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At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

A comparative clinical trial of Norinyl 1/35 versus Brevicon in Rio Clara, Brazil.

A comparative clinical trial of two combined oral contraceptives (OCs) with equivalent estrogen content, but different amounts of progestogens, was conducted at the Centro Medico Especializado em Planejamento Familiar in Rio Clara, Brazil. The study was designed to determine the differences in discontinuation rates between Norinyl 1/35 (Syntex) and Brevicon (Syntex) as well as the frequency of selected side effects which might contribute to method discontinuation. Both OCs contain 0.035 mg of ethinyl estradiol; Brevicon contains 0.5 mg and Norinyl 1/35 contains 1 mg norethindrone. Three-hundred women enrolled in the study were randomly assigned to either the Norinyl 1/35 or Brevicon OCs and follow-up visits were scheduled at 1, 4, 8 and 12 months after admission. Intermenstrual bleeding was reported by significantly more women in the Brevicon group than in the Norinyl group (p less than 0.05), and significantly more Brevicon users reported an increase in intermenstrual bleeding. At the end of the study period, no differences were found between the two OC groups in terms of discontinuation rates, but a large number of women in each group discontinued for menstrual problems. The total discontinuation rates at 11 months for both groups were extremely high: 68.2 for the Norinyl 1/35 group and 75.2 for the Brevicon users. The largest group of discontinuations were comprised of those discontinuing for menstrual problems, other personal reasons, planned pregnancy and side effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Apparent oral contraceptive failure associated with antibiotic administration.

The concomitant use of antibiotics and oral contraceptives should be included in the assessment of contraceptive failure. A case of unwanted adolescent pregnancy during the use of a semisynthetic penicillin and an oral contraceptive is presented and discussed. Advising a different contraceptive method or an additional contraceptive modality may be indicated in adolescents taking long-term antibiotic medication.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Risk factors for ovarian cancer: a case-control study.

A hospital-based case-control study of ovarian cancer was conducted in London and Oxford between October 1978 and February 1983. Menstrual characteristics, reproductive and contraceptive history and history of exposure to various environmental factors were compared between 235 women with histologically diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer and 451 controls. High gravidity, hysterectomy, female sterilisation and oral contraceptive use were associated with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer. Infertility and late age at menopause were associated with an increase in risk. While these factors were related, they were each found to be independently associated with ovarian cancer risk after adjusting for the effect of the other factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Survey report: Jordan.

Preliminary results from the 1990 Jordan Population and Family Health Survey show a 20% decline in fertility since the early 1970s. The total fertility rate (TFR, or average lifetime births/woman) declined from 7.7 births in the 1971-1975 period, to 6.6 in 1980-1983, to 5.6 in 1987-1990. A national sample of 6462 evermarried women of childbearing ages were interviewed. More than 1/2 (58%) of respondents had ever used a method of contraception. 35% of married women reported currently using some method of contraception, up from 26% in 1983. The IUD was the most popular modern method--used by 15% of women. Female sterilization (6% of respondents) edged out the pill (5%). These findings show a shift in contraceptive use from the pill to the IUD and female sterilization compared with 1983. In general, older women, those living in big cities, women with a formal education, and those who have children are more likely to use contraception. Compared with other countries, the level of fertility in Jordan is high for the level of contraceptive use. Reliance on traditional methods may account for this difference: 27% were currently using modern methods and 8% traditional. Knowledge of contraceptive methods is high. Almost all women knew of at least 1 method of family planning, either modern or traditional. The pill and IUD were the best-known methods; 98% of the women knew at least 1 of these. The next best-known were traditional methods: periodic abstinence (77%) and withdrawal (69%). Most women who knew a family planning method also knew where to obtain it. For example, more than 94% of those surveyed knew about female sterilization, of whom 85% knew where to go to have it done. The survey showed infant mortality in Jordan had declined to 27/1000 livebirths. Almost all children under 2 had received some vaccinations, and almost all are breastfed for at least some time. There seems to be a strong program prompting diphtheria/pertussis/typhoid, polio, and measles vaccination in Jordan, according to the report. Of all children 12-23 months, 88% had received these vaccinations, although coverage declined with successive doses.

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraceptive choice in Lagos, Nigeria.

