SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Domestication”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources

PubMed1991

Childhood drowning and near-drowning in Brisbane: the contribution of domestic pools.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of domestic swimming pool drowning and near-drowning in Brisbane and to examine the efficacy of a broad range of preventive options, including pool fences. DESIGN: A prospective, hospital-based, injury surveillance system to describe the epidemiology of drowning and near-drowning and a community survey to describe pool fencing. SETTING: The surveillance questionnaire was completed at presentation in the Emergency Department by the parent, nurse and doctor. Personal interviews in households that were randomly selected by means of a stratified sampling scheme provided the pool fencing description. PARTICIPANTS: All 139 children suffering from an immersion injury resulting in presentation at a hospital in the catchment area of The Mater Children's Hospital were included. There were 204 households with a swimming pool in the 1024 households interviewed in the community survey. RESULTS: The 100 domestic pool drownings and near-drownings were equivalent to 15.5 incidents per year per 100,000 children aged 0-13 years and 64.9 per year per 100,000 for the critical 1-3 years age group. Of 72 children who gained unintended access to a domestic pool, 88.9% were less than 3 years of age and 52.8% were less than 2 years. All 10 of the children who drowned and five who were severely brain damaged (age range, 12-32 months) were in this group. The risk of a drowning or near-drowning involving unintended access to an unfenced pool is 3.76 times higher than the risk associated with a fenced pool (95% confidence limits for relative risk: 2.14, 6.62). CONCLUSIONS: Pool fences are an effective method of preventing child drownings and near-drownings. This effectiveness can be further improved if compliance with gate closure can be enhanced. This should be emphasised in health promotion accompanying the introduction of universal pool fencing.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1998

[Origin and differentiation of domestic goose breeds in China, inferred from mitochondrial DNA polymorphism].

Mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) of 138 samples from 11 domestic goose breeds in China were investigated by digesting, with 19 restriction endonucleases. Of 19 enzymes used, seven (Bcl I, Dra I, Eco RV, Hae II, Hinc II, Kpn I, Sac I) detected polymorphic patterns. By combining 27 restriction morphs, 138 individuals were classified into 6 mtDNA haplotypes. Phylogenetic tree was constructed by using UPGMA. There was no shared haplotype between Yili breed and the other 10 breeds. Genetic distance and UPGMA tree also suggested that Yili breed and other breeds came from different ancestors. Yili breed originated from Anser anser and other 10 breeds originated from Anser cygnoides. Restriction morphs digested with 4 enzymes (EcoRV, Hae II, Hinc II and Kpn I) could be used as maternal genetic markers to distinguish the two types of domestic geese. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism was observed in the ten breeds of Anser cygnoides. Nucleotide diversity (pi), genetic distance between the two types and the average genetic distance among the ten breeds were estimated to be 0.025%, 0.266%, 0.029%, respectively. The breeds with white plume were affected by founder effect when they were formed. Swan domestic geese, Anser cygnoides domesticus, in China might come from two different populations of Anser cygnoides at two different places.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Occurrence of haemolytic & cytotoxic Aeromonas species in domestic water supplies in Chennai.

A study on the occurrence of Aeromonas species in the domestic water supplies in Chennai showed that as much as 37.9 per cent of the water samples analyzed from various sources harbored Aeromonas spp. Majority of the isolates belonged to Aeromonas sobria (13.7%), A. caviae (11.6%) and A. hydrophila (9.5%). Among the 37 metropolitan water samples analyzed, 11 samples yielded Aeromonas spp. inclusive of three isolates of A. hydrophila, four of A. sobria and two isolates each of A. caviae and A. jandaei. From a total of 28 bore well water samples analyzed, Aeromonas spp. were recovered from 15 samples, comprising five isolates of A. hydrophila, six of A. sobria and four isolates of A. caviae. Aeromonas spp. inclusive of one isolate of A. hydrophila, five of A. caviae, three of A. sobria and one isolate of A. veronii were isolated from 10 of the 30 water packets of various commercial brands sold in Chennai. Of a total of 36 isolates obtained, 32 (89%) produced beta-haemolysin with the titres ranging from 2-32 and 20 isolates (56%) were cytotoxic to vero cell monolayers. All the Aeromonas isolates were resistant to ampicillin and polymyxin B. All A. hydrophila and A. caviae isolates were also resistant to cephalothin and erythromycin and 83.3 per cent of Aeromonas isolates were resistant to erythromycin. Aeromonads resistant to tetracycline, gentamycin, co-trimoxazole and nalidixic acid appear to be emerging. The study revealed that Aeromonas spp. occur in the potable and domestic water supplies and even in the chlorinated water supplies in Chennai city, which are potentially enteropathogenic and hence may be hazardous to public health. In view of these findings drinking and domestic water quality standards need to be re-evaluated.

