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At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

[A complex interplay of hormones, neuro-transmitters, neuropeptides and immunity cells is responsible for the control of eating].

Food-seeking behaviour is a complex mechanism which involves an interplay of hormones, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and immunity cells. In this review the important role of the cooperation between the SNC system, the endocrine system and in particular the immune system in the control of eating is underlined. Like stress and depression, in fact the regulation of eating represents another example of the interplay between these three systems and it is secondary to a bidirectional dialogue between the center and the periphery.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1990

[High-frequency ventilation: side effects and dangers].

Dangers of high-frequency ventilation result from the lack of a sensitive monitoring technique. Mucosal lesions of the trachea and the bronchi as well as cooling of the patient can be prevented by adequate humidification and heating of the gas flow. It is still controversial whether HFV leads to increased mucus production or secretolysis, and whether it prevents or promotes aspiration. The influence of mobilisation or immobilisation of a pulmonary focus on its recovery is not well understood. Interferences of HFV with the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system, like an increased release of PGI2, an antidiuretic and narcotic effect, with the coagulation system and the acid-base balance are inconsistent and therefore need particular clinical observation.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Measurement of blood glucose variations due to surgical stress].

It has been confirmed that the oral surgical invasion not only arouses emotions, such as anxiety and fear, but causes physiological changes at the same time through 2 different pathways, the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system. The change in blood glucose concentration is known as one of representative vital reactions associated with these 2 functional systems. Although secure measurement manipulation producing errors as small as possible is essential to the comparison of blood glucose concentrations obtained from a same individual at different times, various errors are often made during specimen preparation and measurement. Resulting values of glucose concentration are known to be especially influenced by specimen pretreatment, kinds of specimens, meals, menstruation and anesthetics among factors affecting the measurement. Thus we determined these factors in order to establish a measurement procedure to produce the least errors. As a result, it was thought to be desirable that the measurement is performed using the following procedure: 1) blood is sampled more than 90 minutes after meal; 2) whole blood collected from the median basilic vein is used as a specimen; 3) measurement is performed as soon as possible, within 60 minutes after sampling; 4) quantitative values of blood glucose concentration are obtained using dextrosticks and a dextrometer; 5) every specimen is measured 5 time to obtain a mean value used as blood glucose concentration in that specimen through averaging 3 measurement values, omitting the highest and lowest values, and 6) as for female patients, measurement (as well as operation) is performed on a day 2 weeks after the beginning of menstruation. It was concluded that blood glucose concentration can be used as a highly reliable parameter for the observation of vital reactions to external stimulation and for the determination of internal environment at a certain point of time if the measurement is performed with careful consideration of the above-mentioned factors.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1985

Stress and immunomodulation: the role of depression and neuroendocrine function.

Considerable evidence demonstrating a relationship between stress and immune function is accumulating, and a complex chain of biologic and psychologic processes are involved. An extensive network of central nervous system and endocrine system processes may be involved in the modulation of the immune system in response to stressors.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Acne: endocrinologic aspects.

Acne is dependent for its development on several factors, one of which is hormonal. The principal and possibly sole mechanistic link between hormones and acne is sebum, the secretory product of the sebaceous glands which is highly androgen-sensitive. Some but not all, patients with acne can be shown to have systemic androgen abnormalities. In addition, there is evidence to suggest that androgens are metabolized abnormally in the skin, possibly resulting in excessive sebaceous gland secretion. Systemic endocrine therapy of acne is designed to reduce the androgenic stimulation of the sebaceous gland. Such treatment includes the peroral cyclic administration of estrogen for ovarian inhibition and the use of low-dosage glucocorticoid for adrenocortical androgen suppression. Combined estrogen-glucocorticoid treatment induces the most telling effect in reducing sebaceous gland activity.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cytokines and the liver in health and disease. Effects on liver metabolism and fibrogenesis.

