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At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources

PubMed1989

The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus outputs long-lasting running in rats.

We have developed a new technique for altering neural construction by implanting self-swelling, the hydrogel of water-absorbent polymer (WAPGEL) into restricted areas of the brain. Using this technique, we found that the VMH is responsible for expression of running activity. Implantation of 1.5 microliters of WAPGEL into the dorsomedial portion of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) of the rat specifically induced bursts of running, whereas implantation into other sites of hypothalamus, e.g., the anterior, lateral and posterior areas, and the dorsomedial nucleus, caused no significant running activity. The WAPGEL-injected rat showed less aversive reactions than the sham-operated rat. Since deafferentation of the VMH after WAPGEL injection prevented the induction of running activity, the output from the VMH appeared to be responsible for the running activity.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Hyper-running activity originating from the hypothalamus is blocked by GABA.

Our previous study showed that injection of the hydrogel of a water-absorbent polymer (WAPGEL) into the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) induced stereotyped long-lasting running activity without association of any aggressive reactions, and suggested that swelling of the polymer at the site of injection affected the inhibitory neuron system, resulting in the expression of running activity. In the present study, we injected WAPGEL impregnated with different doses of GABA. By this treatment, the expression of running activity was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Contrarily, microinjection of a GABA-A receptor blocker, bicuculline methiodide (BM), released the running reaction in a dose-dependent manner with similar features to that induced by WAPGEL. It is suggested that the running-related neurons in the VMH are inhibited by GABA when the animals are at rest.

Aggression↗

PubMed1991

Interactions between body temperature and wheel running over the estrous cycle in rats.

Female rats were housed in Wahmann wheels under a 12:12 light-dark (LD) photoperiod for 36 days and then were switched to LD 10:14 for 36-64 days. Running was 95-100% nocturnal. Overall amounts of running were higher in LD 12:12, but changes over the estrous cycle were similar. On the night of proestrus running increased by 64% in LD 12:12 and 123% in LD 10:14 (p less than 0.0001) compared to the first night of diestrus. Nighttime Tb's were correlated with running levels. In LD 12:12 Tb on proestrus was higher by 0.3 +/- 0.0 degrees C (p less than 0.0001); in LD 10:14 it was higher by 0.2 +/- 0.0 degrees C (p less than 0.001) compared to diestrus-1. During L, Tb was lowest on proestrus and highest on estrus. Half of the rats exhibited a consistent phase advance of at least 30 min in both Tb and activity on proestrus. The advanced Tb acrophase was correlated with both the activity acrophase (r = .91; p less than 0.0001) and the amount of running (r = .60; p less than 0.01). The wheels of 6 rats were then locked at night in LD 10:14. There were no significant Tb changes from diestrus-1 across the cycle. However, Tb acrophase was delayed a mean of 76 +/- 16 min (p less than 0.01) in these rats. Also, the Tb acrophase across all days of the estrous cycle was delayed by 94 +/- 18 min (p less than 0.001) compared to when the wheels were open.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Heavy water lengthens the period of free-running rhythms in lesioned hamsters bearing SCN grafts.

Heavy water (D2O) lengthens the period of free-running circadian rhythms in most organisms. We compared the effect of D2O on free-running locomotor activity rhythms in intact and SCN-lesioned (SCN-X) hamsters that had recovered circadian rhythmicity following implantation of SCN grafts. The animals were housed individually in cages equipped with running wheels, and locomotor activity was monitored using a computer-based data acquisition system. At the end of the behavioral tests, animals were anesthetized and perfused. Brain sections were immunostained for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and vasopressin (VP) to evaluate the extent of the lesion and the presence of a functional graft. The D2O similarly lengthened the period of free-running activity without affecting amount of activity in both intact and in SCN-X grafted animals. The results indicate that D2O acts directly on the SCN to lengthen the free-running period, and suggest that coupling between pacemakers within the grafted SCN is as efficient as in the intact SCN.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Aftereffects of scheduled daily exercise on free-running circadian period in Syrian hamsters.

