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PubMed2001

Resistance exercise training reduces hypertriglyceridemia in HIV-infected men treated with antiviral therapy.

Hypertriglyceridemia, peripheral insulin resistance, and trunk adiposity are metabolic complications recently recognized in people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). These complications may respond favorably to exercise training. Using a paired design, we determined whether 16 wk of weight-lifting exercise increased muscle mass and strength and decreased fasting serum triglycerides and adipose tissue mass in 18 HIV-infected men. The resistance exercise regimen consisted of three upper and four lower body exercises done for 1-1.5 h/day, 4 days/wk for 64 sessions. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry indicated that exercise training increased whole body lean mass 1.4 kg (P = 0.005) but did not reduce adipose tissue mass (P = NS). Axial proton-magnetic resonance imaging indicated that thigh muscle cross-sectional area increased 5-7 cm(2) (P < 0.005). Muscle strength increased 23-38% (P < 0.0001) on all exercises. Fasting serum triglycerides were decreased at the end of training (281-204 mg/dl; P = 0.02). These findings imply that resistance exercise training-induced muscle hypertrophy may promote triglyceride clearance from the circulation of hypertriglyceridemic HIV-infected men treated with antiviral therapy.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1980

Endurance exercise training in a patient with central core disease.

A 36-year-old man with central core disease underwent endurance exercise training on a bicycle ergometer for 9 months. The training resulted in an increase in work capacity and maximal oxygen consumption of approximately 50%. Further improvement in his exercise capacity seemed limited by the primary disease. These results suggest that some neuromuscular disease patients may benefit from endurance exercise training.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Exercise training, cardiac rehabilitation and return to work in patients with coronary artery disease.

Few studies have analysed the influence of exercise training or cardiac rehabilitation on return to work in patients with coronary artery disease. In a consecutive series of 41 men less than 60 years of age admitted for acute myocardial infarction, 19 participated in a comprehensive rehabilitation programme focused on physical training, and 22 received standard care. The baseline clinical and social variables of the two groups were comparable except for left ventricular ejection fraction which was significantly lower in the intervention group. Work resumption was not significantly different between the two groups (9/19, 47% in the intervention group vs 17/22, 77% in the control group); after three years, 42% and 73%, respectively, were still employed. These results are in keeping with that of most controlled studies of cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction or coronary artery surgery, which fail to demonstrate a significant improvement in work resumption. Psychosocial factors are probably more important determinants of work resumption than is exercise training.

Coronary Artery Bypass↗

PubMed1986

Exercise training reduces coronary risk and effectively rehabilitates hemodialysis patients.

This study examines the effects of 12 months of endurance exercise training (cycling, walking and jogging) on lipid profiles, glucose metabolism, blood pressure, anemia and psychological function in 14 hemodialysis patients. Maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) increased 18% in the exercisers (p less than 0.01), but did not change in 11 controls. This was associated with a reduction in depression, a decrease in dosages of antihypertensive medications, a significant increase in hematocrit and hemoglobin levels (red cell mass rose, plasma volume did not change), a decrease in plasma triglyceride by 23% (p less than 0.05) and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels by 21% (p less than 0.01) (both HDL-C and triglyceride levels worsened in the sedentary controls), and an 18% increase in glucose disappearance rates (p less than 0.05) in spite of a 52% decrease in fasting insulin levels (p less than 0.01), suggesting that insulin sensitivity improved. These results demonstrate that some of the complications present in hemodialysis patients may be caused by their sedentary life-style, rather than endstage renal disease itself. This suggests that rehabilitation through exercise is possible for these patients. By reducing coronary risk factors in hemodialysis patients, exercise training may also decrease their heightened morbidity and mortality from atherosclerotic complications. These possibilities need to be examined in a longitudinal study.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

[Improved thermogenesis during acute cold exposure in exercise-trained rats].

