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At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Titration of tetanus antitoxin by passive hemagglutination. II. Serological characteristics of antitoxin production in rabbits and monkeys.

1) Production of tetanus antitoxin in rabbits and monkeys was followed by passive hemagglutination (HA) and toxin-neutralization (TN) tests. The HA activity was observed in both IgM and IgG in both animal species. 2) In rabbits, IgM antitoxin was detected as early as in 7 days, reached the maximum titer in 10--14 days, and disappeared in 3 weeks after the primary immunization. Antitoxin of IgG class was detected in 10 days, and increased gradually. The ratio of HA/TN titers ("serum ratio") was high at an early stage of primary immunization and approached the unity in 3--4 weeks. Unlike the case of guinea pigs, IgM was found to contribute greatly to this high level of ratio. Besides, most rabbits produced IgG antitoxin of high ratios at early stages of immunization. 3) The immune response of monkeys showed a pattern very similar to that of rabbits except a few days' delay in the time course of antitoxin titers. No IgG antitoxin with a high serum ratio was demonstrated. Therefore, the high serum ratio of early sera could be accounted for mainly by IgM. 4) In response to the secondary immunization, no IgM antitoxin was detected in either animal species. 5) No definite correlation between serum ratio and avidity in terms of "dilution ratio" was demonstrated. However, both the dilution ratio and serum ratio were high at an early stage of immunization and gradually decreased, though the magnitudes of the ratios were variable depending on individual animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Influence of anti-fragment A of diphtheria toxin on passive hemagglutination with antitoxin.

Hemagglutination (HA) and toxin neutralization (TN) tests were used to titrate human and guinea-pig serum specimens taken at various stages of immunization for diphtheria antitoxin. The ratio of HA to TN titers varied significantly depending on the immune status. The ratios and the range of their variations became larger and high values exceeding five were often obtained after repeated booster immunization. Such a high value was proved to be related to the antibody against fragment A (FrA) of diphtheria toxin, since the ratio reduced significantly when anti-FrA was absorbed. Anti-FrA was not produced in children after the basic immunization with diphtheria toxoid and was detected in only one-third of vaccines after the booster injection given after 1 year. It was produced abundantly, however, when booster immunization was repeated. The pattern of production of anti-FrA in guinea pigs was similar to that in humans, when immunized with diphtheria toxoid with adjuvant. No anti-FrA was produced even when the animals were immunized repeatedly with plain diphtheria toxoid.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Identification of group A coxsackieviruses by immune adherence hemagglutination.

We investigated to find whether the immune adherence hemagglutination (IAHA) test could be used for identification of group A coxsackieviruses (Cox. A). By using homogenate of suckling mouse torsos infected with each of nine prototype viruses (Cox. A 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 and 16) and 46 isolates as antigens and hyperimmune mouse ascitic fluids to the prototype viruses, we compared IAHA with complement fixation (CF) for serotyping of these viruses. The results of identification tests by IAHA were the same as those by combined use of CF and neutralization tests on all the 46 strains. By CF alone, however, six of 46 strains were not identified because of lower antigen titers; IAHA antigen titers were generally higher by 16-fold or more than CF tests. Furthermore, IAHA had a higher type-specificity than CF; a weak cross-reaction was found by IAHA only between Cox. A 3 and Cox. A 8. Nonspecific reactions encountered in IAHA were reduced more readily by kaolin than fluorocarbon treatment of the torso homogenates. From these results, we conclude that IAHA is an alternative method to CF and neutralization for serotyping of Cox. A viruses.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Study of hemagglutinating property of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli from various geographical locations.

Thirty-four strains of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) were examined for their ability to agglutinate erythrocytes from different animal species. All strains cultured in Casamino acid-yeast extract medium in the presence of 1 mM CaCl2 at 37 C for 16-22 hr induced maximal expression of hemagglutination (HA) of broad spectrum erythrocytes. The strongest HA was observed with guinea-pig erythrocytes followed by human (O type), rat, mouse, rabbit and sheep erythrocytes. All the strains failed to agglutinate chicken erythrocytes. HA was resistant to D-mannose, D-glucose, D-galactose, L-fucose, and D-fructose. Also HA was resistant to ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and Na metaperiodic acid, an oxidizing agent. However, it was heat labile and completely inhibited by proteolytic enzymes such as proteinase K and trypsin, suggesting that the possible hemagglutinin of EIEC associated with the cell surface is a proteinaceous substance.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The indirect hemagglutination test for the detection of antibodies in cattle naturally infected mycoplasmas.

