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PubMed2006

White matter damage of patients with Alzheimer's disease correlated with the decreased cognitive function.

Increasing evidence demonstrates that there is marked damage and dysfunction in the white matter in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study investigates the nature of white matter damage of patients with Alzheimer's disease with diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) and analyses the relationship between the white matter damage and the cognition function. DTI, as well as T1 fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T2-FLAIR, was performed on probable patients of Alzheimer's disease, and sex and age matched healthy volunteers to measure the fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) in the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum, anterior and posterior limbs of the internal capsule, and the white matter of frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. FA was lower in the splenium of corpus callosum, as well as in the white matter of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes from patients with Alzheimer's disease than in the corresponding region from healthy controls and was strongly positive correlated with MMSE scores, whereas FA appeared no different in the anterior and posterior limbs of internal capsule, occipital lobes white matter, and the genu of corpus callosum between the patients and healthy controls. MD was significantly higher in the splenium of corpus callosum and parietal lobes white matter from patients than in that those from healthy controls and was strongly negative correlated with MMSE scores, whereas MD in the anterior and posterior limbs of internal capsule, as well as in frontal, temporal, occipital lobes white matter and the genu of corpus callosum, was not different between the patients and healthy controls. The most prominent alteration of FA and MD was in the splenium of corpus callosum. Our results suggested that white matter of patients with Alzheimer's disease was selectively impaired and the extent of damage had a strong correlation with the cognitive function, and that selective impairment reflected the cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical disconnections in the pathomechanism of Alzheimer's disease. The values of FA and MD in white matter, especially in the splenium of corpus callosum in AD patients, might be a more appropriate surrogate marker for monitoring the disease progression.

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PubMed2026

Role of Polygenic Risk Scores in Predicting Cognitive Functioning after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A TRACK-TBI Study.

Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 13-15 (historically called mild TBI [mTBI]) commonly experience changes in cognitive functioning, including processing speed, memory, and executive functioning. In a prospective sample (N = 523) of individuals of European descent who had been treated in a U.S. level 1 trauma center for mTBI, we examined the prognostic value of four polygenic risk scores (PRS) for cognitive outcomes at 6-months postinjury. To estimate the impact of mTBI on cognition, primary cognitive outcomes were scaled as z-scores reflecting changes in performance relative to predicted preinjury performance. The PRS examined were previously developed and validated to predict cognition-related outcomes of educational attainment (Education-PRS), intelligence (Intelligence-PRS), and Alzheimer's disease (AD-mild traumatic brain injury (APOE)-PRS and AD + APOE-PRS). Both the Education-PRS and Intelligence-PRS displayed bivariate associations with all four cognitive outcomes (β = 0.19-0.32), whereas neither Alzheimer's disease PRS was significantly associated with any outcome. After controlling for other factors known to predict cognitive outcomes of TBI (e.g., sex, education, mTBI severity defined by a combination of Glasgow Coma Scale scores and the presence/absence of acute intracranial findings on clinical neuroimaging), the Education-PRS and Intelligence-PRS remained independently predictive of verbal episodic memory (β = 0.10-0.16), whereas their associations with processing speed and executive functioning were mostly nonsignificant and were mediated through educational attainment. Looking across primary z-score and secondary raw score outcomes, cognitive outcomes 6 months post-mTBI were good on average, and PRS made small independent contributions to outcome prediction. The mediation model findings may support theories of cognitive reserve, which propose that individuals with stronger preinjury cognitive processing abilities (often estimated by educational history) can better compensate for TBI. Moreover, findings indicate that PRS may contribute modestly to multivariable models predicting cognitive function after TBI.

Humans↗

PubMed2002

Effects of cytotoxic hippocampal lesions in mice on a cognitive test battery.