Aeromonas↗

PubMed1999

Seasonal effects on reproduction in the domestic sow in Finland--a herd record study.

Seasonal effects on fertility of the domestic sow were assessed by retrospective analysis of the Finnish national computerised data management system covering 1081 herds in 1993. Multivariate analyses were used, where the reproductive parameter of interest (repeat breeding, weaning to oestrus interval, age of gilts at first farrowing, litter size, culling due to anoestrus or no conception) was designed as the response variable. The months of the year (each month compared with January) and all herds and breed were included in the models as explanatory variables. The study demonstrated clear seasonal effects on various aspects of fertility in the domestic sow. The poorest reproductive performance was consistently observed in late summer and autumn and was demonstrated in a number of ways. Firstly, the gilts born between December and April were older (> 5 days) at farrowing than those born during the rest of the year (p < 0.01). Secondly, the risk that a culled sow would be culled due to anoestrus was significantly increased during the autumn months (Odds Ratio (OR) ranged from 1.10 to 1.36). Thirdly, the risk of a repeat breeding was higher from July to November (OR = 1.16). Risk of a prolonged weaning-to-oestrus beyond day 10 was the highest from August to October (OR ranged from 1.70 to 1.77). Risk of a sow to be culled due to no conception was the highest in January and February (weaned in October-November). In addition, descriptive data gathered in a slaughterhouse in 1993 (a subpopulation of the sows included in the herd records) suggest that incidence of inactive ovaries is increased in summer-autumn (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a marked reduction in fertility of the domestic sow in Finland is reported between July and November.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

[Probable ways for spreading domestic chicken genes from Asia to Russia: analysis of the genogeographic studies of A.S. Serebrovskii].

The unique material of A.S. Serebrovsky's gene-geographic studies, most of which is kept at the Archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences, was analyzed and summarized. A comparison of 58 populations of the domestic chicken was conducted. These populations were described by Serebrovsky and his coworkers in 23 regions of the former USSR from 1926 to 1933. On the dendrogram constructed on the basis of a comparison between the frequencies of 14 genes of the domestic chicken, three major clusters can be detected. Russian populations formed a separate cluster. Ukrainian populations clustered with some North-Caucasian populations. The Bashkir chicken populations were shown to be unique. A parallel change in frequencies of some gene pairs (termed by Serebrovsky "gene parallelism") was studied. As a result, three pathways for spreading domestic chickens from Asia to Russia were suggested: through Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Neuropsychological correlates of domestic violence.

Neuropsychological functioning was assessed in 39 males who had committed domestic violence (batterers) and compared to 63 nonviolent (both maritally discordant and satisfied) subjects recruited by advertisement. Subjects were subsequently divided into two groups (head injured, nonhead injured) and these groups were also contrasted as a function of batterer status. Tests were administered to assess for cognitive and behavioral functions, including executive dysfunction, hypothesized to be a factor contributing to propensity for violence. Questionnaires and structured clinical interviews were used to assess marital discord, emotional distress, and violent behaviors. Batterers differed from nonbatterers across several cognitive domains: executive, learning, memory, and verbal functioning. Batterers were reliably discriminated from nonbatterers based on three neuropsychological tasks: Digit Symbol, Recognition Memory Test-Words, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Neuropsychological performance was the strongest correlate of domestic violence of all clinical variables measured. However, the inclusion of two other variables, severity of emotional distress and history of head injury, together with the neuropsychological indices provided the strongest correlation with batterers status. Among batterers, neuropsychological performance did not vary as a function of head injury status, indicating that while prior head injury was correlated with batterer status, it was not the sole basis for their impairments. The findings suggest that current cognitive status, prior brain injury, childhood academic problems, as well as psychosocial influences, contribute along with coexisting emotional distress to a propensity for domestic violence.