Stable mycoplasma antigens for the indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) were prepared employing glutaraldehyde treated sheep erythrocytes sensitized with Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis and Mycoplasma bovigenitalium antigens. Employing these antigens mycoplasma antibodies were detected in sera from cattle which had mastitic symptoms due to natural infection with either M. agalactiae subsp. bovis or M. bovigenitalium. A total of 200 cows from four herds were examined at varying intervals for the presence of M. agalactiae subsp. bovis and for the detection of antibody using growth inhibition and IHA tests. Mycoplasmas were isolated from 37 animals. Growth inhibiting antibody was detected from 56 of the 200 animals. In the IHA tests, antibody titer greater than or equal to 1:80 were detected in 148 animals, 76 of these having antibody titers greater than or equal to 1:160, while sera of 116 normal control animals had no growth inhibiting antibody and none had IHA antibody titers greater than 1:40. M. bovigenitalium was isolated from the milk of three of 26 animals in a fifth herd during an outbreak of mastitis. Growth inhibiting antibodies were demonstrated in the sera of ten of the 26 animals. However, the IHA test detected antibody titers of greater than or equal to 1:160 in 13 animals and of 1:80 in one of the 26 animals. To determine the specificity of the IHA tests, M. agalactiae subsp. bovis and M. bovigenitalium antigens were reacted with rabbit hyperimmune typing sera produced against 12 species of bovine mycoplasmatales. Homologous antisera showed IHA antibody titers of 1:1280 and 1:2560 against M. agalactiae subsp. bovis and M. bovigenitalium respectively, whereas heterologous antisera showed IHA antibody titers of less than or equal to 1:20. Also eight type-specific bovine antisera were reacted with M agalactiae subsp. bovis and M. bovigenitalium antigens in homologous and heterologous tests. Homoogous reactions showed IHA antibody titers greater than or equal to 1:320, whereas heterologous reactions showed IHA titers of less than or equal to 1:20. This IHA test promises to be useful for the detection of bovine mycoplasma antibodies in sera from cattle infected with M. agalactiae subsp. bovis or M. bovigenitalium. Thes test is sensitive, reproducible and specific and the technique is relatively simple and rapid. The antigens were stable for at least seven months.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Passive hemagglutination and complement fixation reactions in the early diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections.

Complement fixation (CF) and passive hemagglutination (PHA) tests (the latter with a M. pneumoniae antigen coupled by glutaraldehyde onto red blood cells) were performed in 263 patients with various infectious diseases (mostly in the 1st and 2nd week after onset) and non-infectious ones. CF reaction proved to be inappropriate for the early etiological diagnosis of mycoplasma infections, since the high titers were distributed undifferentially among the various patient groups and many sera (38%) showed anticomplementary activity. A PHA titer of at least 1/128 (preferably of 1/512) points to the presence of a M. pneumoniae infection, especially if clinical, radiological and laboratory data suggest a nonbacterial or mixed pneumonia. The diagnosis is often early enough to orientate the etiological therapy towards macrolides and tetracyclines. The PHA reaction recommended is specific, sensitive, reproducible and easy to perform.

Complement Fixation Tests↗
PubMed1999

[Vaccination of ostriches (Struthio camelus, Linnaeus, 1758) against Newcastle disease: evidence for vaccine compatibility and seroconversion after vaccinations using the hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization tests].

Newcastle disease (ND) remains to be the worldwide most important infectious disease of poultry. This epizootic is in Germany and many other countries a notifiable disease. Prophylactic vaccination is the major tool for the control of ND in poultry and other birds. Eighty-three ostriches (Struthio camelus) which were kept on farms in Germany were checked for the presence of NDV-specific antibodies. Some of these birds are said to be vaccinated against Newcastle disease. Only some of these ostriches contained antibodies which were measurable in haemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralisation tests. Twenty-three previously unvaccinated ostriches were vaccinated with commercially available vaccines. Both the LaSota live and inactivated oil emulsion vaccines were well tolerated following conjunctival or subcutaneous application, respectively. Neither local nor systemic side reactions were observed. After the vaccinations high antibody titres were detected in hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralisation tests. A strong correlation between both established methods (r = 0.92; < 0.001) were noted.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Complement fixation, hemagglutination inhibition and neuraminidase inhibition reactions in the seroepidemiologic evaluation of an influenza A epidemic].

Complement-fixing (CF), hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) and neuraminidase-inhibiting (NI) antibodies in respect of type A influenza virus were titrated on 2080 serum specimens. The sera were collected between December 1974 and May 1975 for the open population of Rome, in groups of an average of 300 samples per month. Influenza type A strains, related to the Port Chalmers variant, were isolated in Rome in January and February 1975, during that time a significant increase of antibody titers and of serum positivity was detected. The increase of positive response for influenza type A antigen was of 21%, 17% and 8% for FC, HI and NI reactions, respectively. The NI reaction proved to be less responsive that the CF and HI reactions for the purposes of sero-epidemiological evaluation of the influenza epidemic.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed1976

Comparison of hemagglutination inhibition pregnancy tests in the chimpanzee and the orangutan.