The liver is the largest organ in the body providing a large number of essential functions for the organism. It is the center for the metabolism of nutrients and drugs, and plays a key role in the unspecific immune system by harbouring Kupfer cells, the majority of all macrophages. The liver is the main site for the synthesis of many different metabolites and releases most of the plasma proteins. All these functions of the liver must be coordinated and regulated in response to metabolic changes and minor or major injuries. This is accomplished by metabolites, the autonomous nerve system, the endocrine system and by cytokines, which form a complex network of mediator molecules. Cytokines modulate liver metabolism in many ways. Synthesis of acute phase proteins is regulated by cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-11, leukemia inhibitory factor, TNF, transforming growth factor beta, epidermal growth factor, and ciliary derived neurotropic factor, which interact synergistically with corticosteroids and insulin. Hepatic lipid metabolism and hepatic carbohydrate metabolism are also regulated by cytokines and by classical hormones. Cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of liver diseases and liver fibrosis, which is the common morphological reaction after chronic injury of the liver. An uncontrolled production of extracellular matrix and its impaired degradation destroy the architecture of the liver and its function. Fat-storing cells (Ito cells, lipocytes, perisinusoidal cells) are the major source of extracellular matrix in the liver. They are activated to proliferate or to produce extracellular matrix compounds by cytokines like transforming growth factor beta, and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). Interferon gamma and alpha inhibit this activation. Modulation of fibrogenesis by these cytokines may be helpful for future treatment of liver fibrosis.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗
PubMed1993

[Functional anatomy of the hypothalamic-hypophysial system: neuroendocrine control mechanism].

The hypothalamic neuroendocrine mechanisms involved in the regulation of the anterior pituitary functions were reviewed on the basis of the findings obtained mainly in rats. The hypothalamic-hypophysial system has long been considered as a hormonary associated organ system. Recent development of immunohistochemistry and molecular biology, however, has localized the hormone-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamus, and disclosed the synaptic junctions between them, between those neurons and non-hormonal neurons in the hypothalamus, and further, between neurons in the hypothalamus and other brain parts as well as peripheral nervous systems. Based on these findings, we have designated five functional areas in the hypothalamus: septopreoptic, suprachiasmatic, magno- and parvicellular paraventricular, and arcuate-median eminence areas. The neuronal transmitters in the synaptic junctions were classical transmitters and hormonal or nonhormonal peptides. Some mutual synaptic connections were found between different hormonal peptide-synthesizing neurons within the same area and even between those in the different areas. Although the significance of the neuronal regulation system cooperating with the hormonal events is largely still uncertain, they may serve to integrate the functions of hypothalamic hormone-synthesizing neurons as a whole in adjusting the homeostasis of the internal milieu of the living body. Intimate relations have recently been reported between immune system and endocrine system or hypothalamic neuroendocrine system. In this connection, it is clear that the hypothalamus acts not only as the center for neuroendocrine regulation but also as the center of the neuroendocrine-immune regulation of the living body. To thereby understand the living and reproductive strategies of animals, further accurate knowledge on the neuronal connections within the hypothalamus is needed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Stress and psychosomatic disease].

Psychosomatic disease has become almost synonymous with stress-related diseases. It is defined as a somatic disorder with influences from various types of stress. The physical reactions to stress are generally divided into three principal areas:those affecting the autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system or the immune system. However, recent studies show that these three areas actually affect one another and this, in turn, affects the body's homeostasis. In the stress-filled environment we live in, on-going research on psychosomatic disease and stress will continue to play a vital role in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.

Homeostasis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Endothelins: an overview of recent achievements.