Achievement↗

PubMed2000

Status of domestic wastewater management in relation to drinking-water supply in two states of India.

In India, supply of drinking water, treatment and disposal of domestic wastewater including faecal matter are managed by local bodies. The existing status of water supply, characteristics of domestic wastewater, modes of collection, treatment and disposal system for sewage and faecal matter in 82 municipalities and 4 municipal corporations were assessed in the States of Bihar and West Bengal in India. Domestic wastewater in the municipal areas is collected and discharged through open kachha (earthen), pucca (cement-concrete) and natural drains and discharged into water courses or disposed on land. Scavenger carriage system for night soil disposal is in-vogue at several places in the surveyed States. Open defecation by the inhabitants in some of the municipalities also occurs. The existing methods of collection, treatment and disposal of sewage impairs the water quality of different water sources. Techno-economically viable remedial measures for providing basic amenities, namely safe drinking-water supply and proper sanitation to the communities of these two States of India are suggested and discussed.

Developing Countries↗

PubMed1999

Molecular domestication--more than a sporadic episode in evolution.

Transposable elements are short but complex pieces of DNA or RNA containing a streamlined minimal-genome with the capacity for its selfish replication in a foreign genomic environment. Cis-regulatory sections within the elements orchestrate tempo and mode of TE expression. Proteins encoded by TEs mainly direct their own propagation within the genome by recruitment of host-encoded factors. On the other hand, TE-encoded proteins harbor a very attractive repertoire of functional abilities for a cell. These proteins mediate excision, replication and integration of defined DNA fragments. Furthermore, some of these proteins are able to manipulate important host factors by altering their original function. Thus, if the host genome succeeds in domesticating such TE-encoded proteins by taming their 'anarchistic behavior,' such an event can be considered as an important evolutionary innovation for its own benefit. In fact, the domestication of TE-derived cis-regulatory modules and protein coding sections took place repeatedly in the course of genome evolution. We will present prominent cases that impressively demonstrate the beneficial impact of TEs on host biology over evolutionary time. Furthermore, we will propose that molecular domestication might be considered as a resumption of the same evolutionary process that drove the transition from 'primitive genomes' to 'modern' ones at the early dawn of life, that is, the adaptive integration of a short piece of autonomous DNA into a complex regulatory network.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2001

[Studies of the origin of Chinese domestic fowls].

A total of 539 bases fragment of mitochondrial DNA D-loop region of six domestic chicken breeds (30 individuals) were sequenced and compared to that of red junglefowl, grey junglefowl, green junglefowl and Lafayette's junglefowl issued in GenBank, and the phylogenetic trees for the chickens constructed based on the D-loop sequences. The results indicated that the four species of genus Gallus had great differences between each other, the G. g. domesticus was the next of kin to red junglefowl in Thailand and its adjacent regions, and near of kin to red junglefowl in Indonesian, Lafayette's junglefowl, grey junglefowl and green junglefowl one by one in proper order, suggesting that the red junglefowl in Thailand and its neighbour areas sufficed as the matriarchic ancestor of Chinese domestic fowls. It was also discovered that the two subspecies of Thailand i.e. G. g. gallus and G. g. spadiceus should belong to one subspecies because of their far lower differentiation compared to that among the domestic breeds.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

[Factors of domestic behavior variation in farm animals species].

Fear response and domestic behavior of sheep, cattle, horses, and pigs were studied using four different variants of experimental stress conditions. As standard aversive stimulus, the factor of human presence during the feeding time was used under the following conditions: animals were starved for 12-14 or 2 h before the exposure and fed individually or in a group. In the animal species studied, these conditions were found to reveal phenotypic and genotypic differences in fear response to humans, which is correlated with feeding behavior by regulatory mechanisms. A comparative qualitative and quantitative study of the discrete variation of the associated passive-defensive responses and feeding behavior (as related to domestic behavior) was conducted with regard to the effect of the breed and individual genotypes and the feeding and zoosocial deprivation. A classification scheme of the individual diversity of this behavior in farm animal species is proposed, in which ontogenetic and evolutionary relationships earlier found in sheep were taken into consideration. It is suggested that the progressive ecological and zootechnical specialization alters adaptive reaction norms of stress response in breeds and leads to the formation of the homologous variation in a set of coadapted traits, i.e., constitutional types of animals genetically marked by their behavior. A conclusion is made that heritable polymorphism of domestic behavior represents a new source of adaptive variation for improving the total fitness, welfare, and productivity of farm animals by breeding.