Mice received cytotoxic lesions which selectively removed all of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus except the most ventral portions. They were impaired on both spontaneous and rewarded discrete-trial alternation in T-mazes. Acquisition of reference memory for the location of a hidden platform in the Morris water maze was impaired in lesioned mice. On an elevated Y-maze reference memory task, in which only one arm was rewarded, lesioned mice showed no evidence of learning. In a Lashley III maze task, however, where maze rotation demonstrated that control performance was independent of distal spatial cues, acquisition in the lesioned mice was unimpaired. Control levels of continuous spontaneous alternation in a Y-maze were too low to reveal a hippocampal deficit. A small impairment in acquisition of a multiple-trial passive avoidance task was seen in lesioned mice, despite a small but significant increase in reactivity to the footshock. These results are largely consistent with findings in hippocampal lesioned rats on the same or similar tasks, and reflect a major impairment of spatial cognition, with relative sparing of non-spatial task performance.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Acute confusional state and acute agitated delirium. Occurrence after infarction in the right middle cerebral artery territory.

Acute confusional state (ACS) and acute agitated delirium (AAD) after infarction in the right middle cerebral artery territory were investigated in 41 consecutive patients. Acute confusional state was diagnosed on the basis of the results of the Mini-Mental State Examination, and AAD was distinguished from ACS by the characteristic behavioral abnormality. Of these patients, 25 presented with ACS, and six with AAD. Acute confusional state and AAD are common syndromes after infarction of the right middle cerebral artery, and infarction in this territory, therefore, has an important clinical implication as a cause of these syndromes. Acute confusional state is a disorder in which cognitive and integrative functions become defective, reflecting disturbance of global attention, and is closely correlated with other right hemispheric global and directed attentional disorders. It is linked to damage to the right frontostriatal region and is associated with lesion volume. In comparison, AAD is a disorder in which emotional and affective components are predominantly altered. None of the right hemispheric behavioral syndromes correlated with AAD. It may be related to damage to the right middle temporal gyrus.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2005

The diversity effect of inductive reasoning under segment manipulation of complex cognition.

The present study proposed the idea of segment manipulation of complex cognition (SMCC), and technically made it possible the quantitative treatment and systematical manipulation on the premise diversity. The segment manipulation of complex cognition divides the previous inductive strengths judgment task into three distinct steps, attempting to particularly distinguish the psychological processes and their rules. The results in Experiment 1 showed that compared with the traditional method, the quantitative treatment and systematical manipulation of SMCC on the diversity did not change the task's nature, and remain rational and a good measurement of inductive strength judgment. The results in Experiment 2 showed that the participants' response rules in the triple-step task were expected from our proposal, and that in Step 2 the "feeling of surprise" (FOS), which seems implausible but predicted from the diversity premises, was measured, and its component might be the critical part that produced the diversity effect. The "feeling of surprise" may reflect the impact of emotion on cognition, representing a strong revision to premise probability principle of pure rational hypothesis proposed by Lo et al., and its roles in the diversity effect are worthy of further research. In this regards were discussed the mistakes that the premise probability principle makes when it takes posterity probability as prior probability.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Interaction of H2-receptor antagonists and benzodiazepine sedation. A double-blind placebo-controlled investigation of the effects of cimetidine and ranitidine on recovery after intravenous midazolam.

H2-receptor antagonists differentially inhibit cytochrome P450 and this may affect the rate at which benzodiazepines are metabolised. However, it is not known whether this delayed clearance results in prolonged psychomotor impairment. In a randomised double-blind trial 28 healthy volunteers received two single doses of midazolam (0.07 mg.kg-1) at an interval of one week during which they took cimetidine 400 mg, ranitidine 150 mg or placebo, each twice daily. Recovery from the benzodiazepine was monitored on each occasion over a 12 h period using a battery of psychometric tests. There was wide individual variation in performance; however, an overall measure of impairment indicated a significant difference at 2.5 h (p < 0.05), the cimetidine group having a high impairment score. This decrement appeared to be in cognitive and psychomotor functions and was not reflected in the subjective assessment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Rates of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies.

Increased interest in types of dementia has developed as more cases are identified in aging populations. Here we compare the rates of cognitive decline over time in three groups with dementia from the University of Western Ontario Dementia Study: Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies and a group with both AD and Lewy bodies. All diagnoses were verified by autopsy using standard diagnostic methods. Cognitive impairment was measured with the Extended Scale for Dementia (ESD). Members of each group with dementia were age and sex matched with individuals without dementia as controls. The 15 cases of AD, 7 cases with Lewy bodies and 8 cases with both conditions were all free of significant vascular disease. Linear regression was used to determine the rate of changes in ESD scores over time in months. All three control groups showed no change in cognitive status over time. As expected, all groups with dementia showed progressive cognitive impairment. Analysis of the slope parameter showed that all groups deteriorated at the same rate of approximately 2 ESD points per month. Quadratic models fit better than simple linear models in all groups. Results suggest that the final rate of cognitive decline in dementia may not necessarily reflect the underlying cause.