The present study was carried out to examine the effects of enhanced cold tolerance induced by exercise training on carbohydrate metabolism during cold exposure. Five-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into three groups. The warm-acclimated control group (WA) was exposed to the environment at 25 degrees C, and the cold-acclimated group (CA) was acclimated to cold by exposure to 5 degrees C. The exercise-trained group (ET) was controlled to run at the rate of 35 meters per minute for 9 weeks on a small driven treadmill. The degree of carbohydrate metabolism due to cold exposure significantly decreased with the drop in environmental temperature in the WA and CA groups, but did not change in the ET group. When glucose utilization was blocked with 2-deoxyglucose administration, oxygen consumption during cold exposure decreased in the WA and ET groups, but did not decrease in the CA group. The liver glycogen content decreased during cold exposure in the WA and ET groups, but there was no change in the CA group. It appeared that the fall of the plasma glucose level after the infusion of insulin was significantly greater in the ET and CA groups than in the WA group. These results indicate that the improved capacity for cold-induced thermogenesis in the ET group may be caused by enhanced carbohydrate metabolism.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Effect of exercise training on postexercise oxygen uptake kinetics in patients with reduced ventricular function.

BACKGROUND: The time required for oxygen uptake (O(2)) to return to baseline level (recovery kinetics) is prolonged in patients with reduced ventricular function, and the degree to which it is prolonged is related to the severity of heart failure, markers of abnormal ventilation, and prognosis. In the present study, we sought to determine the effect of exercise training on O(2) recovery kinetics in patients with reduced ventricular function. METHODS: Twenty-four male patients with reduced ventricular function after a myocardial infarction were randomized to either a 2-month high-intensity residential exercise training program or to a control group. O(2) kinetics in recovery from maximal exercise were calculated before and after the study period and expressed as the slope of a single exponential relation between O(2) and time during the first 3 min of recovery. RESULTS: Peak O(2) increased significantly in the exercise group (19.4 +/- 3.0 mL/kg/min vs 25.1 +/- 4.7 mL/kg/min, p < 0.05), whereas no change was observed in control subjects. The O(2) half-time in recovery was reduced slightly after the study period in both groups (108.7 +/- 33.1 to 102.1 +/- 50.5 s in the exercise group and 122.3 +/- 68.7 to 107.5 +/- 36.0 s in the control group); neither the change within or between groups was significant. The degree to which O(2) was prolonged in recovery was inversely related to measures of exercise capacity (peak O(2), watts achieved, and exercise time; r = - 0.48 to - 0.57; p < 0.01) and directly related to the peak ventilatory equivalents for oxygen (r = 0.59, p < 0.01) and carbon dioxide (r = 0.57, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Two months of high-intensity training did not result in a faster recovery of O(2) in patients with reduced ventricular function. This suggests that adaptations to exercise training manifest themselves only during, but not in, recovery from exercise.

Carbon Dioxide↗

PubMed2006

Aerobic exercise training increases skeletal muscle protein turnover in healthy adults at rest.

The effect of a 4-wk aerobic exercise training program (30-45 min, 3-5 d/wk, >or=65% maximal heart rate) on mixed skeletal muscle protein fractional synthetic rate (FSR), fractional breakdown rate (FBR), and net protein balance (FSR - FBR) (NET) was examined in 8 healthy, previously unfit men and women [21.0+/- 0.4 y, 163.7+/- 4.4 cm, 75.6+/- 5.7 kg, 33.5+/- 4.1% body fat, VO(2 peak) 38.6+/- 2.3 mL/(kg.min)] fed eucaloric diets providing 0.85 g protein/(kg.d) for the 6-wk study. Measurements were made at baseline after 2 wk of diet intervention only, and after 4 wk of aerobic exercise training and diet intervention. Primed continuous infusions of ring-[(2)H(5)]-phenylalanine (2 micromol/kg; 0.05 micromol/(kg.min) and [(15)N]-phenylalanine (2 micromol/kg; 0.05 micromol/(kg.min) were used to assess skeletal muscle protein turnover at rest via the precursor-product method. Endurance training improved cardiovascular fitness, with a significant increase in VO(2 peak) (P<0.01) and a significant decrease in running time on a standard course (P<0.01). There were o significant changes in body mass or composition. There was a significant increase in FSR (0.077+/- 0.007 vs. 0.089+/- 0.006%/h, P<0.05) and decrease in NET (FSR - FBR) (-0.023 +/-0.004 vs. -0.072 +/- 0.012%/h, P < 0.05); FBR tended to increase (0.105+/- 0.014 vs. 0.143+/- 0.018%/h; P=0.06) after training. Findings show that aerobic training for 4 wk increases skeletal muscle protein turnover in previously unfit subjects.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Energy balance and diabetes. The effects of cold exposure, exercise training, and diet composition on glucose tolerance and glucose metabolism in rat peripheral tissues.