The aim of this study is to review the recent developments in research on the pathophysiological role of endothelins in the reproductive system and lungs, as well as in systemic disorders such as sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure. The international literature of the last 9 years, as available on MEDLINE, was duly scanned. Only relevant, original and update studies were selected for the purpose of this survey. The results of the most significant studies in humans are summarized. The potential roles of endothelins in systemic diseases are currently under investigation. A possible role of these peptides is suggested in the pathophysiology of heart failure and in the mechanism of post-ischemic renal failure. Studies have been conducted also on other systems, namely the reproductive system, the endocrine system and the lungs as well as on a number of tissue disorders such as sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome multiple organ failure, preeclampsia and related abnormalities. Full understanding of the role and action of this group of regulatory mediators in tissues should enable complete insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms of localized diseases as well as of multiple organ diseases. As a result, adequate therapy may be established.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed2004

Posttraumatic inflammation is a complex response based on the pathological expression of the nervous, immune, and endocrine functional systems.

The successive phases that make up both the local and systemic posttraumatic acute inflammatory response could represent the expression of three concatenated pathological or "primitive" functional systems with trophic properties: the nervous, immune, and endocrine ones. The nervous functional system would play an important role in the phenomenon of ischemia-reperfusion, which would be represented by nutrition by diffusion that is either anaerobic (ischemia) or with defective use of oxygen (reperfusion) and, thus, with a limited energy requirement. The immune functional system would be represented by the infiltration of the tissues by inflammatory cells and bacteria, which would become mediators in providing nutrition to the injured tissues. Although the use of oxygen would still be defective, hypermetabolism and fever would occur. In these inflammatory response phases, the lymphatic is the most important circulation. The endocrine functional system would be the most specialized and would have high energy requirements because it would be represented by the blood capillary-mediated nutrition. Highly specialized epithelial cells would already possess a perfected oxidative metabolism. The successive expression of these three functional systems during embryonic development and also during the evolutionary development of our species could explain why the inflammatory response is a ubiquitous mechanism that is common to multiple diseases, because it is an integrator of the ontogeny and phylogeny.

Endocrine Glands↗
PubMed1999

Overview of endocrine disruptor research activity in the United States.

The issue of whether environmental contaminants are inducing adverse health effects in humans and wildlife via interaction with endocrine systems has gained increasing interest during the 1990s. Endocrine disruption is one of the highest priority research topics for the US EPA, and a detailed research strategy has been developed to guide the placement of resources over the next several years. To address the deficiency of testing guidelines in detecting and characterizing damage mediated by interaction with the endocrine system, EPA has issued new multi generation testing guidelines. The new endpoints for monitoring pubertal development, semen quality, and estrous cyclicity will better enable determination of the affected sex, target organ, and life stage following exposure throughout the life cycle. Another major area of effort within EPA is the development of an endocrine disruptor screening program in response to passage of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. The current status of these efforts is described. On the federal level, endocrine disruption is one of the five priority research areas for the Committee on the Environment and Natural Resources (CENR) within the Executive Office of President. The CENR has developed a framework to assess research needs for endocrine disruptors, inventoried existing efforts of the federal government (nearly 400 projects were identified as active in FY96), and prioritized additional research needs based upon the needs and gaps in current efforts. It is clear that a great deal of research is underway to clarify the validity of the endocrine disruptor hypothesis and to determine the breadth of chemicals that pose a risk to the endocrine system. The degree of forward research planning and coordination across many organizations should ensure that sufficient data will be available within the next few years to allow a rigorous weight of evidence evaluation that is needed to bring together diverse types of information to make informed decisions regarding risks to humans and wildlife.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Endocrine diffuse system--histological and functional aspects interrelated with the tumoral pathology.

It was first believed that all these endocrine cells are deriving from the neural crests; in time were discovered more than 40 different types of such cells with different origins and only 6 or 7 are deriving from the neural crests. Serotonin-secreting cells show yellow fluorescence, while those secreting cathecolamines show a green fluorescence, with formaldehyde. The most usual method for the stain of the cells of the endocrine diffuse system is the silver salts impregnation. In the electron microscopy the cells show dense granules, which are modified in appearance in the malignancies developed from such cells. Most of the hormones secreted in the intestine were found also to be hormones secreted in the central nervous system. The border between benign proliferation and malignant tumors arising from these endocrine cells is not well defined. DNES--diffuse neuroendocrine system.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The current concept of the renin-angiotensin system].