Among 1266 contraceptive acceptors (median age 30 years, median parity 4.5) attending a family planning clinic, mostly after referral from the post-natal clinic, two thirds chose the intrauterine device, almost all the remainder choosing oral contraception. Oral contraception was, however, the main choice among women parity 0 or 1. A definite intention to have no more children was given by none of the women of parity 3 or under, and only by 15% of those of parity 8 or more, so that child spacing was the main reason for accepting contraception. By 12 months, the discontinuation rate among oral contraceptive users was 17% (IUD 11%) of which 11% (IUD 6%) was for personal reasons or to plan pregnancy, 4% (IUD 5%) through adverse effects and 0.6% (IUD 0.8%) through accidental pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Observations on family planning acceptors in Papua New Guinea.

The continuation contraceptive practise of 3,293 I.U.D., 1985 pill and 749 depo-provera acceptors was analysed by a survey of family planning records. The proportions of grand multiporae were 40.3%, 24.2% and 40.4% in the three groups. Pap smears were taken in from 12 to 38.5% of acceptors and the proportions of pathological smears varied from 8.9 to 13.3%. The percentages of acceptors who attended only once more were 11% (I.U.D.), 18.1% (pill) and 25.1% (d-p.), Pregnancy rates were for the I.U.D., 1.7 per Hundred Woman Years, for the 2.1 per H.W.Y. and for d-p, 0.4, per H.W.Y. Temporary interruptions of the contraceptive methods were common with the pill and d-p. In the long run the I.U.D. is superior to the other temporary methods of contraceptives. Continuation rates with the I.U.D. were 89.9% after one year and 70.9% after five years (similar rates for the pill were 55% and 16.5% and for d-p 50.5% and 10.3%). The importance of a proper pelvic examination and the need to have all methods available for any individual receiving contraceptives are emphasized in the discussion. Tubal ligations should always be considered as an alternative to the temporary methods of contraceptives in ground multiporae and others at special risk from further pregnancies.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mortality associated with fertility and fertility control: 1983.

This analysis demonstrates that levels of mortality associated with all major methods of fertility control (tubal sterilization, the pill, IUD, condom, diaphragm, spermicides, rhythm and abortion) are low in comparison with the risk of death associated with childbirth and ectopic pregnancy when no fertility control method is used. The exceptions are the risks associated with pill use after the age of 40 for women who do not smoke, and with pill use after the age of 35 for smokers. The safest approach to fertility control is to use the condom and to back it up by abortion in case of method failure. Except for the lowest-risk method of fertility control (condom and abortion) and the highest (pill use by a smoker), most strategies of fertility control result in a similar risk of mortality until the woman reaches 35 years of age. At that point, risk from pill use rises more sharply than risk associated with other methods. The above conclusions are based on the lowest contraceptive failure rates reported by Schirm and his colleagues for married American women. If, instead, the highest failure rates are employed, use of the pill by a nonsmoker or the IUD clearly is safer than reliance on barrier methods or rhythm. As noted earlier, there are few women who make their contraceptive choices solely on the basis of perceived risk of mortality. Very few, for example, would consider abortion as a primary method of birth control; and for many, abortion would not be acceptable even as a backup for failed contraception. Although the risk of mortality resulting from use of the IUD is low, many women who have not yet had children might not want to face the increased risk of infertility problems from pelvic inflammatory disease that have been associated with use of this method.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1993

Seventeen-year review of sexual and contraceptive behavior on a college campus.

OBJECTIVES: We reviewed current sexual and contraceptive behavior of college-age men and women and compared the findings with those of similar studies in 1974 and 1979. STUDY DESIGN: A randomly selected population questionnaire was provided to students registered in the spring 1991 semester. Of the 1921 survey forms mailed, 772 (40.2%) were returned. The CHIFIT test was used to determine representativeness of sample population to target population. RESULTS: Proportionately more women than men responded, although the age grouping and academic standing were consistent with the university population. Of the 772 responses, 84.2% were sexually active with a mean age at onset of 17.8 years. Half (50.3%) always used contraception with oral contraceptives as the first choice and condoms second. Sexually transmitted diseases were reported by 19.1%. More than one fourth (27.8%) had been tested for human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Fifteen percent (15.1%) reported being forced to have sex, and 50% of these incidents had occurred before age 19. CONCLUSIONS: On a comparison with findings in 1974 and 1979, more students had participated in sexual activity beginning at a younger age with slightly less use of contraception.

Contraception↗
PubMed1991

A comparative study of 35 mcg and 50 mcg combined oral contraceptives: results from a multicenter clinical trial.