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PubMedDate not supplied

[Dialectics of the present biological cognition].

Development of the methodology of biological research is considered as a reflection of integrity of the living nature unity. The ideological role of integrative processes in dialectization of biological cognition as well as the methodological function of the integrity principle in studies of the living system organization on the example of the conception of biochemical universality of the living matter are traced.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Fluctuations of source locations of EEG activity during transition from alertness to sleep in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.

Vascular dementia (VaD) differs from Alzheimer's disease (AD) in larger fluctuations of cognitive impairment, hypothetically because of deteriorated vigilance control. Vigilance levels are reflected by locations of EEG sources. Transition from alertness to sleep might be particularly sensitive to degradations of vigilance control. Twelve AD and 12 VaD patients (medication free, mean age 75.6 and 77.6 years, respectively, difference = n.s.), and 12 healthy elderly subjects (mean age 70.6 years), who served as controls, were studied (each group comprised 2 males and 10 females). A twenty-one-channel EEG was recorded from full alertness to the onset of sleep stage 2. Dipole source modeling, based on Fast Fourier Transform dipole approximation, yielded 3D source localizations in 7 EEG frequency bands. For each brain axis, means of source location differences between successive 20-second periods were calculated (fluctuation magnitude). EEG band-wise MANCOVAs (3 brain axes, 3 subject groups, covariate: age) showed differences in fluctuation magnitude between groups in the 10.5- to 12-Hz alpha(2) frequency band (p=0.0066). Post hoc ANCOVAs for the axes (3 subject groups, covariate: age) were significant on the superior-inferior axis: VaD patients had higher fluctuations than AD patients and controls, without significant difference between the latter two. Thus, larger source fluctuations in VaD might reflect the patients' decreased vigilance control, accounting for their increased fluctuations of cognitive impairment.

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PubMed2000

Decentring and distraction reduce overgeneral autobiographical memory in depression.

BACKGROUND: Increased recall of categorical autobiographical memories is a phenomenon unique to depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, and is associated with a poor prognosis for depression. Although the elevated recall of categorical memories does not change on remission from depression, recent findings suggest that overgeneral memory may be reduced by cognitive interventions and maintained by rumination. This study tested whether cognitive manipulations could influence the recall of categorical memories in dysphoric participants. METHODS: Forty-eight dysphoric and depressed participants were randomly allocated to rumination or distraction conditions. Before and after the manipulation, participants completed the Autobiographical Memory Test, a standard measure of overgeneral memory. Participants were then randomized to either a 'decentring' question (Socratic questions designed to facilitate viewing moods within a wider perspective) or a control question condition, before completing the Autobiographical Memory Test again. RESULTS: Distraction produced significantly greater decreases in the proportion of memories retrieved that were categorical than rumination. Decentring questions produced significantly greater decreases in the proportion of memories retrieved that were categorical than control questions, with this effect independent of the prior manipulation. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated categorical memory in depression is more modifiable than has been previously assumed; it may reflect the dynamic maintenance of a cognitive style that can be interrupted by brief cognitive interventions.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Subjective memory complaints in the elderly: depressive symptoms and future dementia.

BACKGROUND: Population studies indicate that subjective memory complaints by elderly people are correlated with cognitive performance. These complaints have some predictive power regarding the development of dementia. The present study attempted to replicate this finding, and investigated which variables determine subjective memory complaints. METHOD: Participants in the Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (n = 2114; 65-84 years of age), who were not demented and had a normal MMSE score (> 23) at baseline, were re-examined after four years. Subjective complaints were measured using a previously developed scale. Dementia and depression were measured using the Geriatric Mental State Schedule (GMS). Premorbid intelligence was measured by the Dutch Adult Reading Test (DART). RESULTS: Memory complaints at baseline contributed a small but significant amount of diagnostic information with respect to the prediction of future dementia. Depressive symptoms at baseline had no predictive value when these memory complaints were accounted for. Subjective memory complaints were associated with depression, baseline MMSE score, and premorbid intelligence. CONCLUSIONS: Subjective memory complaints are not just secondary to depression, but in part reflect realistic self-observations of cognitive decline.

