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At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Language abilities of siblings of children with autism.

BACKGROUND: Language abilities of siblings of children with autism were examined to explore the possibility that language abilities are behavioral markers specific to the genetic liability for autism, as part of the broader phenotype. METHOD: Language abilities were compared among 27 siblings of children with autism, 23 siblings of children with mental retardation of unknown etiology (MR), and 22 siblings of children with developmental language disorders (DLD). Groups were matched by siblings' age, gender, birth order, family size, ethnicity, family income and by probands' gender and mental age. RESULTS: Siblings of children with autism achieved higher scores than siblings of children with DLD on receptive, expressive, and total language scales of the Children's Evaluation of Language Fundamentals and on verbal IQ. Moreover, within the DLD group, school problems in the domains of reading and arithmetic were more prevalent than within the other two groups. Only 2 siblings of children with autism received clinical diagnoses based on DSM-IV criteria compared to 3 siblings of children with MR and 7 siblings of children with DLD. CONCLUSIONS: After excluding data of the diagnosed siblings, no differences in language abilities could be discerned among the groups, except that more siblings in the DLD group were identified as having language difficulties. In summary, although language deficits characterize autism, siblings of children with autism were not found to demonstrate deficits in language skills assessed by formal language tests, IQ, or academic skills.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Hearing, speech, language, and vestibular disorders in the fetal alcohol syndrome: a literature review.

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is characterized in part by mental impairment, as well as craniofacial and ocular anomalies. These conditions are traditionally associated with childhood hearing disorders, because they all have a common embryonic origin in malformations of the first and second branchial arches, and have similar critical periods of vulnerability to toxic insult. A review of human and animal research indicates that there are four types of hearing disorders associated with FAS. These are: (1) a developmental delay in auditory maturation, (2) sensorineural hearing loss, (3) intermittent conductive hearing loss due to recurrent serous otitis media, and (4) central hearing loss. The auditory and vestibular systems share the same peripheral apparatuses (the inner ear and eighth cranial nerve) and are embryologically and structurally similar. Consequently, vestibular disorders in FAS children might be expected. The evidence for vestibular dysfunction in FAS is ambiguous, however. Like other syndromes associated with craniofacial anomalies, hearing disorders, and mental impairment, FAS is also characterized by a high prevalence of speech and language pathology. Hearing disorders are a form of sensory deprivation. If present during early childhood, they can result in permanent hearing, language, and mental impairment. Early identification and intervention to treat hearing, language, and speech disorders could therefore result in improved outcome for the FAS child. Specific recommendations are made for intervention and future research.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Asperger's syndrome: a review of clinical features.

The term Asperger's Syndrome (AS) refers to a clinical picture characterized by social isolation in combination with odd and eccentric behaviour. While the syndrome has been recognized for some time, diagnostic criteria for the disorder have not yet been established or evaluated. The objective of this paper is to describe some of the clinical features of AS. Twenty-eight children and adolescents with AS were compared to a group of psychiatric outpatients (matched on age and sex) who were also socially impaired. The AS subjects showed a range of social impairments essentially different than those seen in the control group. The sex ratio, family history, and presence of neurologic disease in some AS cases, suggest that the etiology of the disorder is similar to that in autism. The methodological limitations of the study are discussed, and a revised set of diagnostic criteria are proposed for AS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Listeners' familiarity and perception of an idiosyncratic phonologic pattern.

Idiosyncratic production of [l] for target /j/ (for example, production of the word "less" for "yes") was observed in a phonologically impaired preschooler. Recordings of his apparently homonymous productions of minimal pairs contrasting /j/ and /l/ were presented in random order to the child's mother and to five adult listeners who were unfamiliar with the child. No difference was seen across the listeners in their ability to identify target /l/ words. The child's mother, however, correctly identified /j/ targets more frequently than did unfamiliar listeners suggesting that familiarity enhances one's ability to decode idiosyncratic phonologic error patterns.

Articulation Disorders↗
PubMed1982

[Disturbed auditive perception (author's transl)].