The effects of cold exposure, exercise training, and diet (high fat versus high carbohydrate) on glucose tolerance and glucose metabolism in rat peripheral tissues will be briefly reviewed. Stimulation of energy expenditure by cold exposure (4 degrees C) or exercise training generally leads to decreased plasma insulin levels and to an improvement in glucose tolerance, suggesting that insulin action on peripheral tissues is increased when energy expenditure is stimulated. On the contrary, feeding high-fat diets to sedentary rats living in the warm (25 degrees C) induces hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance resulting in a marked deterioration of glucose tolerance. Nevertheless, cold exposure reverses the diabetogenic effects of high-fat feeding, demonstrating that nutrition-induced insulin resistance is amplified in sedentary animals living at temperatures close to thermoneutrality. Radioactive tracer studies of 2-deoxyglucose uptake in peripheral tissues revealed that cold exposure synergistically potentiates the effects of insulin on glucose uptake in skeletal muscles as well as in white and brown adipose tissues. However, more recent data showed that cold exposure improves glucose tolerance and stimulates glucose uptake in starved animals (ie., in the virtual absence of circulating insulin) nearly by the same order of magnitude as in fed animals. It is therefore concluded that cold exposure, and possibly also exercise, improve glucose tolerance and stimulate glucose uptake in peripheral tissues primarily by enhancing glucose oxidation via insulin-independent pathways, and secondarily by increasing the responsiveness of peripheral tissues to insulin.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed2005

Prevention of hyperglycemia in Zucker diabetic fatty rats by exercise training: effects on gene expression in insulin-sensitive tissues determined by high-density oligonucleotide microarray analysis.

Exercise training (ET) causes metabolic improvement in the prediabetic and diabetic states. However, only little information exists on the changes to ET at the transcriptional level in insulin-sensitive tissues. We have investigated the gene expression changes in skeletal muscle, liver, fat, and pancreatic islets after ET in male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Eighteen ZDF rats (7 weeks old) were divided in a control and ET group. Exercise was performed using a motorized treadmill (20 m/min 1 hour daily for 6 days a week). Blood glucose, weight, and food intake were measured weekly. After 5 weeks, blood samples, soleus muscle, liver, visceral fat (epididymal fat pads), and islet tissue were collected. Gene expression was quantified with Affymetrix RG-U34A array (16 chips). Exercise training ameliorates the development of hyperglycemia and reduces plasma free fatty acid and the level of glucagon-insulin ratio (P < .05). In skeletal muscle, the expression of 302 genes increased, whereas that of 119 genes decreased. These changes involved genes related to skeletal muscle plasticity, Ca(2+) signals, energy metabolism (eg, glucose transporter 1, phosphorylase kinase), and other signaling pathways as well as genes with unknown functions (expressed sequence tags). In the liver, expression of 148 genes increased, whereas that of 199 genes decreased. These were primarily genes involved in lipogenesis and detoxification. Genes coding for transcription factors were changed in parallel in skeletal muscle and liver tissue. Training did not markedly influence the gene expression in islets. In conclusion, ET changes the expression of multiple genes in the soleus muscle and liver tissue and counteracts the development of diabetes, indicating that ET-induced changes in gene transcription may play an important role en the prevention of diabetes.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1991

Catecholamine metabolic pathways and exercise training. Plasma and urine catecholamines, metabolic enzymes, and chromogranin-A.

