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Results for “Recovery phases”

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PubMed1991

[The effect of oral trapidil therapy on clinical and hemorheological parameters in arteriosclerosis obliterans in comparison to pentoxifylline--a pilot study].

20 male patients from 44 to 61 years of age with arteriosclerotic disturbances of the blood supply of the legs (stage II after Fontaine) were in the cross-over treated with 3 x 200 mg trapidil or 3 x 200 mg pentoxifylline daily. The duration of the therapy was in each case 6 weeks with a one-week elutriation phase. Statistically ascertained was an increase of the distance of intermittent claudication for the two drugs in patients with initial values lower than 550 m. On the other hand the tibio-brachial Doppler quotient and the submaximal blood supply established by the venous-occlusion plethysmography did not change. The post-ischaemic recovery phase of the transcutaneous oxygen partial pressure at the lower leg shortened in particular under the influence of trapidil. Lipid parameter, haematocrit, fibrinogen and plasma viscosity remained unchanged. The subjective tolerance of the two remedies was good.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Alterations in key carbohydrate-metabolizing enzyme activities in rat livers following bile duct ligation and its release.

Activities of key carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes in the livers of rats after bile duct ligation were studied during the recovery phase, after releasing the bile duct from ligation as an external biliary drainage. Enzyme activities were analyzed on the 3rd and 7th days after ligation and on the 3rd and 7th days after releasing the ligation. The altered enzyme activities, which resulted from the ligation of the bile duct, recovered after its release, although the recovery was delayed as when compared with those in the serum liver function tests. Glucokinase was the enzyme which was most delayed in recovery. The decreased activity of glucokinase had not returned to normal, even on the 7th day after release of the bile duct from its 7 day-ligation, whereas all the other enzyme activities had returned to normal by this time. It was also suggested that the decreased activity of glucokinase, which regulates the glucose uptake by the liver, was related to the glucose intolerance in obstructive jaundice. Accordingly, glucokinase can be used as a marker for determining the time of operation after biliary drainage.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Roles of hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA) and its inhibitor HAI-1 in the regeneration of injured gastrointestinal mucosa.

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/scatter factor (SF) is thought to play an important role in the regeneration of injured gastrointestinal mucosa by promoting the proliferation and migration of epithelial cells. HGF/SF is secreted by stromal cells as an inactive precursor form, and is specifically activated by HGF activator (HGFA) to the active form. HGFA is also produced as a precursor form and activated by thrombin in injured tissues. The activity of HGFA is regulated by two recently identified Kunitz-type serine proteinase inhibitors, namely HGFA inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1) and type 2 (HAI-2). Although the activation of HGF/SF is a critical limiting step in the HGF/SF-induced signaling pathway, little is known about the regulation of HGF/SF activation in injured gastrointestinal mucosa. Immunohistochemically, all these proteins have been detected in gastrointestinal epithelial cells, and HAI-1 was upregulated in regenerative epithelium relative to normal epithelium. During the course of acetic acid-induced murine experimental colitis, HAI-1, but not HAI-2, was indeed upregulated in the recovery phase. In vitro study revealed that HAI-1 is not only an inhibitor, but also a specific cell-surface binding protein, of active HGFA, and acts as a reservoir of this enzyme on the cell surface. Active HGFA/HAI-1 complexes were quickly released from the cell surface by treatment with IL-1beta accompanying significant recovery of HGFA activity in the culture supernatant. These results suggest that HAI-1 is a cell-surface acceptor of activated HGFA in regenerative epithelial cells, and functions on the cell surface to localize the active HGFA that is going to enter the repair process. This concentrated HGFA activity would ensure the efficient pericellular activation of HGF in the injured gastrointestinal mucosa, and promote the proliferation and migration of gastrointestinal epithelial cells.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Afferent input-associated reduction of muscle activity in microgravity environment.