Traditionally, the renin angiotensin system (RAS) has been thought of primarily as an endocrine system that delivers circulating angiotensin II to target tissues. This peptide is a potent vasoconstrictor and a primary stimulus for aldosterone secretion. In addition, angiotensin II has many other targets such as kidney, heart and brain, from which it elicits different specific responses. Numerous studies using pharmacologic or immunologic inhibitors of the system have shown an important role for the circulating RAS in blood pressure and electrolyte as well as fluid homeostasis. Although it acts as a classical circulating endocrine system, there is increasing evidence to show that the RAS may also have an important local autocrine or paracrine role in a variety of tissues since it has been shown that the RAS components are present in all of these tissues. In addition, several investigators have recently demonstrated the expression of renin and angiotensinogen genes in multiple tissues, which strongly suggests that these proteins are locally synthesized. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that tissue RAS is independently regulated from circulating system under different pathological situations such as hypertension. As a result, the concept of the RAS as an endocrine system alone is in question. Locally expressed RAS may be involved with the regulation of individual tissue function independent of the circulating counterpart. However, the importance of these local systems in circulatory control and body volume homeostasis has yet to be defined. It has been proposed that the main function of the circulating RAS is to provide short-term cardiorenal homeostasis. The tonic control (e.g., adrenal and kidney) is influenced by the intrinsic tissue RAS. This new concept provides a broader outlook on the RAS and challenges its traditional endocrine role.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed2004

[The information-wave hypothesis of a pain].

Proofs of existence in organism of two systems of nociceptive stimuli reception are submitted. The first system belongs to the neuro-endocrine system which forms painful reactions, the second one is connected with "alive matrix"--uniform system of the connective tissue which connects an environment through acupuncture points with intercellular space, and also with intracellular structures of each cell. "Alive matrix" carries out the information management of physiological processes and participates in electromagnetoreception, supervising electromagnetic parameters of an organism--"electromagnetic homeostasis". Acupuncture points carry out the role of electromagnetoreceptors. The layers of interstitial connective tissue, meridians, perform the balancing of a uniform physical field of an organism and transfer the information about its disturbances. The system of electromagnetoreception supervises the shifts in electromagnetic homeostasis of the organism. Damaging factors, physical and chemical changes in the pathological loci and fluctuations of a geomagnetic fields change a uniform physical field of an organism and initiate the compensatory responses of neuro-endocrine system. The information-wave hypothesis of a pain adequately explains effective treatment of illnesses by low intensive electromagnetic fields. The recognition of electromagnetic sensory system allows to explain the mechanism of their high medical efficiency in therapy of a pain and opens a way of new strategy, where instead of pharmacology (with its side action) safe technologies of information-wave therapy are used.

Acupuncture Points↗
PubMed2005

Interferon and the central nervous system.

Interferons (IFNs) were discovered as natural antiviral substances produced during viral infection and were initially characterized for their ability to "interfere" with viral replication, slow cell proliferation, and profound alteration of immunity. The IFNs are synthesized and secreted by monocytes, macrophages, T-lymphocytes, neurons, and glia cells. The different IFNs are classified into three classes: alpha, beta, and gamma. alpha-IFN produced in the brain exerts direct effects on the brain and endocrine system by activating the neurosecretory hypothalamic neurons and regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. IFNs modulate neurophysiological activities of many brain region involving in pain, temperature, and food intake regulation. alpha-IFN administration activates the sympathetic nerves innervating components of the immune system. IFNs may serve as regulatory mediators between the central nervous system, the immune system, and endocrine system. IFN is used as immunologic therapy to treat various hematologic malignancies and infectious ailments and autoimmune diseases.

Animals↗