BACKGROUND: Because acute exercise increases systemic catecholamines, we sought to determine whether exercise training would alter daily or exercise-related catecholamine release and inactivation. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 24-hour urine collections, catecholamines and metabolites provided indexes of overall oxidative deamination, sulfation, and O-methylation. Plasma catecholamines, the sulfoconjugates of each, and chromogranin-A were determined at rest and during exercise in 10 well-trained male subjects and nine minimally trained male subjects (maximal oxygen uptake 55.2 and 42.5 ml/kg/min, respectively), and levels of activities of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), and thermolabile phenolsulfotransferase (TL-PST) were also determined. Plasma-free catecholamines showed minimal differences between the two groups at submaximal exercise (4 minutes) but large differences at maximal exercise, reflecting the different exercise levels attained. Inactivation of plasma catecholamines by sulfation across rest and exercise tended to be greater in the well-trained group, with small increases in both plasma sulfoconjugated dopamine and sulfoconjugated norepinephrine. In the well-trained group, urinary metabolites demonstrated trends toward increased dopamine release (p less than 0.07) and small increases in the daily release of epinephrine and its sulfoconjugated metabolites. Indexes of deamination, sulfoconjugation, and O-methylation, with the exception of a reduced deamination of dopamine and the activities of COMT, MAO-B, and TL-PST were not different in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Despite considerable differences in the exercise activities per week between well-trained and minimally trained individuals, there were minimal differences in the release and metabolism of catecholamines at rest or during exercise.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Skeletal muscle and liver lipoyllysine content in response to exercise, training and dietary alpha-lipoic acid supplementation.

In human cells, alpha-lipoic acid (LA) is present in a bound lipoyllysine form in mitochondrial proteins that play a central role in oxidative metabolism. The possible effects of oral LA supplementation, a single bout of strenuous exercise and endurance exercise training on the lipoyllysine content in skeletal muscle and liver tissues of rat were examined. Incorporation of lipoyl moiety to tissue protein was not increased by enhanced abundance of LA in the diet. Endurance exercise training markedly increased lipoyllysine content in the liver at rest. A bout of exhaustive exercise also increased hepatic lipoyllysine content. A significant interaction of exhaustive exercise and training to increase tissue lipoyllysine content was evident. In vastus lateralis skeletal muscle, training did not influence tissue lipoyllysine content. A single bout of exhaustive exercise, however, clearly increased the level of lipoyllysine in the muscle. Comparison of tissue lipoyllysine data with that of free or loosely-bound LA results showed a clear lack of association between the two apparently related parameters. Tightly protein-bound lipoyllysine pool in tissues appeared to be independent of the loosely-bound or free LA status in the tissue.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

A randomized trail of the effects of 1 year of exercise training on computer-measured ST segment displacement in patients with coronary artery disease.

As part of a randomized trial of the effects of 1 year of exercise training on patients with stable coronary artery disease, 48 patients who exercised and 59 control patients had computerized exercise electrocardiography performed initially and 1 year later. The patients who had exercise training as an intervention had a 9% increase in measured maximal oxygen consumption and significant decreases in heart rate at rest and during submaximal exercise. ST segment displacement was analyzed 60 ms after the end of the QRS complex in the three-dimensional X, Y and Z leads and utilizing the spatial amplitude derived from them. Statistical analysis by t testing yielded no significant differences between the groups except for less ST segment displacement at a matched work load, but this could be explained by a lowered heart rate. Analysis of variance yielded some minor differences within clinical subgroups, particularly in the spatial analysis. Obvious changes in exercise-induced ST segment depression could not be demonstrated in this heterogeneous group of selected volunteers with coronary artery disease secondary to an exercise program.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Exercise training in coronary artery disease and coronary vasomotion.

Exercise training has assumed a major role in cardiac rehabilitation, mostly because of its positive effects on myocardial perfusion in patients with coronary artery disease. The mechanisms involved in mediating this key effect have long been debated: both regression of coronary artery stenosis and improvement of collateralization have been suggested as potential adaptations. However, the comparatively minute changes in luminal diameter and myocardial contrast staining do not fully explain the significant changes in myocardial perfusion. During the last decade, endothelial dysfunction was identified as a trigger of myocardial ischemia. The impaired production of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) in response to acetylcholine and flow leads to paradoxic vasoconstriction and exercise-induced ischemia. Recently, it was confirmed in humans that training attenuates paradoxic vasoconstriction in coronary artery disease and increases coronary blood flow in response to acetylcholine. Data from cell-culture and animal experiments suggest that shear stress acts as a stimulus for the endothelium to increase the transport capacity for L-arginine (the precursor molecule for NO), to enhance NO synthase activity and expression, and to increase the production of extracellular superoxide dismutase, which prevents premature breakdown of NO. Exercise also affects the microcirculation, where it sensitizes resistance arteries for the vasodilatory effects of adenosine. These novel findings provide a pathophysiological framework to explain the improvement of myocardial perfusion in the absence of changes in baseline coronary artery diameter. Because endothelial dysfunction has been identified as a predictor of coronary events, exercise may contribute to the long-term reduction of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Step treadmill exercise training and blood pressure reduction in women with mild hypertension.