Disturbed auditive perception on its own, but even more frequently combined with other partly decreased cerebral functions is almost regularly found in children with speech disorders. They must be recognized and treated along with speech therapy. A report on the difficulties in comprehending this perception deficit neurophysiologically as well as on recent models of categorial hearing of speech is given. In practice such disturbances become relevant if speech disorders appear along with normal audiometric results. The exact observation of such children indicates the existence of disturbed auditive perception: Confusing of words of similar sound, constant asking for repetition, difficult acquisition of local-adverbs, missing of parts in a series of instructions and others.

Auditory Perceptual Disorders↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Developmental delay, anxiety, deprivation and neglect: psychodynamics of a case of new problems].

This paper presents the case of a young child who displays an important developmental delay as well as anxiety symptoms. His condition is seen as concomitant to his impoverished environment. An analysis of his living circumstances permits one to make the reasonable hypothesis that the causal factor for the child's condition is the pathological interpersonal relations that exist between the child and his parents rather than the objective factors of his environment. Bibliographical material from various sources is used to reinforce the hypothesis. As a consequence of this analysis and hypothesis, concepts such as maltreatment, neglect, abuse, and deprivation are seen as having advanced knowledge when they appeared, but as impeding research at the present time.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1998

Auditory integration training and facilitated communication for autism. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Children with Disabilities.

This statement reviews the basis for two new therapies for autism-auditory integration training and facilitative communication. Both therapies seek to improve communication skills. Currently available information does not support the claims of proponents that these treatments are efficacious. Their use does not appear warranted at this time, except within research protocols.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Implications of timing of maternal depressive symptoms for early cognitive and language development.

: Statistically, women, particularly pregnant women and new mothers, are at heightened risk for depression. The present review describes the current state of the research linking maternal depressed mood and children's cognitive and language development. Exposure to maternal depressive symptoms, whether during the prenatal period, postpartum period, or chronically, has been found to increase children's risk for later cognitive and language difficulties. The present review considers both the timing of maternal depression and the chronicity of mothers' depression on children's risk for cognitive and language delays. Infancy is frequently identified as a sensitive period in which environmental stimulation has the potential to substantially influence children's cognitive and language development. However, children's exposure to chronic maternal depression seems to be associated with more problematic outcomes for children, perhaps because depression interferes with mothers' ability to respond sensitively and consistently over time. Consistent with this expectation, interventions targeting parenting practices of depressed mothers have been found to increase children's cognitive competence during early childhood. The current review provides a synthesis of the current state of the field regarding the association between maternal depression and children's cognitive and language development during early childhood.

Child Development↗
PubMed1995

Case study: corticosteroid treatment of language regression in pervasive developmental disorder.

The authors describe a child whose language and behavior regressed at 22 months and in whom pervasive developmental disorder was later diagnosed. At 6 years, he displayed a profound receptive-expressive aphasia accompanied by behavioral disturbances characterized by hyperactivity, impaired social interactions, tantrums, gestural stereotypies, and echolalia. A single-photon emission computed tomography scan and steady-state auditory evoked potentials suggested bitemporal and left frontal pathophysiology. The overall profile resembled Landau-Kleffner syndrome, but no electroencephalographic disturbance was evident. Corticosteroid treatment resulted in amelioration of language abilities and behavior. These findings suggest that the factors underlying language regression in pervasive developmental disorder can, in special circumstances, be amenable to pharmacological treatment.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1992

A comparative study of development and symptoms among disintegrative psychosis and infantile autism with and without speech loss.

To investigate clinical pictures and the validity of disintegrative psychosis (DP) as defined in ICD-9, 18 cases of DP were compared with 51 and 145 cases of infantile autism (IA) with and without speech loss, respectively, on clinical variables. The DP cases showed clearer regression after more satisfactory development than the IA cases with speech loss. Around age 7, about 4 years after regression, those with DP were significantly more severely retarded than those with IA, yet both were similar in autistic symptomatology. EEG abnormalities and mothers 30 or older at delivery were significantly more common in the histories of those with DP than of those with IA. DP may be linked with IA having speech loss with regression in mental development as a common denominator.

Autistic Disorder↗