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PubMed1988

Improving compliance with exercise in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: results of a self-motivated home exercise program.

In this project we investigated the impact of a 12-week at-home aerobic fitness program on aerobic capacity and metabolic control of ten adolescents (four girls and six boys 12 to 14 years of age) with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The adolescents had no prior experience with exercise training. The 45-minute program, designed by a physical therapist, consisted of a stretching, calisthenics, and "cool-down" routine set to popular music. It was taught to the youngsters in group sessions. Each adolescent was given audio- and videocassettes of the routine for home use that emphasized self-motivation in maintaining training. The youngsters were asked to exercise three times per week and were also taught how to adjust their insulin and diet for exercise. Aerobic fitness was determined by maximal oxygen uptake following a vigorous, continuous progressive cycling test; metabolic control was measured by glycosylated hemoglobin values. All of the adolescents reported greater than 85% completion of the program. The youngsters displayed a correspondingly significant increase in aerobic fitness as measured by maximal oxygen uptake: 40.39 +/- 8.87 v 44.86 +/- 12.89 mL/kg/min. Glycosylated hemoglobin levels (mean +/- SD) for the entire group were significantly reduced after the program (11.41 +/- 4.47% v 10.01 +/- 3.21%). Results of this study indicate that nonathletic adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus can engage in self-motivated exercise training at home. If properly designed, such programs can improve aerobic fitness and may contribute to improvement in diabetes control.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Effect of consecutive exercise bouts on plasma potassium concentration during exercise and recovery.

During and after two similar incremental treadmill tests, one with increasing, the other with initially decreasing blood acidosis, plasma potassium was measured in 11 volunteers. Independent of increasing or decreasing hydrogen ion, lactate, or bicarbonate concentrations, plasma potassium rose in relation to muscular stress with nearly equal concentrations for comparable exercise intensities in both tests. During the first 3 min of recovery, plasma potassium fell rapidly in spite of nearly unchanged blood acidosis and significantly decreasing bicarbonate concentration. After the 5th min of recovery, plasma potassium concentration was even slightly below pre-exercise values despite severe metabolic acidosis. It was concluded that there was little or no effect of plasma hydrogen ion, lactate, or bicarbonate on plasma potassium concentration during and after exercise. We propose that plasma potassium is primarily regulated by intracellular effects of inorganic phosphate, pH, and temperature on (Na+-K+)-ATPase. We suggest that these results reflect a model of grand mal seizure-induced lactic acidosis. The noted low blood potassium concentrations despite the presence of severe metabolic acidosis secondary to epileptic seizure is thus suggested to reflect the "normal" post-exercise state of potassium concentration.

Acidosis, Lactic↗

PubMed1989

[Exercise and pregnancy. Study of the change in heart rate in pregnancy when performing standardized moderate exercise].

The object of this study was to look at, on the one hand, the demands made on the pregnant woman's heart and, on the other hand, the effects on fetal heart rate resulting from moderate exercise with a definite rhythm performed by pregnant women. Ten primiparous pregnant women who had normal pregnancies took part in this study in the third and eighth months of the pregnancies. These women were compared with 20 control women who were not pregnant but whose mean age, height and weight were similar to those in the study before their pregnancies started. The maternal heart rate was monitored continuously and the fetal heart rate was recorded telemetrically when the women were carrying 5 kg in each hand with the arms held upright. We will discuss the results that were obtained in the 5 women who followed the course from the beginning to the end of the pregnancy for the sake of this study. The mean heart rate at rest was considerably higher in the pregnant women than in the controls at rest and standing. The heart rate was much higher during the exercise in the pregnant women than in the controls at rest and standing. The heart rate was much higher during the exercise in the pregnant women than in the controls. These changes in heart rate were essentially the same between the 3rd and the 8th month of the pregnancy. The fetal heart rate did not change significantly during nor after the exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Cardiovascular drugs: effects on exercise testing and exercise training of the coronary patient.

The exercise test response and exercise capacity of patients with atherosclerotic coronary heart disease may be significantly altered by a number of commonly used cardiovascular drugs, alone or in combination, via complex interactions of hemodynamic and electrophysiologic changes. The clinician must assess the effects of pharmacotherapy when evaluating the results of exercise testing as well as when prescribing a rehabilitative exercise training regimen.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗

PubMed1981

[Radionuclide exercise gated studies in female patients with positive exercise electrocardiogram].

Radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) has been determined in a group of 14 female patients at rest and during graded supine bicycle exercise. One group consisted of 9 patients complaining of chest pain and demonstrating positive exercise electrocardiography (EECG), but with normal contrast angiographic results. The second group of 5 patients had a normal response to EECG and was used as a control group. LVEF increased markedly in both groups during exercise. This study confirms the known fact of high false-positive EECG in female patients and that exercise radionuclide LVEF response can be used as a final screening test for cardiac catheterization in female patients demonstrating positive EECG.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Chronic psychological effects of exercise and exercise plus cognitive strategies.

Psychological changes associated with 16-wk moderate and low intensity exercise training programs, two of which possessed a cognitive component, were evaluated. Subjects were healthy, sedentary adults, 69 women (mean age = 54.8 +/- 8.3 yr) and 66 men (mean age = 50.6 +/- 8.0 yr). Participants were randomly assigned to a control group (C), moderate intensity walking group (MW), low intensity walking group (LW), low intensity walking plus relaxation response group (LWR), or mindful exercise (ME) group-a Tai Chi type program. Women in the ME group experienced reductions in mood disturbance (tension, P < 0.01; depression, P < 0.05; anger, P < 0.008; confusion, P < 0.02; and total mood disturbance, P < 0.006) and an improvement in general mood (P < 0.04). Women in the MW group noted greater satisfaction with physical attributes (body cathexis, P < 0.03), and men in MW reported increased positive affect (P < 0.006). No other differences were observed between groups on measures of mood, self-esteem, personality, or life satisfaction. Equivocal support is provided for the hypothesis that exercise plus cognitive strategy training programs are more effective than exercise programs lacking a structured cognitive component in promoting psychological benefits.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1994

[Exercise-nitroglycerine technetium-99m-2-methoxy isobutyl isonitrile tomoscintigraphic imaging for identifying diseased coronary vessels: comparison with thallium-201 standard exercise-redistribution study].

A same-day double injection protocol employing 99mTc-methoxy isobutyl isonitrile (MIBI) and myocardial single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for detecting coronary heart disease (CAD) was assessed in 21 patients. Our exercise-nitroglycerin (NTG) MIBI study was performed as follows: 150 MBq 99mTc-MIBI was injected at peak exercise, and after 5 minutes 0.3 mg of NTG was sublingually administered. Then, SPECT was performed 1 hour later. Immediately after the 1st imaging, patients were injected of 750 MBq 99mTc-MIBI and were reimaged 1 hour later. Within 1 month, all patients were underwent standard exercise redistribution SPECT thallium (Tl) study. Of the 126 myocardial segments evaluated, 81 were judged as normal by both techniques, while the presence of stress defects were demonstrated in 37 segments (Agreement: 94%). Vessel sensitivities were 75% by MIBI and 67% by Tl. Specificities were 90% by MIBI and 93% by Tl. For the pattern of reversibility in myocardial segments with stress defects, the agreement was 73%. In conclusion, our exercise-NTG MIBI may be safely performed, giving results equivalent to those of standard stress-redistribution thallium studies.

Angina Pectoris↗

PubMed1993

[Sensitivity of exercise echocardiography, electrocardiographic exercise test and 24-hour ekg monitoring in diagnosing and evaluating the efficacy of coronary disease treatment].

To test the sensitivity and specificity of noninvasive tests for detecting myocardial ischemia, 78 patients undergoing cardiac catheterisation for suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) were studied in prospective blinded manner with exercise echocardiography (EE), ecg stress test (ET) and 24-hour Holter monitoring for analysis of ST-segment changes (HM). All noninvasive tests were repeated after one year follow-up period. Exercise was performed in a supine position using a bicycle ergometer. Real time 2-DE examinations were performed in the left lateral position: at rest, at the peak of exercise and immediately after exercise testing. The sensitivity and specificity of EE, ET and HM for detection of CAD were: 76%, 92%; 90%, 48%; and 80%, 71% respectively. In a group of 48 pts with the narrowing of coronary artery (CA) < 50%, the follow-up EE was negative in 45. In a group of 30 pts with significant narrowing of CA, 10 were asymptomatic within one year after PTCA or CABG; in 9 of them the follow-up EE as well as ET were negative. HM less correlated with clinical course in asymptomatic subjects: in 4 patients it was negative and in 6 - positive. The reminding 20 patients with CAD treated medically, with PTCA or CABG were symptomatic after one year. The follow-up EE, ET and HM studies were positive in 17, 19 and 17 cases respectively. We conclude that sensitivity of EE in diagnosis of CAD is comparable to ET and HM, but its specificity is higher.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Bone mass during growth: the effects of exercise. Exercise and mineral accrual.