A comparative multicenter clinical trial of two combined oral contraceptives (OCs) differing only in the estrogen content (35 mcg ethinyl estradiol versus 50 mcg mestranol) was conducted at five clinics located in Yugoslavia, Egypt, Sri Lanka, Costa Rica and Mexico. The trial was designed to determine the differences between Norinyl 1+35 (Syntex) and Norinyl 1+50 (Syntex) in rates and reasons of discontinuation, and frequency of selected side effects which might contribute to method discontinuation. This report includes analysis of 1698 women, all of whom were interval patients (at least 42 days but within 26 weeks postpartum), randomly allocated to one of the above OCs between October 1982 and January 1984. Follow-up visits were scheduled at 1, 4, 8 and 12 months after admission. Significantly more women in the Norinyl 1+35 group (p less than .001) reported intermenstrual bleeding (primarily staining and spotting), as well as an increase in the occurrence of intermenstrual bleeding compared to women in the Norinyl 1+50 group. There were no significant differences between the groups for side effects with the exception of more women in the Norinyl 1+50 group (p less than .05) reporting breast discomfort. The lost to follow-up rate at 12 months was 19.3% for both the Norinyl 1+35 and the Norinyl 1+50 groups. The total discontinuation rate (including women lost to follow-up) at 12 months was 43.5% for the Norinyl 1+35 group and 41.0% for the Norinyl 1+50 group. There were no significant differences between the two groups for gross cumulative life table discontinuation rates (p greater than .05). There were six accidental pregnancies attributed to user failure reported during the study period; four in the Norinyl 1+35 group and two in the Norinyl 1+50 group.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Risk of contraceptive discontinuation among adolescents.

This prospective study assesses a sample of adolescent oral contraceptive users for correlates of continued use of birth control. Data were collected by interview at both an initial family planning clinic visit and 3 months later. Half of the sample did not return to the clinic for follow-up. Among those contacted by phone, all had discontinued the use of a contraceptive, and 69% were at risk for an unintended pregnancy. Least likely to continue to use the pill were adolescents who perceived substantial health-related problems associated with oral contraceptive use, felt their own risk of pregnancy was less than that of other teenagers, and had poor problem-solving skills. Among the most common problems experienced were the side effects associated with oral contraceptive use and difficulty remembering to take a pill every day. Suggested interventions aimed at supporting continued and effective use of birth control are provided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Further analysis of contraceptive failure of the ovulation method.

Reanalysis of data on the ovulation method of natural family planning collected by the World Health Organization yields the following conclusions. The method is effective during perfect (correct and consistent) use, with a first-year probability of failure of 3.4%. However, it is extremely unforgiving of imperfect use, with a first-year probability of failure of 84.2% if the method is not used correctly. During the initial year, 87% of the cycles were characterized by perfect use. Nevertheless, the 13% of cycles characterized by imperfect use had a tremendous impact on the overall failure rate. During the first year of typical use 22.5% of the women in the clinical trial became accidentally pregnant.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Depo-Provera in adolescents: effects of early second injection or prior oral contraception.

PURPOSE: To examine the effects of an early second injection or prior use of oral contraceptive pills (OCP) on side effects of Depo-Provera during the early months of use in adolescents. METHODS: Thirty-six girls, gynecologic age 4.2 +/- 0.3 years, and body mass index (BMI) 23.2 +/- 0.8, received the currently recommended injection of 150 mg every three months. Twenty-seven girls (gynecologic age 3.9 +/- 0.5 years, BMI 24.0 +/- 0.8) received the second injection six weeks after the first injection. Fifteen girls (gynecologic age 5.0 +/- 0.5, BMI 25.4 +/- 1.3) switched directly from an OCP to Depo-Provera. The patients were periodically assessed by their care providers. RESULTS: Early administration of the second injection of Depo-Provera did not alter the bleeding episodes, onset of bleeding, or total days of bleeding (14.3 +/- 3.7 vs. 17.1 +/- 4.0, p = 0.62) during the three months interval following injection, compared with the standard second injection interval. Moreover, an excessive BMI gain (BMI increase 0.99 +/- 0.22 vs. 0.40 +/- 0.14, p = 0.03) was observed in these girls. Girls who switched directly from OCP showed no difference in the rate of BMI gain when compared to those not previously on OCP (BMI increase 0.38 +/- 0.3). Bleeding duration of these girls, however, was markedly reduced; the total number of days of bleeding was 5.7 +/- 1.9 (p = 0.0003) during the first three month interval, and 5.7 +/- 2.3 (p = 0.019) during the three month period following the second injection. This reduction did not persist beyond the first six months. CONCLUSIONS: Early second Depo-Provera injection does not alter the experience of menstrual abnormalities, and predisposes to greater weight gain; OCP use prior to Depo-Provera results in a decrease in the duration of bleeding with no change in the weight gain rate.

Adolescent↗