This study examined whether a nonphotic factor, scheduled daily exercise, could cause aftereffects on the free-running circadian period of Syrian hamsters. Groups of hamsters were kept under a cycle of 14-h light:10-h dark with access to their running wheel for only 3 h a day. Depending on the group, this 3-h period coincided with early day, midday, late day, early night, or late night. Controls did not have access to wheels. After 12 days, all hamsters were released into constant darkness (DD) and given free access to their wheel. Late-day runners showed a significantly shorter free-running period in DD compared to night runners and to controls, indicating that free-running periods can be shortened by nonphotic factors in this species. On the first day of DD, the activity onset of hamsters preceded (midday and late-day runners), coincided with (night runners and controls), or followed (early day runners) the previous time of D onset. Advanced activity onsets in late-day runners were consistent with both their short free-running periods and probable phase-advancing effects of late-day exercise; in contrast, delayed activity onsets in early day runners could only be explained by phase-delaying effects of the scheduled exercise.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Wheel running induces conditioned taste aversion in rats trained while hungry and thirsty.

Rats while both hungry and thirsty were given three exposures to either a salt solution or a sour solution followed by a brief period of wheel running. On other occasions, these rats while hungry and thirsty were exposed to the alternate solution without wheel running. Conditioned aversion to the flavor paired with wheel running was evident after two pairings. During final tests with each solution, the rats were thirsty but not hungry. As expected, conditioned aversion to the particular flavor paired with wheel running was still observed despite a change in deprivation state from training to test. These results indicate that wheel running can induce sickness. Because sickness suppresses eating, activity anorexia in rats and some forms of anorexia nervosa in humans may be caused, at least in part, by sickness.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Evidence of functional hyperemia in the rat hippocampus during mild treadmill running.

Exercise appears to improve hippocampal plasticity and cognitive function, leading us to postulate that exercise may activate hippocampal neurons, which in turn increase hippocampal cerebral blood flow (Hip-CBF). Recent studies using laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) have shown that Hip-CBF increases with behavior and locomotion, but it has not been examined whether these changes are due to neuronal activation. We aimed to examine whether functional hyperemia, an increase in cerebral blood flow in response to neuronal activation, can occur in the exercising rat hippocampus. We applied a treadmill running model of rats and LDF combined with microdialysis. Prolonged mild treadmill running (10 m/min) resulted in an increase in Hip-CBF of 26+/-9% versus basal level. When tetrodotoxin was infused via microdialysis into the loci where Hip-CBF was monitored, the increased Hip-CBF with running was completely suppressed. These results provide evidence that functional hyperemia occurs in the rat hippocampus during mild treadmill running and suggest that our running animal model may be useful for examining the underlying mechanisms of exercise-induced hippocampal functional hyperemia.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Running-wheel activity and body composition in golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).

Running wheels are frequently used in behavioural and physiological experiments. The function of wheel-running activity in laboratory animals is controversial. In the present long-term study, the influence of this activity was evaluated in male golden hamsters over a period of 52 weeks. Four months after the start of the experiment, hamsters with access to running wheels were significantly heavier than those without these wheels. In addition, food consumption nearly doubled. The absolute values of fat-free mass (FFM), total body water (TBW) and crude fat mass (CFM) increased. However, in contrast to these absolute differences, the relative values were never different and general body composition was therefore unaffected by running-wheel activity. Different organ masses were established for absolute values of kidneys, testes and epididymis; possible effects on reproduction are discussed. The present data indicating improved physical condition leads to the assumption that a running wheel is a useful enrichment, enhancing animal welfare in the golden hamster.

Animal Welfare↗

PubMed2006

Running suture for vesicourethral anastomosis in minilaparotomy radical retropubic prostatectomy.

INTRODUCTION: We used a running suture method for vesicourethral anastomosis in patients undergoing minilaparotomy radical retropubic prostatectomy. TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS: The vesicourethral anastomosis using a single knot at the 6:30-o'clock position is created with two steps of semicircular running suture. A total of 21 consecutive patients underwent this running suture method using the Endostitch in the hands of a single surgeon (T.M.) between March and November 2004. The running suture procedure was completed in 15 minutes on average. After surgery, no urinary leakage at the anastomotic site was found. Satisfactory continence was achieved in the short term in 100% (0 to 1 pad per day) of cases. However, dilation at the anastomosis using a metal dilator was required in 2 patients immediately after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The running suture method is considered a feasible alternative in minilaparotomy radical retropubic prostatectomy.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗

PubMed2001

A single trial analysis of hippocampal theta frequency during nonsteady wheel running in rats.