Intense exercise during childhood and adolescence may result in primary amenorrhea and low peak bone mineral density (BMD). After puberty, exercise may result in secondary amenorrhea and bone loss. Higher BMD in amenorrheic athletes than amenorrheic sedentary persons suggests that exercise may partly offsets the effects of amenorrhea. To examine this possibility, we measured BMD (g/cm2) by dual x-ray absorptiometry in 32 ballet dancer and 23 healthy controls of comparable age with regular menstrual cycles, 34 pre-pubertal female gymnasts bone age 8.9 +/- 0.2 years and 37 girls matched by bone age. Dancers had normal BMD at the weight bearing sites, not low, despite having oligomenorrhea, not high despite 32 hours of week dancing. BMD was lower by 4-6 percent at the non-weight bearing sites. BMD diminished in the dancers at the weight bearing femoral neck (r = -0.29, P = 0.1) and trochanter (r = -0.31, P = 0.09), and at the non-weight bearing arms (r = -0.29, P = 0.09) with increasing duration of amenorrhea. Dancers with less than 40 months amenorrhea had 5 to 7% higher BMD at the weight bearing, but not non-weight bearing sites. Dancers with more than 40 months amenorrhea had normal, not higher BMD at weight bearing sites and deficits of about 5 percent at non-weight bearing sites. In gymnasts, BMD was 10-15 percent (or 1 SD) higher than the bone age-predicted mean. Exercise may not offset the effects of amenorrhea. Bone loss may continue but from a higher level, perhaps attained prior puberty.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Metabolic equivalents (METS) in exercise testing, exercise prescription, and evaluation of functional capacity.

One metabolic equivalent (MET) is defined as the amount of oxygen consumed while sitting at rest and is equal to 3.5 ml O2 per kg body weight x min. The MET concept represents a simple, practical, and easily understood procedure for expressing the energy cost of physical activities as a multiple of the resting metabolic rate. The energy cost of an activity can be determined by dividing the relative oxygen cost of the activity (ml O2/kg/min) x by 3.5. This article summarizes and presents energy expenditure values for numerous household and recreational activities in both METS and watts units. Also, the intensity levels (in METS) for selected exercise protocols are compared stage by stage. In spite of its limitations, the MET concept provides a convenient method to describe the functional capacity or exercise tolerance of an individual as determined from progressive exercise testing and to define a repertoire of physical activities in which a person may participate safely, without exceeding a prescribed intensity level.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2006

Statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing in chronic heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction: recommendations for performance and interpretation Part II: How to perform cardiopulmonary exercise testing in chronic heart failure.

Basic and practical information related to equipment, methodology, exercise protocols, conduct of the test and quality control issues for cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) will be addressed in this II part of the statement. CPET users have the responsibility for assuring that measurements remain accurate. CPT, especially when it features breath-by-breath gas exchange analysis, requires meticulous attention to calibration procedures to assure accurate and reproducible measurements. Skills and knowledge of personnel for supervision and test interpretation, as well as patient preparation and information are key features for a correct CPET conduction: all these issues will be faced. Finally, after the test, the investigator needs to format the results in a manner that optimises the ability to discriminate essential response features; that is, to establish 'interpretive clusters' of the variables of interest. An example of a cardiopulmonary summary exercise test data report will be provided, defining the most important information that should be incorporated in a final report.

Cardiology↗

PubMed2006

Statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing in chronic heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction: recommendations for performance and interpretation Part III: Interpretation of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in chronic heart failure and future applications.