Responses of electromyogram (EMG) of soleus, lateral portion of gastrocnemius (LG) and tibialis anterior (TA), and both afferent and efferent neurograms at the L(5) segmental level of the spinal cord, to altered gravity levels created by the parabolic flight of a jet airplane were investigated in adult rats. The EMG activity in antigravity soleus muscle gradually increased when the gravity was elevated from 1-G to 1.5-G (+23%) and 2-G (+67%) during the ascending phase of parabolic flight. The activity decreased approximately 72% from the 1-G level immediately when the rat was exposed to microgravity. The EMG level was maintained low during the 20-s microgravity, but it was restored immediately once the gravity level was increased to 1.5-G and then 1-G during the descending and recovery phase. The EMG level of LG also increased gradually when the gravity level was elevated and the level then decreased when the rat was exposed to microgravity (P>0.05). However, the activity level during the 20-s microgravity was identical to that obtained at 1-G. The EMG level of TA even increased insignificantly in response to the exposure to microgravity. The responses of afferent neurogram were similar to those of soleus EMG, even though the magnitude of the reduction of integrated neurogram level in response to microgravity exposure was small (approximately 26% vs. 1-G level) relative to that of soleus EMG. The level of efferent neurogram was also decreased, but only approximately 9% vs. 1-G level, during the 20-s microgravity. The data in the current study suggest that the afferent input is closely associated with the gravity-dependent muscular activity.

Aircraft↗

PubMed1993

Extracellular dopamine and serotonin in the rat striatum during transient ischaemia of different severities: a microdialysis study.

Generalised neurotransmitter overflow into the extracellular space on cerebral ischaemia has been widely reported and implicated in events leading to subsequent neuronal death. As little is known about the effect of depth of ischaemia on these changes, we have subjected anaesthetised rats to a sequence of four challenges [high K+ stimulus, moderate (penumbral) ischaemia, severe ischaemia, cardiac arrest] and have concurrently monitored both electrophysiological parameters and changes in extracellular dopamine, serotonin, and their metabolites in the striatum. Of particular relevance to human stroke therapy was penumbral ischaemia, where ionic homeostasis was maintained even though electrical function was lost. All challenges increased extracellular monoamines, although levels were significantly greater when ischaemia was severe enough to produce sustained anoxic depolarisation. Baseline levels were rapidly restored during recovery phases. Acidic monoamine metabolites decreased significantly during each insult, returning to basal levels during reperfusion after moderate ischaemia, and to significantly higher levels after severe ischaemia. Results indicate that sustained anoxic depolarisation may be a critical factor in determining outcome after ischaemia, being associated with significantly greater release of monoamines, and impairment of electrical function recovery.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

[Clinical application of cytokines in peripheral blood stem cell transplantation].

Peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) are increased dramatically during a recovery phase after myelosuppressive chemotherapy. PBSC can be used for hematological reconstitution after marrow-ablative therapy. Autologous blood stem cell transplantation (ABSCT) has increasingly been used for the treatment of malignant diseases. Cytokines, especially hematopoietic cytokines are utilized for mobilization of PBSC, enhancement of chemosensitivity of leukemic cells having cytokine receptors and enhancement of hematologic recovery after ABSCT. We studied effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in these settings. In cytotoxic drug plus G-CSF mobilization of PBSC, granulocyte/macrophage and erythroid progenitor cells were significantly increased in PBSC harvests compared to cytotoxic drug-induced mobilization. When G-CSF was administered prior to the marrow-ablative conditioning before ABSCT, clinical results suggest that chemosensitivity of leukemic cells may be increased. When G-CSF was given after ABSCT, hematologic recovery from marrow aplasia was enhanced substantially. These observations clearly indicate that G-CSF is useful to mobilize PBSC and to facilitate ABSCT.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Changes in pulmonary vascular resistance in response to partial liquid ventilation.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Partial liquid ventilation (PLV) with perfluorocarbons decreases pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in injured piglet lungs without supplemental oxygen. These PVR changes may result either from direct mechanical effects or improved arterial oxygenation. In an uninjured hypoxic model of elevated PVR the authors asked the following questions: (1) Does prophylactic or therapeutic PLV ameliorate the PVR response to hypoxia? (2) Do prophylactic and therapeutic PLV have different PVR effects? (3) Does supplemental oxygen modify PVR response to PLV? METHODS: Piglet (3 to 4 kg) lungs were isolated in situ without ischemia, hypoxia, or reperfusion injury. Pulmonary artery (PA) and left atrial (LA) cannulae were attached to a blood-primed extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) perfusion circuit with a flow (QPA) of 80 mL/kg/min. Pressure-limited, volume-cycled ventilation (PIP < 25 mm Hg, Tv = 15 mL/kg) was initiated. PLV with perfluorodecalin (15 mL/kg) was administered endotracheally. Continuously monitored blood gas parameters allowed airway and extracorporeal adjustment of FiO2 to produce a PO2 appropriate to the experimental phase. PVR was calculated as (PPA - PLA/QPA). After a stable 30-minute normoxic baseline, animals were assigned randomly to three groups. In group I, control (n = 7), PVR was measured for 150 minutes in hypoxic lungs (FiO2 = 0.07, PPAO2 = 40 mm Hg, SPAO2 = 70%). In group II, prophylactic (n = 8), PLV was administered, followed by 90 minutes of hypoxia, and 60 minutes of oxygen recovery (FiO2 = 0.21-0.30, PPAO2 > 100 mm Hg, SPAO2 = 100%). In group III, therapeutic (n = 8), after 30 hypoxic minutes, PLV was administered and maintained for 90 minutes, followed by a 60-minute oxygen recovery phase. Results were expressed as mean +/- SEM. Statistical analysis of groups was performed by repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey correction. RESULTS: In group I normoxic gas-ventilated PVR was 174+/-12 mm Hg/L/kg/min. After 90 hypoxic minutes PVR was 318+/-37 (P < .01 vbaseline). In group II baseline PVR was 183+/-14. PVR after 30 normoxic minutes of PLV was 199+/-14 (P = ns v baseline). After 90 hypoxic minutes, PVR was 350+/-31 (P < .01 v baseline, and PLV alone) followed by a decrease to 192+/-19 after 60 minutes of oxygen recovery (P = ns v baseline or PLV alone). In group III baseline PVR was 160+/-17 and 325+/-29 after 30 hypoxic minutes. After 90 hypoxic minutes of PLV, PVR was 366+/-22 (P = ns v hypoxia control, P < .01 v normoxic baseline). PVR recovered to 189+/-19 after 60 minutes of oxygen recovery (P = ns v baseline). CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic/therapeutic PLV had no effect on hypoxia-induced increases in PVR and did not differ from each other. Although PLV alone decreases PVR in the injured lung without supplemental oxygen, elevated PVR associated with hypoxia was ameliorated only by supplemental oxygen in the liquid ventilated lung.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Changes in the reflex excitability during and after a sustained, low-intensity muscle contraction.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the soleus H-reflex amplitude during and after a low-intensity isometric contraction. Twelve healthy, untrained subjects performed a 10-minute isometric plantar flexion at 20% of their maximum voluntary contraction torque output. The electromyogram, H-reflex, and maximum M-wave (Mmax) of the soleus muscle was recorded during and 10 minutes after the end of the contraction. The results indicated that the H-reflex increased significantly (mean +/- SEM: 44.7 +/- 16.6%, p < 0.05), but when the fatigue protocol was over, the H-reflex was depressed for the first 3 minutes, relative to the H-reflex that was recorded before fatigue, when the muscle was relaxed. The Mmax did not change significantly during the whole experiment. Furthermore, the stimulation frequency (0.1 vs. 0.3 Hz) did not have any significant effect on the H-reflex modulation. The results of the current study suggest that the reflex excitability is increased as fatigue develops, whereas this increase turns to depression for the first minutes of the recovery phase. The functional significance of these changes and the neural mechanisms which might be responsible are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Contractile events in the cilia of Paramecium, Opalina, Mytilus, and Phragmatopoma.