Stepping as an exercise modality has gained increasing popularity. The step treadmill is an exercise machine which simulates actual stair-climbing. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a 16-week supervised aerobic step treadmill exercise training protocol in reducing resting blood pressure in women with unmedicated mild hypertension. During the training protocol, subjects exercised during a self-selected appointment three times a week on the step treadmill, increasing from 20 minutes up to 60 minutes per session, at a target heart rate corresponding to 70-80% heart rate reserve for 16 weeks. Utilizing paired t-test analysis, mean resting systolic blood pressure decreased from 142.2 +/- 9.1 to 132.7 +/- 8.2 mm Hg (p < .01) and mean resting diastolic blood pressure decreased from 93 +/- 4.9 to 87.4 +/- 5.4 mm Hg (p < .01) during the 16-week protocol. Mean maximal oxygen uptake was significantly increased, whereas mean body weight did not change significantly over the 16-week period. Large scale trials are needed to further delineate the effectiveness of stepping as a health care intervention in adults with unmedicated mild hypertension, especially in women.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Effects of exercise training on aerobic and functional capacity of end-stage renal disease patients.

The aim was to assess the effects of exercise training on aerobic and fuctional capacity of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Patients completed an incremental exercise test on a cycle ergometer to determine VO2 peak and VO2 at ventilatory threshold (VT; V-slope). On a separate day they performed two constant load exercise tests on a cycle ergometer at 90% of VT and at a workload of 33 W, to determine VO2 kinetics. Functional capacity was assessed using measurements of sit-to-stands (STS-5, STS-60) and a walk test. Dialysis patients were randomly allocated to an exercise (ET: n = 18, age = 57.3 years) or control (C: n = 15, age = 50.5 - 5 years) group. The ET group participated in an exercise training programme involving cycling for 3 months. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant time by group interactions (P < 0.05) following training for VO2 peak (ET: 17 +/- 6.1 versus 19.9 +/- 6-3, C: 19.5 +/- 4.7 versus 188 +/- 4.9 ml kg min(-1)) and VO2-VT (ET: 10.7 +/- 3.5 versus 11.8 +/- 3.3, C:12.9 +/- 3.2 versus 119 +/- 3.5 ml kg min(-10). VO2 kinetics remained unchanged in both groups at 90% -VT, but a trend (P = 0.059) towards faster kinetics at the 33 W was observed (ET: 49.6 +/- 19.5 versus 37.8 +/- 12.7, C: 42.8 +/- 13 versus 49.4 +/- 20.2 s). Significant time by group interactions (P < 0.05) were also observed for STS-5 (ET: 14.7 +/- 6.2 versus 11.0 +/- 3.3, C: 12.8 +/- 4.4 versus 12.7 +/- 4.8 s) and STS-60 measurements (ET: 21.2 + 7.2 versus 26.9 +/- 6.2, C: 23.7 +/- 6.8 versus 24.1 +/- 7.2). Three months of exercise rehabilitation significantly improves peak exercise capacity of patients with ESRD. Measurements of VO2 kinetics and functional capacity suggest that longer time might be needed to induce peripheral adaptations.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Exercise training activates large-conductance calcium-activated K(+) channels and enhances nitric oxide production in rat mesenteric artery and thoracic aorta.