Optimal use of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in clinical practice and chronic heart failure (CHF) requires appropriate data presentation and a flexible interpretative strategy. The greatest potential impact on the decision-making process may rest not on the value of any individual measurement, although some are obviously more important than others, but rather on their integrative use. Such an integrative approach relies on interrelationship, trending phenomena and patterns of key gas exchange variable responses. An multiparametric approach will be discussed in different clinical applications, for exercise prescription and monitoring, functional evaluation of drug therapy or cardiac resynchronisation therapy efficacy, and risk stratification. The role of CPET in the daily clinical decision-making process will be underscored. Future indications of CPET will be addressed, suggesting and promoting an extended candidacy either to all CHF patients, including those at high risk or most vulnerable, such as female, elderly patients, and patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator or in every clinical setting where objective definition of exercise capacity provides implications for medical, surgical, and social decision making.

Exercise Test↗

PubMed1996

Effect of various types of exercise training on 5'-nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase activities in rat heart: influence of a single bout of endurance exercise.

The aim of the present study was to find out whether activities of the enzymes controlling adenosine metabolism, 5'-nucleotidase (5NT) and adenosine deaminase (ADA), in the left ventricle of the rat's heart change after 6 weeks of endurance or sprint training. Additionally, an influence of a single bout of endurance exercise till exhaustion on activities of these enzymes was investigated in sedentary and trained rats. The rats were divided into three groups: (1) sedentary controls (C), (2) endurance-trained (ET), and (3) sprint-trained (ST). It was shown that both types of training increased 5NT, but did not change ADA activity in the rat heart. Acute exercise till exhaustion did not affect 5NT activity in the heart taken from C and ST rats, but decreased its activity in the ET group. The heart ADA activity after exhaustive exercise increased in C and in ET group, but decreased in ST animals. It is concluded that physical training affects cardiac adenosine metabolism and the type of training may exert an influence on purine nucleotides metabolism in the heart during exhaustive exercise.

5'-Nucleotidase↗

PubMed1991

Effects of acute exercise and prolonged exercise training on blood pressure, vasopressin and plasma renin activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of swimming training on systolic blood pressure (BPs), plasma and brain vasopressin (AVP), and plasma renin activity (PRA) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) during rest and after exercise. Resting and postexercise heart rate, as well as blood parameters such as packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), plasma sodium and potassium concentrations ([Na+], [K+]) osmolality and proteins were also studied. Hypophyseal AVP had reduced significantly after exercise in the SHR, whereas PRA had increased significantly in the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) strain used as normotensive controls. Plasma AVP concentration increased in both strains. By the end of the experiment, training had reduced body mass and BPs by only 10% and 6%, respectively. Maximal oxygen uptake was increased 10% and plasma osmolality 2% by training. The postexercise elevation of heart rate was not significantly attenuated by training. A statistically significant reduction in postexercise plasma osmolality (10%) and [Na+] (4%) was observed. These results suggested that swimming training reduced BPs. Plasma and brain AVP played a small role in the hypertensive process of SHR in basal conditions because changes in AVP contents did not correlate with those of BPs. Moreover, there were no differences between SHR and WKY in plasma, hypophyseal and hypothalamic AVP content in these basal conditions. Finally, during moderate exercise a haemodilution probably occurred with an increase of plasma protein content. This was confirmed by the exercise-induced increase of plasma AVP and the reduction of hypophyseal AVP content, suggesting a release of this hormone, which probably contributed to the water retention and haemodilution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Effect of red mold rice on antifatigue and exercise-related changes in lipid peroxidation in endurance exercise.

This study evaluated the effect of red mold rice supplementation on antifatigue and exercise-related changes in lipid peroxidation of male adult Wistar rats through swimming exercise. Thirty 16-week-old rats were studied by dividing them into three groups (ten for each group). Other than the control group (CD), the other two groups were divided into a high-dose (HD) treatment group (5 g red mold rice/kg body weight for the HD group), and a low-dose (LD) group (1 g red mold rice/kg body weight for the LD group). Swimming endurance tests were conducted after 28 days of red mold rice supplementation, and the result showed that the treatment group showed a higher exercise time (CD, 78.0+/-6.4; LD, 104.2+/-9.6; and HD, 129.4+/-10.9 min; p<0.05) and a higher blood glucose concentration (CD, 76.67+/-8.08; LD, 111.34+/-8.50; and HD, 117.67+/-11.06 mg/dl; p<0.05) than the CD. Moreover, the blood lactate (CD, 45.00+/-0.90; LD, 31.41+/-1.80; and HD, 28.89+/-1.62 mg/dl; p<0.05), blood urea nitrogen (CD, 21.87+/-0.75; LD, 20.33+/-0.83; and HD, 20.53+/-1.09 mg/dl; p<0.05), and hemoglobin (CD, 14.20+/-0.21; LD, 13.70+/-0.55; and HD, 13.28+/-0.35 g/dl; p<0.05) were also significantly lower than those of the CD. Besides, the result suggested that the red mold rice supplementation may decrease the contribution of exercise-induced oxidative stress and improve the physiological condition of the rats.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1985

