two species of free ranging zebra (Equus burchelli and E. grevyi).

In both species of zebra, breeding males had higher urinary androgen concentrations (ng androgens/mg Cr) than did non-breeding bachelor males (30.0 +/- 5.0 (N = 9) versus 11.4 +/- 2.8, (N = 7) in the plains zebra; 19.0 +/- 2.2 (N = 17) versus 10.7 +/- 1.2 (N = 14) in the Grevy's zebra). In the more stable family structure of the plains zebra (single male non-territorial groups) variations in androgen concentrations could not be ascribed to any measured variable. In the Grevy's zebra, androgen values were significantly lower in samples taken from territorial (breeding) males which had temporarily abandoned their territories (N = 4) and the urinary androgen concentration for a male on his territory was negatively correlated with the time since females last visited the territory.

Androgens↗

PubMed1988

Experimental Mycoplasma gallisepticum infections in captive-reared wild turkeys.

The effects of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infections on egg production, fertility, and hatchability were studied in captive-reared wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). Three groups of adult birds, each consisting of four hens and two toms, were exposed to MG by the respiratory route at the beginning of their breeding season. Fourteen control birds received sterile growth medium. Although no mortality of infected or control birds occurred, egg production during the first breeding season after infection was reduced. The mean number of eggs/hen/day produced by infected groups the first breeding season postexposure (PE) was significantly lower than the control value. The mean number of eggs produced daily by the same hens 1 yr later was unaffected by MG infection. The percentage of fertile eggs produced by infected groups was slightly reduced in both the first and second breeding seasons PE. Hatchability of fertile eggs from infected hens was significantly lower than eggs from control hens. Productivity may be impaired if MG infections occur in free-ranging wild turkey populations.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Reproductive endocrinology of tropical seabirds: sex-specific patterns in LH, steroids, and prolactin secretion in relation to parental care.

Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone, prolactin, testosterone, and progesterone were measured throughout breeding in masked boobies, red-footed boobies, and red-tailed tropicbirds at Europa and Tromelin Islands (Indian Ocean). LH secretion showed a dampened pattern in the three species, particularly in tropicbirds. Such specific differences may be related to the less elaborate courtship displays in tropicbirds. Testosterone levels were very low throughout breeding in all three species, particularly in boobies. Low testosterone values in boobies may be related to their year-round attendance at the colony. Prolactin secretion increased from the prelaying period until the incubation and brooding periods and declined thereafter in boobies but stayed relatively unchanged throughout the breeding cycle in tropicbirds. The relatively constant prolactin secretion in the more pelagic tropicbirds might allow them to undertake parental care despite long absences at sea. Boobies perform postfledging care with basal prolactin levels. For all species, females always have higher prolactin levels than males. This hormonal dimorphism, being more pronounced in boobies, may be associated with differences in parental care between mates.

Animals↗