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At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) stimulates exocrine pancreas in conscious preruminating calves.

The effects of new hypothalamic peptides, PACAP-27 and PACAP-38, and secretin and VIP on the interdigestive pancreatic secretion and duodenal myoelectric activity during the asecretory phase of the pancreatic interdigestive cycle, compared with the milk ingestion phase, were examined in five calves. Peptides were infused for 5 min into the external jugular vein (0, 3, 10, 30 and 100 pmol/kg body wt during the asecretory phase of the pancreatic interdigestive cycle, and the pancreatic secretory response was compared with that obtained during milk ingestion. Intravenous infusion of PACAP-27 caused dose-related stimulation of pancreatic juice flow and bicarbonate and protein output; this effect was identical to infusion of secretin. The effect of PACAP-38 was less pronounced, and that of VIP was the weakest. Pancreatic juice volume and bicarbonate responses during milk ingestion were similar to responses obtained with the highest doses of hypothalamic peptides and secretin, whereas postprandial protein secretion was much greater than the secretion stimulated with peptides. It was concluded that PACAP from the VIP/secretin family may stimulate pancreatic exocrine secretion in conscious calves and a part of the pancreatic response to food intake can be mediated by PACAP.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Nitric oxide and the interrelation between intestinal motility and pancreatic secretion in fasted and fed dogs.

Intestinal motility and pancreatic secretion show synchronous cyclic changes (MMC) that are interrupted by feeding. The aim of this study was to determine the possible implication of nitric oxide (NO) (that was proposed as nonadrenergic noncholinergic neurotransmitter) in the motor and secretory components of MMC in 5 conscious dogs equipped with monopolar electrodes implanted along the small bowel and pancreatic fistulas. In fasted dogs with typical MMCs, L-NNA (an inhibitor of NO synthase) (5 mg/kg-h i.v.) decreased the MMC interval from control value of 80 +/- 7 to 60 +/- 4 min while increasing significantly the slow waves with spikes and suppressing the phase III-related increase in pancreatic secretion. Infusion of L-arginine (L-Arg) (a substrate of NO synthase) (10 mg/kg-h i.v.) increased the MMC interval from control 79 +/- 7 to 96 +/- 8 min and reduced the slow waves spikes by about 25%. Pancreatic secretion showed significant increase to about 20%. CCK maximum. Similar but transient effects were observed when glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) (a donor of NO) (1 mg/kg-h) was administered. After ingestion of meal, the MMC cycles were replaced by irregular spike activity with an average of about 35% slow waves with spikes and pancreatic secretion rose to about 70% of CCK maximum. Infusion of L-Arg (10 mg/kg-h) reduced by about 90% the postprandial spike activity but failed to affect significantly the pancreatic secretion. Also, injection of GTN (1 mg/kg-h) reduced the spike activity but did not influence pancreatic secretion. L-NNA in fed dogs caused an initial increase in spike activity followed by phase III and about 60% inhibition of pancreatic secretion. L-NNA added to L-Arg infusion reversed in part both intestinal motility and pancreatic secretory effects of L-Arg infusion. We conclude that NO system exerts a tonic inhibitory influence on intestinal myoelectric activity by reducing the frequency of MMC pacesetter and by suppressing the postprandial activity but stimulates pancreatic secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of the effects of midecamycin acetate and azithromycin on gastrointestinal motility in man.

The gastrointestinal motor effects of the macrolide antibiotic, azithromycin, were compared with those of midecamycin acetate. The method of investigation consisted of intraluminal pressure measurements in the gastric antrum and upper small intestine by means of a low compliance perfused catheter system. Eleven healthy volunteers participated in the single blind, placebo-controlled study of both interdigestive and postprandial gastrointestinal motility. Azithromycin was administered by mouth in a single 500 mg dose or in two daily doses of 250 mg; midecamycin acetate was given in a dose of 600 mg b.i.d. The effect of midecamycin acetate on gastric antral and jejunal motility was not significantly different from that of placebo. This was true for both the interdigestive and the postprandial phases of gastrointestinal motility. Peroral treatment with azithromycin resulted in a statistically significant increase in the postprandial antral motility index as compared to placebo. This increase was observed in the distal antrum as well as in the proximal antrum. In addition, the gastric contractions were found to originate higher up in the stomach after azithromycin as compared to placebo or midecamycin acetate.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Reverse phasic contractions are present in antiperistaltic jejunal limbs up to twenty-one years postoperatively.