A hemagglutination inhibition pregnancy test (Subhuman Primate Pregnancy Test), based on antiserum to the beta-subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone was evaluated for use in the chimpanzee and orangutan. The test was shown to give earlier indication of pregnancy in both species that two sensitive tests currently available for use in man (the Pregnosticon Accusphere Test and the UCG-Test). A comparison of sensitivity to chimpanzee chorionic gonadotropin was performed. The Subhuman Primate Pregnancy Test was 10 and 15 times as sensitive as the UCG-Test and the Pregnostican Accusphere Test respectively.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Significance of passive hemagglutination and its prospectives in lymphatic filariasis].

The authors analyze the data concerning 219 sera, that they have tested in passive hemagglutination, with as antigen a Dirofilaria immitis proteic extract, in French Polynesia. Besides its light sensitivity, this method does appear very interesting. It points out: --First, that there is a gaussian distribution of the results found at various dilutions, both by "filarian" and "non filarian" people. Therefore, this distribution is a feasible and practical parameter for evaluation of the Filariasis transmission in different populations. --On the other hand, that there is an inverse correlation between the presence of microfilaria in the blood and the level of immunological response for lymphatic Filariasis.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Detection of Staphylococcus aureus A protein by conditioned hemagglutination].

The presence of A-protein was sought in strains of S. epidermidis and S. aureus, sensitive or resistant to methicillin. The technique used was that of passive hemagglutination of red cells of sheep, either normal or formolated and sensitised by anti-erythrocyte antibodies. A-protein was not found in any of the 157 strains of S. epidermidis. It was found in 82.5 p. cent of 360 strains of S. aureus. The methicillin resistant strains seemed less rich than the protein A-sensitive strains, which was detected more frequently when formolated red cells were used. The interest of this test for bacteriological diagnosis is discussed.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A rapid-plate hemagglutination assay for the detection of infectious bronchitis virus.

A rapid-plate hemagglutination (HA) test to detect infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in allantoic fluid of embryonated eggs was introduced into routine procedures for IBV identification. This system was tested in 468 diagnostic cases received by the Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center at the University of Georgia. Allantoic fluids from inoculated embryos were harvested and treated with commercially available neuraminidase enzyme. IBV in neuraminidase-treated allantoic fluid was identified by clear and consistent HA of chicken red blood cells within 1 min of incubation. The specificity of the neuraminidase rapid-plate HA assay was examined with other avian viruses in individual and dual embryonic infections. Sensitivity of this test was compared with embryo lesions and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The rapid-plate HA assay of neuraminidase-treated allantoic fluid correlated with the RT-PCR during the early stages of IBV detection, identification, and isolation in embryonated eggs.

Allantois↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hemagglutinating activity of Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing [Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler]].

The hemagglutinating (HA) activity of the submerged mycelium and the culture liquid (CL) of four strains of Lentinus edodes was studied. The HA activity of CLs proved to be much higher than that of mycelia. The carbohydrate specificity of fungal agglutinating factors was determined. HA activity was investigated as a function of the inoculum size, cultivation temperature, and culture age. The agglutinating activity of different morphogenetic structures of L. edodes F-249, including mycelium, brown mycelial mat (MM), primordia, and fruiting bodies, was studied, MM was found to possess the maximum HA activity, which can be explained by the possible involvement of agglutinins in the formation of MM, which is composed of glued hyphae.

Carbohydrate Metabolism↗
PubMed1978

Passive hemagglutination reaction using formalinized sheep erythrocytes treated with tannic acid and coated with exotoxin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Passive hemagglutination (PHA) tests using fixed sheep erythrocytes coated with exotoxin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were devised for estimating antibodies of the exotoxin. No serological cross-reactivity among exotoxin OEP, protease and elastase of P. aeruginosa was foud by the PHA tests. The exotoxin PHA reaction was more sensitive than the neutralizing reaction of skin necrotizing activity of exotoxin by guinea pigs. Thirteen out of 40 sera of patients with P. aeruginosa infections showed PHA titers from 40 to 1,280, while those of 20 healthy human sera were under 40.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The characteristics of detecting the tick-borne encephalitis virus antigen in the ELISA and indirect hemagglutination reaction by means of scanning electron microscopy].

The surface of polystyrene plates was studied at different stages of the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and the passive hemagglutination (PHA) test by the method of scanning electron microscopy in the detection of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus antigen. The study revealed that in the process of EIA larger antigens were washed away from the plate surface. The objects detected on the polystyrene surface were identified as conglomerations of the virions of TBE virus, but whole virions were shown to play no decisive role in EIA. The conclusion was made that, due to some specific features of this method, EIA was more sensitive in reaction with small antigens (individual glycoproteids, their small complexes). And, respectively, the PHA test was more sensitive in reaction with large antigenic complexes (whole virions, their conglomerations, immune complexes).

Antigens, Viral↗