It has been suggested that hippocampal theta rhythm codes some aspects of motor behavior, but previous studies of the correlation between theta frequency and steady whole body locomotion speed using both linear tracks and wheels have provided inconsistent if not contradictory results. Because the relationship between temporal dynamics of theta frequency and non-steady (or dynamic) whole body locomotion speed can help clarify this issue, single trials of hippocampal EEG were analyzed together with nonsteady wheel running speed recorded during rats perform spontaneous normal locomotion in a wheel. Changes in theta frequency within single trials show positive or negative correlation with nonsteady wheel running speed. As the mean running speed increases and the standard deviation of running speed decreases in a single trial, the correlation between temporal dynamics of theta frequency and nonsteady wheel running speed within the single trial tends to be positive. In addition, we found that the amount of deceleration is also related to the polarity of the correlation coefficients.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Wheel running produces conditioned food aversion.

Previous investigations of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) induced by wheel running have used flavored liquids such as conditioned stimuli (CSs). Assuming that classical conditioning mediates activity anorexia, it is expected that CTA induced by physical activity should extend to food stimuli. The main purpose of the present experiment was to investigate this possibility. Rats were given a 60-min access to a running wheel [unconditioned stimulus (US)] either before or after being exposed to a novel distinctive flavored food (CS). An additional group had access to running wheels 4 h after receiving the CS food. Results from the present experiment indicate that regimented and contingent periods of wheel running decrease consumption of a food available before wheel running in nondeprived rats.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1999

VMH lesions reduce excessive running under the activity-stress paradigm in the rat.

We have previously shown that excitation of certain neurons in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) of rats induces hyperrunning activity. The present study investigated the involvement of these VMH neurons in inducing excessive running under the activity-stress paradigm. The VMH of 6-week-old male rats was bilaterally lesioned by administration of kainic acid. Control animals received saline in the VMH. They were housed in running-wheel activity cages with free access to food for 6 days of the recovering period, and then fed 1 h each day for 6 days. Control animals exhibited marked increases in both running activity and its light/dark ratio, and developed stomach ulcers. In contrast, animals with bilateral VMH lesions showed a significantly attenuated increase in running activity and no change in light/dark ratio. VMH lesions also suppressed stomach ulceration. These results suggest that VMH neurons play a crucial role in inducing excessive running and stomach ulceration during exposure to the activity-stress paradigm.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2002

Prior experience with wheel running produces cross-tolerance to the rewarding effect of morphine.

The rewarding effect of wheel running is hypothesized to be mediated by endogenous opioids. Thus, prior experience with wheel running might be expected to affect the reward value of an opiate drug like morphine. In three similar experiments to test this idea, 10 rats (wheel-morphine group) were confined in running wheels for 2 h on each of eight consecutive days during the first phase; the 10 in the cage-morphine group were confined in small metal cages. Then, in the second phase, a distinctive place was paired with morphine (1 mg/kg) on three occasions to produce conditioned place preference (CPP). In all experiments, CPP occurred in the cage-morphine group, but not in the wheel-morphine group, implying that prior wheel running resulted in cross-tolerance to the rewarding effect of morphine. This finding supports the idea that the rewarding effect of wheel running is mediated by endogenous opioids.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Comparison of motor vehicle damage documentation in emergency medical services run reports compared with photographic documentation.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether emergency medical services (EMS) run reports adequately document vehicle damage when compared with vehicle photographs by using a traffic accident scoring system. DESIGN: A prospective study consisting of three phases: photographing motor vehicle collisions and collecting their respective EMS run reports, traffic accident damage score development, and comparison of photographs to the run reports by emergency medical technicians using the traffic accident damage score. SETTING: Data were collected in North Carolina and Ohio from motor vehicle crashes to which nine different EMS squads responded during a three-year period. TYPE OF PARTICIPANTS: EMS squads ranged from basic to paramedic levels of training. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Three emergency medical technicians were unable to determine the area of vehicle damage in 48% and the severity of damage in 61% of the EMS run reports. In contrast, there were no instances in which all three emergency medical technicians were unable to determine both area and severity of damage from the photographs. CONCLUSION: Most EMS run reports do not document vehicle damage adequately.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1997

The effects of running stress on plasma vitamin A levels in rats.