One of the surgical procedures that has been performed to reduce symptoms of dumping is the antiperistaltic jejunal limb (APL). We hypothesized that the polarity of the Phase III activity fronts would be maintained after creation of an APL. To test that hypothesis, water perfused, low compliance intestinal manometry was performed upon four patients with APL, four patients with vagotomy, antrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy (VARY) and four volunteers. The patients were studied for a minimum of four hours of fasting. Recordings were analyzed by visual inspection by two observers and results are expressed as mean plus or minus standard error of the mean. Statistical analysis was performed with Student's t test. Phase III activity fronts occurred more frequently (1.4 +/- 0.3 per hour) in the patients with a VARY reconstruction than in the volunteers (0.5 +/- 0.5 minute). The duration of Phase II activity was significantly less in the patients with the VARY reconstruction (19.1 +/- 5.1 minutes) than in the volunteers (49.5 +/- 5.2 minutes). Patients with reversed activity fronts showed statistically significant propagation velocity (3.0 +/- 0.6 versus 9.6 +/- 2.0 centimeters per minute) (p < 0.005), but longer Phase III activity fronts (8.0 +/- 0.8 versus 4.9 +/- 0.3 minutes) (p < 0.001) than in the volunteers. Although there were a number of abnormalities identified in the patients with VARY reconstruction, there were no reverse Phase III activity fronts seen in the four patients with APL reconstruction. The polarity of the small intestine is maintained up to 21 years after construction of an antiperistaltic jejunal segment.

Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y↗
PubMed1993

Changes in the electrical activity of the gastric remnant after Billroth II gastrectomy in dogs.

Chronic experiments were performed on dogs with Biller II gastrectomy followed by Roux-Y gastrojejunostomy. Gastric mucosa valve was made in the region of the gastrointestinal anastomosis in order to prevent the rapid gastric evacuation. Electrical activity of the gastric remnant, duodenum and jejunum was led off by six bipolar, silver, ball-shaped electrodes, implanted subserously on the muscle wall. Continuous bursting of groups of spike potentials with the slow gastric potentials in the usual rhythm (4.5-5 cpm) occurred during the 1st month after surgery. However, at the end of the 2nd month after surgery there were periods of tachygastria. The frequency of the gastric potentials was lower (7.52 +/- 1.37 cpm, n = 26) or higher (20.40 +/- 0.68 cpm, n = 30) compared to that of the jejunal slow waves (14.11 +/- 0.18 cpm, n = 50), i.e., it was different from the frequency of the jejunal slow waves.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Erythromycin, motilin, and the esophagus.

BACKGROUND: Motilin induces phase III activity of the gastroesophageal tract. Erythromycin has a motilin-like effect on the stomach, but possible esophageal effects have not been evaluated and are the focus of our investigation. METHODS: Esophageal manometry was performed in 11 healthy volunteers before and after intravenous infusion of 500 mg erythromycin. Values are expressed as means +/- SEM. RESULTS: Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure increased from 21.1 +/- 2.6 mm Hg at baseline to 37.5 +/- 3.8 mm Hg after erythromycin infusion (p < 0.0001). Erythromycin did not affect LES length, esophageal body contraction amplitude, duration or velocity, or the upper esophageal sphincter. Serum motilin levels decreased from 96.4 +/- 10.9 pmol/L to 81.8 +/- 10.9 pmol/L (p < 0.01) after erythromycin administration. CONCLUSIONS: Erythromycin profoundly stimulates the normal human LES. This is a direct motilin agonist-like effect and is not mediated by release of endogenous motilin. Erythromycin has no important effect on the esophageal body or the upper esophageal sphincter.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Gastrointestinal motility in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia: a role for Helicobacter pylori infection?