Adaptation, Biological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Postmortem bite injuries cause by a domestic cat].

A 70-year-old farmer was found dead in front of a barn. The emergency doctor did not note any significant findings at the external examination of the body. When the corpse was picked up by the undertaker, he noticed facial injuries. Several domestic cats were strolling around the barn at this time. External examination by a forensic pathologist revealed both sharp and crenated wound margins around the removed ear with punctured stabs adjacent to the mutilation. Further small perforating but not mutilating skin lesions were found also on other parts of the face. Given the typical morphology of the skin lesions and the observation of cats at the death scene, it is concluded that the injuries were inflicted by at least one domestic cat. In the forensic literature, reports on depredation of human corpses by cats are rare. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of outdoor cat depredation in the early postmortem interval. The case shows that domestic cats feed on human corpse even if other food is available.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Analysis of sludge management parameters resulting from the use of domestic garbage disposers.

The use of domestic garbage disposers may reduce the amounts and improve the solid waste composition, by lowering putrid matter and water content and by raising the caloric potential. However, additional loading on the sewerage systems might require increased investments and operation costs of the wastewater treatment facilities. This project analyses additional amounts of solids, biosolids and process requirements connected with wastewater treatment facilities resulting from the domestic use of garbage disposers, as well as the additional production of biogas. It was found that the use of the domestic garbage disposers in 60% of the households in a given urban area, is expected to reduce the weight, volume and water content of the solid waste by 7.0%, 3.3% and 4.4% for garbage characterized by low organic content, and by 18.7%, 11.0% and 13.3% for high organic content, respectively. The additional amounts of sludge are expected to be the lowest in case of biological treatment only, 24 to 38 g/capita/day, and the highest in case of primary chemical sedimentation followed by biotreatment, 67 to 100 g/capita/day. In these conditions the energy potential from biogas obtained in anaerobic digestion of sludge from wastewater collected from the same area, will increase by 50% to 70%, depending on the wastewater treatment sequence. The investment in wastewater treatment is estimated to increase by 23% to 27% and the annual costs for operation and maintenance are expected to increase by 26% to 30%.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗

PubMed2002

Domestic wastewater treatment in waste stabilization ponds for irrigation in Mendoza, Argentina: policies and challenges.

Arid areas call for imaginative water management solutions to avoid the dangers of water shortages. Growing demands of water for domestic and industrial uses decrease the availability of water for agriculture. It therefore becomes necessary to set up a policy for the use of domestic effluents. For the province of Mendoza, Argentina, with 1,500,000 inhabitants, a master plan was designed as of 1991 for the treatment of domestic effluents and subsequent disposal for irrigation. The guidelines set up by WHO for the use of wastewater in agricultural applications were taken into consideration. At present, the Province of Mendoza has available projects which are either complete, in execution or in the bidding process, entailing secondary treatment capacity with reuse of 320,000 cubic metres/day and an estimated possible irrigation area of 10,000 hectares. With this infrastructure, some strategic lines of action are recommended to establish a policy for the agricultural use of wastewater: (a) to program the use of treated wastewater to avoid discharges to irrigation flows; (b) to develop an institutional scheme for the efficient and safe use of these waters; and (c) develop scientific and technologic know-how to accompany the updated policies.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2002

Anaerobic treatment of domestic sewage: established technologies and perspectives.