The motion of the abnormal cilia of Opalina and Mytilus can be described by the recently developed model for ciliary motion, provided the activation of the contractility during the effective stroke is reduced by three- to fivefold compared with that in the recovery stroke. The stiffness of the Mytilus cilium during the effective stroke is found several hundred times larger than that predicted by the model, however. The stiffness of the cilia of Paramecium, Opalina, Phragmatopoma, and of Mytilus in the recovery phase, is predicted approximately correctly by the model. The activation of contractility in Mytilus and Phragmatopoma cilia increases with the viscosity of the medium, as the velocity of the ciliary motion slows down. This leads to the equivalent of a force-velocity relation. The velocity of propagation of the bend in the cilia during the recovery stroke is shown to be dependent only on the elastic properties of the ciliary shaft, and to be independent of the contractile activiey.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Fine wire electromyography analysis of muscles of the shoulder during swimming.

Fine wire EMG of the shoulder was performed on 11 swimmers; 5 performed during dry land studies and 7 during aquatic studies. One individual underwent both studies. A cinematographic analysis was synchronized with the EMG data to determine what muscles were firing at each phase of the swim stroke. Eight muscles were studied: biceps, subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, serratus anterior, and deltoid. Three strokes were analyzed: freestyle, breaststroke, and butterfly. The freestyle and butterfly are frequently associated with impingement type syndromes in swimmers. It was determined that the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, middle deltoid, and serratus anterior were predominately recovery phase muscles. The latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major were predominately pull-through phase muscles. The biceps had mixed inconsistent activity during both phases. From dry land quantifications of the EMG signal it was determined that the serratus anterior functions near maximal muscle test during each stroke, and theoretically may fatigue with repetition. It is hoped that a training program aimed to strengthen the scapular rotators may help alleviate impingement syndrome in swimmers.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Activity of mono- and biarticular leg muscles during sprint running.

A cinematographic recording of the movements of the lower limbs together with simultaneous emg tracings from nine lower limb muscles were obtained from two male track sprinters during three phases of a 100 m sprint run. The extensor muscles of the hip joint were found to be the primary movers by acceleration of the body's center of gravity (C.G.) during the ground phase of the running cycle. The extensors of the knee joint were also important in this, but to a minor extent, while the plantar flexors of the ankle joint showed the least contribution. The biarticular muscles functioned in a way different from the monoarticular muscles in the sense that they perform eccentric work during the flight and recovery phases and concentric work during the whole ground phase (support), whereas the monoarticular muscles are restricted first to eccentric work and then to concentric work during the ground phase. Furthermore, the biarticular muscles show variation (and rate of variation) in muscle length to a larger extent than the monoarticular muscles. Paradoxical muscle actions appear to take place around the knee joint, where the hamstring muscles, m. gastrocnemius, m. vastus laterialis and m. vastus medialis act as synergists by extending the knee joint during the last part of the ground phase.

Ankle↗

PubMed1984

Myelination in the CNS of mld mutant mice: comparison between composition and structure.

Myelination was studied between 15 and 135 days postnatally in the brain and optic nerves of myelin deficient (mld) mutant mice. Between 15 and 30 days almost no myelin basic protein (MBP) could be detected in mld myelin. The axons were loosely wrapped by membranes which only fused at the extracellular sites forming the intraperiod line. At this age the major dense line was absent. At 25-30 days, purified myelin contained extremely high 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) (EC 3.1.4.37) activities which could be related to the redundant paranodal-like structures observed at this age in mld CNS. Therefore, it can be suggested that CNP is probably localized in such paranodal loops. After the active phase of myelin deposition was completed in controls, mld mutants showed important increases of MBP concentration in myelin with the concomitant appearance of the major electron dense line and better compaction of the myelin lamellae. The yield of myelin increased from 5 to 14% of control values during the period of 30 to 135 days. Since the recovery phase occurred at the time when myelin lipid synthesizing enzymes are at low residual activities, the myelin deficit could only be partially corrected. This study indicates that there is a delay of MBP synthesis in mld mice and the decrease of other myelin proteins could be secondary to the assumed primary defect involving MBP.