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PubMed2005

The hidden structure of neuropsychology: text mining of the journal Cortex: 1991--2001.

BACKGROUND: The stated mission of Cortex is "the study of the inter-relations of the nervous system and behavior, particularly as these are reflected in the effects of brain lesions on cognitive functions." The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between the stated mission and the executed mission as reflected by the characteristics of papers published in Cortex. In addition, we examine whether the results and conclusions of an analysis of this kind are affected by the level of description of the published papers. OBJECTIVES: A) Identify characteristics of contributors to Cortex; B) Identify characteristics of those who cite Cortex; C) Identify recurring themes; D) Identify the relationships among the recurring themes; E) Compare recurring themes and determine their relationships to the mission of Cortex; F) Identify the sensitivity of these results to the level of description of the Cortex papers used as the source database. G) Compare Cortex characteristics with those of Neuropsychologia, another Europe-based international neuropsychology journal. METHODS: Text mining (extraction of useful information from text) was used to generate the characteristics of the journal Cortex. Bibliometrics provided the Cortex contributor infrastructure (author/ organization/ country/ citation distributions), and computational linguistics identified the recurring technical themes and their inter-relationships. Citation mining (the integration of citation bibliometrics and text mining) was used to profile the research user community. Four levels of published article description were compared for the analysis: Full Text, Abstract, Title, Keywords. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Highly cited documents were compared among Cortex, Neuropsychologia, and Brain, and a number of interesting parametric trends were observed. The characteristics of the papers that cite Cortex papers were examined, and some interesting insights were generated. Finally, the document clustering taxonomy showed that papers in Cortex can be reasonably divided into four categories (papers in each category in parenthesis): Semantic Memory (151); Handedness (145); Amnesia (119); and Neglect (66). It is concluded that Cortex needs to take steps to attract a more diverse group of contributors outside its continental Western European base if it wishes to capture a greater share of seminal neuropsychology papers. Further investigation of the critical citation differences reported in the paper is recommended.

Abstracting and Indexing↗

PubMed1999

Modeling the mind: very-high-field functional magnetic resonance imaging activation during cognition.

This article describes how fMRI can be used to examine the large-scale networks of cortical areas that subserve high-level cognition, such as sentence comprehension and visual thinking. The findings from a number of studies show that the qualitative and quantitative nature of the cognitive processes determines which cortical areas are activated (the network constituency) and the degree to which each network member is activated. For example, during sentence comprehension, activation in the left posterior temporal region and the inferior frontal gyrus, as well as their right hemisphere homologs, increases as a function of the linguistic complexity of the sentence. Such findings indicate that cognition emerges from the collaboration among the multiple cortical areas that compose the large-scale networks, rather than from the aggregate of autonomously functioning modules. The patterns of activation also show systematic shifts in the activity of a network during the spontaneous recovery of function by stroke patients, demonstrating cortical plasticity in adults. Finally, the article describes some simulation models that relate the information processing activity of a computational system to its resource consumption. This construct enables a mapping from the functional properties of the cognitive systems to the biological substrate that is reflected in fMRI.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Contrasting cognitive trajectories of impending death and preclinical dementia in the very old.

BACKGROUND: Both impending death and preclinical dementia are associated with cognitive impairment in old age, although their effects on cognitive functioning have rarely been examined within the same study. METHODS: Participants (n = 1,200, aged 75+ years) from a community-based study completed a measure of global cognitive performance (the Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]) at 3-year intervals over an 11-year period. Level and change of MMSE performance were compared for three groups: persons in close proximity to death, persons in a preclinical phase of dementia, and persons who remained alive and nondemented throughout the study. RESULTS: There were significant group differences in MMSE performance 3 years before each outcome (death, dementia, or end of study). Those with preclinical dementia performed the poorest and declined twice as fast on the MMSE relative to the other groups. Although persons in close proximity to death declined faster in general, no accelerated decline was observed for the impending death group after persons with dementia or preclinical dementia had been excluded. Group differences were attenuated for the oldest-old (81+ years) compared to the old-old (75 to 80 years). CONCLUSIONS: The lack of accelerated decline in proximity to death after excluding persons with dementia or preclinical dementia suggests that part of the terminal decline effect demonstrated in previous investigations may reflect preclinical dementia deficits. Further, accelerated cognitive decline might be a more reliable indicator of preclinical dementia than a low cognitive score due to confounds associated with cross-sectional cognitive performance.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1985

Some cognitive correlates of affective disorders.