The plasma concentrations of vitamin A, zinc and proteins and the hepatic level of vitamin A were determined in rats subjected to running as a model for stress and which were receiving standard or vitamin-A free diets. All rats showed a decrease in plasma vitamin A with running compared with non-running control animals. Hepatic levels of vitamin A were higher in these two test groups than in their weight- and age-matched non-running controls. The data support that running, like other forms of stress, decreases plasma vitamin A, consistent with the retention of vitamin A in the liver.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Run-up of gamma-aminobutyric acid(C) responses in catfish retinal cone-horizontal cell axon-terminals is modulated by protein kinase A and C.

Using whole-cell voltage-clamp techniques, we investigated the protein kinase modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid(C) (GABA(C))-activated currents relating to run-up regulation in dissociated cone-horizontal cell (HC) axon-terminals from catfish retina. GABA induced an inward chloride current in cells voltage-clamped at -70 mV. With repetitive applications of 10 microM GABA, the peaks of the GABA responses increased up to approximately 135% of the control responses during a period of 10 min. Intracellular application of forskolin, an adenylate cyclase activator, decreased the run-up of GABA(C) responses. H8 dihydrochloride, a cAMP inhibitor, enhanced this run-up to 190% of the control responses. 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol, a protein kinase C activator, accelerated the run-up of GABA(C) responses. GF 109203X, a PKC inhibitor, decreased the run-up. These results suggest that retinal GABA(C) responses in cone-HC axon-terminals are modulated by both protein kinase A and C.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗

PubMed1998

Involvement of phosphatase activities in the run-down of GABA(A) receptor function in rat cerebellar granule cells in culture.

Run-down of GABA activated Cl- currents was found when rat cerebellar granule cells in culture were studied by the whole-cell patch-clamp technique in the absence of ATP in the pipette medium. This event could be prevented, even in the absence of ATP, by using the perforated-patch technique or by adding to the pipette medium either a blocker of protein tyrosine phosphatase, sodium vanadate, or deltamethrin, a blocker of the protein serine/threonine phosphatase calcineurin. Conversely, run-down could be partially induced, even in the presence of ATP, by blockers of tyrosine kinases. A reduction of GABA(A) receptor activity was also found in outside-out membrane patches when ATP was not on the membrane inside. The run-down phenomenon involved all three conductance levels found in these patches: 11, 20 and 30 pS. In all three cases it was due to a reduction of channels' open probability. The single-channel experiments showed that also in this case run-down was prevented by either sodium vanadate or deltamethrin on the membrane cytoplasmic side. Overall, through relatively unphysiological conditions (cells in culture and patch-clamp techniques), the study of the run-down phenomenon shows that the tyrosine phosphorylation state of GABA(A) receptors is of importance in maintaining it in a proper functional state. The data also show that tyrosine phosphorylation state is controlled by a protein tyrosine phosphatase, whose activity in turn is blocked via serine/threonine phosphorylation.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed2005

Extending the lifetime of the running electrolyte in capillary electrophoresis by using additional compartments for external electrolysis.

The use of two additional reservoirs to accommodate the electrodes of the power source is proposed to improve the stability of the running electrolyte in capillary electrophoresis. The basic idea is to use salt bridges to connect those reservoirs to the ones containing the capillary ends. Although simple, there are several issues that can be considered in the design and implementation of such system in order to prevent undesired transference of material between the electrolysis and the main reservoirs. The use of a sealed electrolysis reservoir without a gas phase, the use of materials that ensure volume stability, and the use of bridges as long as possible are three basic directions. A compromise is involved in the dimensions of the sectional area of the bridge, because a small area diminishes the amount of a species transferred by diffusion but leads to an undesirable increase of the electrical field during the electrophoretic running. Thus, a bridge composed of a main wide-bore tube connected to a small-bore capillary seems to give the best performance for practical use. A simple electrolysis-separated system was adapted to a preexisting capillary electrophoresis system, and its performance was evaluated with a mixture of tartaric, malic, and succinic acids that was separated in sodium benzoate solution (pH 5.5) using the original equipment and the modified one. Due to the water electrolysis and the small buffering capacity of the electrolyte, there was a significant pH change and consequently changes in the effective mobilities of the analytes and loss of resolution after a few runs using the original equipment. Using the electrolysis-separated system, no significant change in the migration time and resolution was observed even after 15 runs. Besides the freedom to prepare running electrolytes with electroactive species or unbuffered solution, high throughput and the use of small reservoirs, such as the ones used in microfluidic devices, are the main advantages of the system.

Journal Article↗