Motor disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract are a frequent finding in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD). In this study we attempted to assess whether Helicobacter pylori infection contributes to gastrointestinal motor disorders in NUD. Interdigestive and post-prandial gastrointestinal motility was studied in 46 consecutive patients with NUD and in eight healthy control subjects. Abdominal complaints were assessed by means of a symptom score. Chronic gastritis and H. pylori infection were assessed and graded by histology. Accordingly, patients with NUD were divided into two sub-groups: 18 patients with H. pylori infection and chronic active gastritis and 28 patients without H. pylori infection. The length of the interdigestive motor cycle was not different in patients with NUD (139 +/- 6 min, mean +/- SEM), compared with controls (128 +/- 5.5 min). There was also no difference in the duration of individual phases I, II, and III, either between NUD and controls or between H. pylori-positive and -negative patients. The motility index (MI) of antral phase II also was not changed in NUD patients. Postprandial antral motility was decreased in patients with NUD (MI 6.96 +/- 0.4 vs. 9.7 +/- 0.3 controls; p < 0.025), with no difference between H. pylori-positive and -negative subgroups. It therefore appears unlikely that H. pylori infection plays a primary role in the pathophysiology of antroduodenal motor disorders in NUD.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Measurement of transit disorders in different gastrointestinal segments of patients with diabetes mellitus in relation to duration and severity of the disease by use of the metal-detector test.

The existence of gastrointestinal transit disorders in other intestinal segments beside the stomach in Type-1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and occurrence in Type-2 DM and in uremia has yet been confirmed only in few studies. Eleven healthy volunteers, 34 patients with Type-1, 32 patients with Type-2 DM in different stages of their disease and 34 non-diabetic patients with endstage-renal disease were investigated by use of the metal detector test. Patients were divided in three subgroups, depending on the duration of their disease: < 1 year: "Short", 1 - 10 years: "Middle", > 10 years: "Long". For comparison with the metal detector test scintigraphic studies of esophageal and gastric transit were performed in 17 patients and small intestinal transit was studied by use of the H2-lactulose breath test in 20 patients with long-standing DM Type-1. In Type-1 DM there is an increase of gastric (135 +/- 18, p < 0.01; 218 +/- 26, p < 0.0001 vs. 73 +/- 7 min.) and large intestinal transit times (79 +/- 18, P < 0.02; 76 +/- 11, p < 0.04 vs. 40 +/- 5 h) in patients with middle or long standing DM. In Type-2 DM similar transit disturbances occur (gastric emptying, long group: 120 +/- 15 min., p < 0.02; colonic transit, long group: 80 +/- 13 h, p < 0.01). In uremia transit disturbances were only found in patients with chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (colonic transit: 71 +/- 9 h, p < 0.05). In 65% gastric scintigraphy and in 55% of cases the H2-lactulose breath test showed a prolongation of gastric emptying or a prolonged mouth-to-cecum transit. Transit disorders can occur in every stage of DM with preferential involvement of the stomach and the colon. These findings are of clinical relevance, since transit disturbances can result in instable metabolic condition.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inhibition of small intestinal motility by casein: a role of beta casomorphins?

Several aspects on the effect of nutrients on small intestinal motility are not completely understood. We have analyzed changes of motor activity of the canine small bowel following intragastric administration of casein and soy protein. Studies were performed by intraluminal manometry with external transducers and multiple infused catheters with closely spaced registrating sites. Casein was followed by a statistically significant decrease of amplitude and frequency of small intestinal contractions, compared to soy protein. Pretreatment with naloxone suppressed the inhibitory effect of casein, suggesting that stimulation of opioid receptors by beta casomorphins, a product of digestion of casein, might be involved in the motility changes observed.

Animals↗