Addition of nifedipine to maximal beta-blocker-nitrate therapy: effects on exercise capacity and global left ventricular performance at rest and during exercise.

Nifedipine is a potent coronary vasodilator in the resting state and an effective afterload-reducing agent. This study was undertaken because of the concern that the addition of nifedipine to beta-blocker therapy could produce serious untoward hemodynamic consequences. Although this combination is usually well tolerated, occasional reports suggest that the combination of nifedipine and beta-blocking agents may increase the likelihood of congestive heart failure, severe hypotension or exacerbation of angina. Further, there is a need to know if the addition of nifedipine to therapy with maximally tolerated doses of long-acting nitrates and beta blockers would provide further symptomatic relief without excessive adverse effects. Finally, the effect of adjunctive nifedipine on global left ventricular performance at rest and during exercise was examined. Sixteen patients, all of whom had 3 or more episodes per week of angina pectoris despite therapy with long-acting nitrates and beta blockers, were selected. Radionuclide ventriculography was performed at rest and during exercise; global ejection fractions (EFs) were determined by manually tracing the left ventricular end-diastolic perimeter with an electronic cursor. In the first phase, beta blockers and nitrates were used; in the second phase nifedipine, 10 mg every 6 hours, was added and titrated to reduce systolic blood pressure at rest by at least 10 mm Hg or until intolerable adverse effects occurred. When nifedipine was added to therapy, the difference between global EF at rest and during exercise was reduced from - 0.15 to + 0.02 (p less than 0.00001); exercise duration was increased from 431 seconds to 532 (p less than 0.001), with only 8 patients limited by angina, compared with 16 during the initial therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Influence of physical exercise on aging rats: II. Life-long exercise delays aging of tail tendon collagen.

Regular physical exercise has been shown to have a number of benefits compared with sedentary behaviour, such as delaying a number of aging changes and increasing the life expectancy but not the maximum lifespan. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of physical exercise on the connective tissues of the body, especially systemic effects. We trained male Sprague-Dawley rats in a treadmill from the age of 5 months to 23 months. We analyzed the effects of training on tail tendons with respect to thermal stability of collagen and biomechanical properties of tendon bundles. Although tail tendons are attached to muscles, the are not weight-bearing as limb muscle tendons and can, therefore, be considered to be subjected mainly to systemic effects. The thermal stability of tail tendon collagen was significantly lower or "younger' for the trained group compared with the sedentary one. The biomechanical parameters were likewise "younger' with respect to maximum stress, although considerably stiffer compared with a 5-month-old base-line group. This suggests that there are several mechanisms, elicited by physical exercise, that act on the connective tissues. It can be concluded that life-long physical exercise has a beneficial influence on the connective tissues of the maturing and aging organism.

Aging↗

PubMed1977

[An improved exercise test in coronary-heart disease: effect of molsidomin on erogometrically controlled exercise (author's transl)].

The protective effect of molsidomin (N-ethoxycarbonyl-3-morpholinosydnonimine) during ergometric exercise was tested on 40 patients with coronary insufficiency proven by preliminary exercise tests or coronary arteriography. Changes in arterial blood pressure, heart rate, pulmonary artery pressure, ischaemic S-T depression and maximal working capacity were used as criteria. The drug increased maximal working capacity and decreased S-T segment depression. In addition it caused a fall in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulmonary artery pressure, at rest and during exercise. Resting heart rate increased slightly but during exercise the heart rate was reduced at comparable load stages. The results suggest that molsidomon may be an effective drug in the treatment of angina pectoris.

Adult↗