2',3'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases↗

PubMed2005

Warm-up phenomenon and cardiac autonomic control in patients with coronary artery disease.

Decreased heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate turbulence (HRT) are independent predictors of mortality after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). There are no previous studies on the relationship between warm-up phenomenon and cardiac autonomic control in stable coronary artery disease (CAD). We investigated the responses in HRV to repeated exercise induced ischemia and differences in global HRV and HRT in patients with and without adaptation to ischemia (warm-up phenomenon). Fifty male patients with CAD underwent two successive exercise tests with ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings. HRV was evaluated using time and frequency domain measures and HRT was determined among patients with ventricular premature complexes (VPCs). The patients were divided in two groups on the basis of either positive (warm-up+) or negative (warm-up-) ischemia adaptation. Total power, ULF and VLF power and pNN50 calculated from the entire ECG recording were higher in the group demonstrating warm-up phenomenon (P<0.05 for all). In the assessment of the four short-term stationary phases (pre-and post-test 1 and 2) total power, VLF power and pNN50 were significantly higher in the warm-up positive group already at the baseline (P<0.05 for all). Furthermore, in the entire recordings total power, ULF and VLF power and SDNN correlated positively with the decrease in ischemic burden in the recovery phase (P<or=0.001 for all). No significant differences were found in HRT between the groups. Our results suggest that CAD patients demonstrating warm-up phenomenon have better cardiac autonomic control, and this correlates with the extent of ischemia adaptation. The true prognostic significance of this needs to be prospectively studied, however.

Aged↗

PubMed1977

Renal sodium reabsorption following induction of recovery from volume expansion.

In the rat, infusion of a volume of isotonic saline equal to 2% of body weight resulted in an 82% increase in delivery of filtrate out of the proximal tubule but little or, in some animals, no change in the urinary excretion of sodium. By contrast, further degrees of volume expansion resulted in lesser increases in the distal delivery of filtrate, but were associated with a marked increase in the urinary excretion of sodium. Sixty minutes following completion of volume expansion, while the animals were still in positive sosium balance, the urinary excretion of sodium decreased 52% compared to a decrease of only 24% in the distal delivery of filtrate. During the course of progressive volume expansion and during the recovery phase, there was a dissociation between alterations in sodium reabosrption in the proximal convoluted tubule and in the whole kidney. These studies indicate that although the proximal tubule is more sensitive to changes in the extracellular fluid volume, distal nephron sites are ultimately responsible both for the natriuresis of volume expansion and the relative antinatriuresis of the recovery periods.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Long-lasting memory T cell responses following self-limited acute hepatitis B.

The molecular and cellular basis of long-term T cell memory against viral antigens is still largely undefined. To characterize anti-viral protection by memory T cells against non-cytopathic viruses able to cause acute self-limited and chronic infections, such as the hepatitis B virus (HBV), we studied HLA class II restricted responses against HBV structural antigens in 17 patients with acute hepatitis B, during the acute stage of infection and 2.2 to 13 yr after clinical resolution of disease. Results indicate that: (a) significant T cell proliferative responses to HBV nucleocapsid antigens were detectable in all patients during the acute phase of infection and in 14/17 also 2-13 yr after clinical resolution of disease; b) long-lasting T cell responses were sustained by CD45RO+T cells, predominantly expressing the phenotype of recently activated cells; c) limiting dilution analysis showed that in some patients the frequency of HBV-specific T cells was comparable to that observed in the acute stage of infection and, usually, higher than in patients with chronic HBV infection; d) the same amino acid sequences were recognized by T cells in the acute and recovery phases of infection; and e) HBV-DNA was detectable by nested-PCR in approximately half of the subjects. to conclusion, our results show that vigorous anti-viral T cell responses are detectable in vitro several years after clinical recovery from acute hepatitis B. Detection of minute amounts of virus in some recovered subjects suggests that long-term maintenance of an active anti-viral T cell response could be important not only for protection against reinfection but also for keeping the persisting virus under tight control.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2003

Effects of high intensity resistance and low intensity endurance training on myosin heavy chain isoform expression in highly trained rowers.