Seventy-one men completed a battery of cognitive tests which were designed to reflect verbal analytic and non-verbal holistic functioning. Interest centred around pattern of response. Thirty men were suffering from an affective disorder and forty-one were well. All the men were in prison, the majority awaiting trial. The affective disorder group was subdivided into three categories: men who had a history of manic-depressive illness; a group of unipolar, psychotically depressed men; and men who were regarded as being depressed in reaction to circumstances. All three groups showed specific difficulty in dealing with spatial/holistic tasks, other factors being held constant. They were also found to differ in a number of other respects. The possible significance of these differences is discussed.

Adjustment Disorders↗

PubMed1998

Anxiety and cognitive performance in adolescent women with disruptive behavior disorders.

Comparing 36 disruptive behavior-disordered and 40 normal female adolescents, we found higher levels of anxiety and poorer performance on a measure of verbal fluency in the clinical sample. No group differences were found on a nonverbal measure of reflectivity nor on a measure of interpersonal cognitive problem solving. Nor was evidence found for an hypothesized anxiety-related performance decrement among disruptive behavior-disordered youth. However, anxiety induction facilitated performance across groups on interpersonal cognitive problem solving.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Violations of out-group and in-group regulations in the eyes of ordinary and protected prisoners: an instance of judgmental modularity.

According to the functional theory of cognition, everyday life blaming for wrongdoing reflects individuals' functional morality. The judgments of normative people were found to be modular, that is, changeable as a function of the social role taken at the moment of the judgment. This article presents several empirical indications that prisoners' functional moral judgments are modular as well. These studies were conducted within the experimental framework of functional measurement, which was chosen due to its ability to bypass prisoners' suspicion and resistance to out-group investigations. The studies focus on delinquents' core moral issues such as eyewitness testimony and informing to out-group authorities. As expected, the judgments of ordinary and protected inmates were modular. It is claimed that these findings are applicable to offender rehabilitation and correction and to offender therapy.

Attitude↗

PubMed1998

Cognitive process in preclinical phase of dementia.

Several recent prospective studies have demonstrated the existence of a preclinical stage of dementia, identifiable by neuropsychological assessment showing impairments with a great variety of cognitive tests. However, test scores are often colinear, largely because common cognitive components are involved in different tests; in spite of an apparent heterogeneity, it is still possible that a common cognitive component may be responsible for the deterioration shown in different tests in the preclinical phase. We studied the cognitive performances of 1159 elderly residents in the PAQUID (Personnes Agées quid) cohort, at a fixed lag time of 2 years before the clinical diagnosis of dementia. Seven neuropsychological tests were administered (Mini-Mental Status Examination, Benton Visual Retention Test, Wechsler Paired-Associates Test, Isaacs Set Test, Zazzo's Cancellation Task, Digit Symbol Substitution Test and Wechsler Similarities Test). Among the initially non-demented 1159 subjects, 25 developed a dementia 2 years later, of whom 16 were classified as cases of Alzheimer's disease. In order to dissect the multicolinearity of the tests we used a multivariate approach with principal component analysis (PCA). The patients' loading on each of the first four PCA factors were subsequently correlated with the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease 2 years later. The logistic regression with backward stepwise selected only the first factor as an independent predictor of dementia or Alzheimer's disease. Analysis shows that there are good reasons to suspect that the first PCA factor represents a general factor corresponding to aspects of control in the tasks used. Our results therefore seem to show that preclinical deficits in dementia and Alzheimer's disease reflect the deterioration of a general cognitive factor, which may be interpreted as the disturbance of central, control processes.

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