Exercise training has reversible beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases, e.g. hypertension, which may result from a decrease in systemic vascular resistance. The purpose of this study was to investigate possible mechanisms associated with the changes in vascular reactivity in large and small arteries with vasoconstrictors and vasodilators in rats after exercise. Wistar-Kyoto rats were trained for 8 weeks (Ex group) on a treadmill and compared with sedentary counterparts (Sed group). After the measurement of blood pressure and heart rate at 8 weeks, rat mesenteric arteries and thoracic aortas were excised and prepared as rings for this study. In addition, special care was taken not to damage the endothelium of the preparations. Our results showed that exercise training for 8 weeks (1) not only prevented an increase in blood pressure but also caused a fall in heart rate, (2) attenuated the contractions induced by both prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) and high K(+) in the mesenteric artery, but reduced the PGF(2alpha)-induced contraction in the aorta only, (3) enhanced the relaxation elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) in both mesenteric arteries and aortas, and (4) increased nitrate [an indicator of nitric oxide (NO) formation] in plasma. The enhancement of ACh-induced relaxation in the mesenteric arteries in the Ex group was suppressed by pretreatment with N(omega) -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), tetraethylammonium (TEA; a nonselective inhibitor of K(+) channels) or charybdotoxin [CTX; a selective inhibitor of large-conductance calcium-activated K(+) (BK(Ca)) channels], whereas in the aorta that response was attenuated by TEA or CTX and almost completely abolished by L-NAME. However, with a combination of L-NAME plus CTX in the mesenteric artery, ACh-induced relaxation was completely abolished in the Sed group, but not in the Ex group. These results suggest that in addition to NO, activation of BK(Ca) channels in the vascular beds, at least in part, also contributes to vasodilatation in animals with exercise training.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed2000

Adiposity does not hinder the fitness response to exercise training in obese women.

BACKGROUND: This study examined how sedentary obese (OB) and normal weight (NW) women respond to exercise training; and if fitness levels of the OB and NW are comparable, in spite of differences in adiposity. METHODS: Sedentary OB (n=46, 48.5+/-1.5 yrs, BMI=35.9+/-0.8; mean+/-SEM) and NW (n=43, 48.3+/-1.7 yrs, BMI=21.7+/-0.2) women participated in a 14-week fitness program. RESULTS: There were no group differences in exercise adherence. No changes for either group were found for body weight or composition. Both groups improved similarly in aerobic fitness (VO2max), muscular strength (grip strength), muscular endurance (modified push-up), and flexibility (sit and reach). However, since norms for fitness are generally expressed relative to body weight (e.g. VO2max, ml x kg(-1) x min(-1); grip strength ratios), the OB women continued to be classified as unfit after exercise training, and categorized below the NW women in spite of having absolute scores for VO2max (OB=2.1+/-0.1, NW=1.8+/-0.1 l x min(-1)) and grip strength (OB=65.1+/-1.5, NW= 58.6+/-1.5 kg) that were higher than the NW women. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that OB women respond in a similar manner as NW women to exercise; that weight loss is not necessary for improved fitness; and that the OB are not less fit than the NW, but that low fitness scores for the OB are simply a reflection of the absolute scores being deflated because they are proportioned to body weight.

Exercise↗

PubMed1991

Effects of exercise training on cardiorespiratory function in men and women older than 60 years of age.

This study reports the physiologic effects of up to 14 months of aerobic exercise in 101 older (greater than 60 years) men and women. After an extensive baseline physiologic assessment (Time 1), in which aerobic capacity and blood lipids were measured, subjects were randomized to an aerobic exercise condition (cycle ergometry, 3 times per week for 1 hour), nonaerobic yoga (2 times per week for 1 hour), or a waiting list nonexercise control group for 4 months, and then underwent a second (Time 2) assessment. At the completion of the second assessment, all remaining subjects completed 4 months of aerobic exercise and were reevaluated (Time 3). Subjects were given the option of participating in 6 additional months of supervised aerobic exercise, and all available subjects completed a fourth assessment (Time 4) 14 months after their initial baseline evaluation. Results indicated that subjects generally exhibited a 10 to 15% improvement in peak oxygen consumption after 4 months of aerobic exercise training, and a 1 to 6% improvement in aerobic power with additional aerobic exercise training. On the other hand, subjects, especially men, continued to have improvements in submaximal exercise performance (i.e., anaerobic threshold). In addition, aerobic exercise was associated with an improved lipid profile; subjects participating in aerobic exercise for up to 14 months exhibited increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Maintenance of regular aerobic exercise for an extended time interval is associated with greater cardiovascular benefits among older adults than has been reported previously.

Aged↗