An important mechanism of muscle adaptation to exercise is the alteration of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform expression. This study investigated the effect of a high intensity resistance training (HIRT) and a low intensity endurance rowing (LIER) on MHC isoform expression in highly trained human muscle. Six well-trained male rowers underwent a training program consisting of a 3-week HIRT and a 3-week LIER, each followed by one-week of recovery. Muscle samples were taken from vastus lateralis before and at the end of each training and recovery phase. MHC isoform was analyzed by SDS-PAGE using silver stain and MHC isoform mRNA by RT-PCR. The maximum oxygen uptake and power output did not change after the training. MHC isoform composition did not change over HIRT or LIER, and there was a decrease in MHC I with concomitant increase in MHC IIa after recovery following HIRT. HIRT led to mRNA upregulation of MHC Ialpha, Ibeta and IIx (127 %, 148 % and 117 %, respectively, p < 0.05), but not MHC I protein (60 % vs 62 %, NS), and LIER led merely to MHC Ibeta mRNA upregulation (131 %, p < 0.05). Thus, different responses of MHC isoform expression to HIRT and LIER occurred in the highly trained muscle, and a "ceiling effect" in terms of MHC I expression could be observed. The upregulation of MHC Ialpha mRNA in human skeletal muscle documented in this study may encourage further observations in this field.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

C-reactive protein to transthyretin ratio for the early diagnosis and follow-up of postoperative infection.

The clinical usefulness of C-reactive protein (CRP) and of transthyretin (TTR) for the early diagnosis and follow-up of infection after an open fracture was prospectively investigated (cohort A). It was complemented by a retrospective study of trauma patients admitted to an intensive care unit (cohort B). Serial determinations of serum CRP and TTR concentrations were first performed in uninfected patients from cohort A to define a reference profile during the early postoperative period. It showed a concomitant increase in CRP and decrease in TTR concentrations, followed by progressive return to initial values in patients free from bacterial infection. Variations of the CRP/TTR ratio were analyzed. Recovery phase was defined by an exponential evolution of the two plasma proteins and of their ratio value. The CRP and TTR concentrations were independent of sex and severity of the trauma. In the case of postoperative infection, patients of cohort A revealed amplified CRP and TTR responses usually preceding the occurrence of clinical signs. During successful antibiotic therapy, their recovery response became superimposable to that of the reference group. The same profiles were recorded in cohort B patients admitted with lower limb fractures or various types of trauma. This suggests that observations made on cohort A can be extrapolated to othertrauma patients. We recommend that serial measurements of CRP and TTR and of their ratio should be performed every 2 days to appropriately follow-up these patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

The use of busulfan therapy in bone marrow transplantation. A nursing overview.

One of the newest modalities for the treatment of cancer is the bone marrow transplant. This is an extensive treatment that includes conditioning or preparing the body with high-dose chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. On completion of the conditioning phase, the body is ready to accept the bone marrow transplant. The type of transplant is dependent on the disease, stage of metastasis, and donor availability. An autologous transplant consists of the patient as the donor, a syngeneic transplant has an identical twin as the donor, and an allogeneic transplant has a separate, matched donor, usually a sibling. The recovery phase after a bone marrow transplant entails supporting the patient holistically. Many chemotherapeutic agents, including the agent busulfan, are used for the conditioning regimen to help prepare the patient for the transplant. This article will examine clinical trials performed that use busulfan in this manner: to document the drug's usefulness as an option for the conditioning regimen for bone marrow transplantation and to present the potential toxicities of the drug. The nursing assessments and interventions for busulfan therapy are also discussed.

Adolescent↗