The use of anaerobic reactors for domestic sewage treatment has increased significantly since the UASB configuration started to be efficiently applied for this purpose in the beginning of the 1980s. Nowadays, hundreds of UASB reactors, or similar anaerobic units, are used in domestic sewage treatment systems, particularly in developing countries. These units have been operated at ambient temperature, normally higher than 20 degrees C, at hydraulic detention time in the range of 6 to 10 hours, and organic loading rates lower than 3.0 kg COD.m(-3).d(-1). They have presented COD removal efficiencies in the range of 65% to 80%. Besides, new configurations have been developed and assayed in research centres, aiming to amplify the range of application and to improve process performance. At the same time, research is being conducted on the post-treatment of anaerobic effluents attempting to offer alternatives to the existing conventional systems. It takes into consideration not only sanitation and environmental protection, but also considers resources conservation at lower construction and running costs as the main supporting concepts for further development. This text presents some aspects of the consolidated technologies and suggests on further developments in the conception of domestic sewage treatment systems having the anaerobic process as their core.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗

PubMed2002

Efficacy of domestic bisoprolol,enalapril and nifedipine retard in mild to moderate hypertension: a randomized double-blind multicenter clinical trial in China.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of bisoprolol, enalapril and nifedipine retard in the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension. METHODS: This is a randomized, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial. 331 patients with mild to moderate hypertension in the army troop were randomly allocated to receive domestic bisoprolol ( n =110,5 mg/d),enalapril ( n =111,10 mg/d) and nifedipine retard ( n =110,20 mg/day). Total duration of active drug treatment was 4 weeks. RESULTS: The total efficacy rates of domestic bisoprolol, enalapril and nifedipine retard were 80.0%, 82.0% and 81.8% respectively P > 0.05 . The incidences of adverse events were 4.5%, 8.1% and 19.1% (P < 0.01 ) in patients of bisoloprol, enalapril and nifedipine retard groups respectively. The adverse effects were mild in all the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Domestic bisoprolol, enalapril and nifedipine retard are effective and well-tolerated in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. The occurrence of adverse effects were least in the bisoprolol group and most in the nifedipine retard group.

Bisoprolol↗

PubMed2002

Comparison of anticoagulation efficacy and clinical safety between imported and domestically manufactured low-molecular-weight heparin during hemodialysis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the anticoagulation efficacy and clinical safety of domestically manufactured and imported low-molecular-weight-heparin during hemodialysis. METHODS: Sixty patients on hemodialysis were randomly divided into 2 groups, who received intravascular injections of domestically manufactured or imported low-molecular-weight heparin to prevent coagulation. Active partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT) and factor Xa activity were determined during dialysis. RESULTS: No incidence of major bleeding was encountered in all of these patients. Similarly low incidences of clotting in extracorporeal circuit were found in either group. No significant differences in aPTT, PT, TT and plasma levels of factor Xa were observed between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Low-molecular-weight heparin domestically manufactured is safe and efficient for anticoagulation during hemodialysis as compared with the imported heparin.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The development of the relationship between sow and piglet in the domestic pig--a sociobiological observation].

The nursing and suckling behaviour of the domestic pig is a complex social behavioural interaction aimed to ensure the milk flow from the sow to the piglets. Ultimately caused theoretical frameworks from basic ethology and/or sociobiology are increasingly used to explain such social behavioural patterns. The present paper gives a short survey of ethophysiological aspects of the nursing and suckling behaviour in domestic pigs and, thereafter, discusses the development and consequences of some parts of the suckling behaviour and the maternal lactation performance in terms of a possible parent-offspring and weaning conflict. It is concluded that--additional to proximately caused mechanisms--the ontogeny of domestic pigs can be interpreted with such principles. In housing systems allowing the animals more control over their behaviour (e.g. their investment) ultimate causes should be more considered. Especially the pathways on which the ultimate strategies become effective via proximate mechanisms do not seem to be understood in total and require specific research. However, it is suggested that effective improvements of welfare, health and productivity can only be reached with the knowledge and integration of both ultimate and proximate causes of behaviour.

Animal Welfare↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Domestic violence in nursing curricula.

Domestic violence has serious consequences, which often result in long-term damage to an individual's health, well being and development. Health care providers are ideally placed to detect people who have experienced domestic abuse, as almost everyone accesses the health service at some point in their lifetime. Nursing and midwifery tutors have a pivotal role in educating health care professionals on the subject of domestic abuse. This article reports on a study exploring the current practice and views of tutors who deliver this topic in the curriculum.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