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PubMed1991

Sweat gland abnormalities in lichenoid dermatosis.

Lichenoid dermatosis is a pattern description of a variety of cutaneous lesions which primarily affect the dermoepidermal junction. Involvement of skin appendages has been restricted to hair follicles in lichen planopilaris and discoid lupus erythematosus. Sweat gland involvement has not been described in the four common members of this group, namely, lichen planus, discoid lupus erythematosus, fixed drug eruptions and erythema multiforme, although structural abnormalities have been reported in graft-versus-host disease. In a detailed morphological study of 59 cases, including lichen planus (12), discoid lupus erythematosus (18), fixed drug eruption (14) and erythema multiforme (15), 78% (47/59) showed sweat, gland abnormalities. The abnormalities included vacuolation of cell cytoplasm, with and without lymphocytic infiltration, apoptosis of basal cells and basal cell hyperplasia of the excretory ducts which predominantly affected the portion of the duct adjoining the acrosyringium. The portion of the duct close to the secretory gland was only involved in continuity and the secretory glands were unaffected. These abnormalities of the sweat gland mostly constitute primary involvement by the disease process in contrast to structural abnormalities secondary to fibrosis.

Drug Eruptions↗

PubMed2006

Immunolocalization of aquaporin-5 expression in sweat gland cells from normal and anhidrotic horses.

Western blot analysis showed that sweat gland cells from freely sweating horses expressed the water channel aquaporin-5 (AQP-5). Immunohistochemistry revealed a strong AQP-5-like activity reaction at the apical membrane of the glandular secretory cells, which was absent from the surrounding myoepithelium and all other skin structures. In anhidrotic horses, AQP-5 was also found at the apical membrane of the luminal sweat gland cells, but the level of expression reduced with the length of time that the animal had displayed anhidrosis. The level of AQP-5 expression was substantially reduced in animals with long-term anhidrosis, hence implicating water channel impairment as a possible factor in the development of this disorder.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Sweat testing by capillary collection and osmometry: suitability of the Wescor Macroduct System for screening suspected cystic fibrosis patients.

A new method of collecting and analysing sweat (Wescor Macroduct) has advantages of simplicity of collection and direct reading of results by osmometry. Forty-seven children with cystic fibrosis and 47 normal children had sweat tests performed simultaneously by the Gibson and Cooke method and by the Wescor Macroduct method. The new method had a higher rate of inadequate collection (19% vs 6%) which was more marked in children under 5 years of age. This was due partly to the difficulty of fitting a 2.5 cm pilocarpine gel disc to small arms. When an adequate collection was obtained, results were reliable with no false negatives occurring during this study. The Wescor Macroduct sweat test is a reliable method for use in peripheral centres to screen patients suspected of having cystic fibrosis. All children with an inadequate collection or a positive result should be referred to a reference centre for confirmation of the diagnosis. However, the majority will be saved the expense and disruption of travel.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A field test of the sweat patch.

The sweat patch is a new, noninvasive method designed to estimate the ethanol consumption of drinking subjects. It consists of salt-impregnated absorbent pads protected by a plastic chamber with attached water-tight adhesive. The patch reportedly collects transepidermal fluid at a steady rate for up to 10 days. Recent laboratory research has indicated a linear relationship between the concentration of ethanol in transepidermal fluid and mean concentration of ethanol in blood. Levels of ethanol in the sweat patch allowed identification of persons drinking at least 0.5 g of ethanol/kg/day with 100% sensitivity and specificity. The study reported here was conducted to test the field effectiveness of this sweat patch in normal, active research subjects. First, several pretests were conducted to determine the optimal location of the patch on the body and its fluid uptake at various sites. A laboratory experiment using nonalcoholic subjects was conducted to replicate previous work, and methods of measuring ethanol concentration in the patch were refined. A field test of the patch was then carried out. Healthy active volunteers drank a single "moderate" dose of ethanol (0.5 g of ETOH/kg of body weight) and then remained abstinent for the next 3 days. A week later, a "heavy" dose (1.0/kg of body weight) was consumed. Only a trace of ethanol was detected in any of the patches worn in either experiment. The patch did not measure ethanol in the transepidermal fluid under field conditions. Thus, further design modifications and pilot testing are required before the full benefits of this unobtrusive measure of drinking can be realized.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Woman allergic to husband's sweat and semen.

A woman complained of severe itching and flushing after sexual intercourse or other physical contact with her husband. She developed a weal and flare on intradermal testing with her husband's semen and sweat, pooled donor semen and the sweat from her 2 sons. This is a report of allergy to human semen and the 1st reported case of allergy to human sweat.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

A monoclonal antibody, SKH1, reacts with 40 Kd sweat gland-associated antigen.

Several monoclonal antibodies (MAB) have been produced using an eccrine carcinoma cell line as an immunogen. One such MAB, SKH1, reacted with both the secretory portion and coiled duct of the eccrine and with the secretory portion of apocrine gland. SKH1, however, did not react with myoepithelial cells, intradermal ducts of both types of sweat gland, or with other components of normal axillary skin including the epidermis and follicular apparatus. The reaction was strongest if the specimen was fixed with 80% methanol, and moderate on non-fixed or acid-alcohol-fixed specimens. Only weak reaction was obtained on cold acetone-fixed specimens, and reaction was negative with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. SKH1 reacted positively with the cytoskeleton of the eccrine carcinoma cell line, Colo-16 and MCF-7. Applied to pathological skin specimens, SKH1 reacted with the tumor cells of clear cell hidradenoma, syringocystadenoma papilliferum, and extramammary Paget's disease. SKH1 also reacted with the tumor cells of metastatic adenocarcinomas arising from lung, breast and ovary. SKH1 did not react with the majority of tumor cells of eccrine poroma, but reacted with single-layered cells lining narrow ductal lumina. SKH1 did not react with epithelial cells lining cystic or ductal lumina of syringoma, but reacted moderately with the amorphous keratin-like substance filling the lumina. Immunoblot analysis revealed that SKH1 recognizes a 40 Kd sweat gland-associated antigen, and can be an aid to identifying tumors arising from sweat gland structures.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1993

Schwannoma with sweat duct differentiation.

We report a schwannoma with well differentiated ducts resembling cutaneous sweat ducts. The tumor presented as a painless mass near the left knee of a 41-year-old female. The mass had been present for many years. Some increase in size had been noticed over the previous 2 to 3 yr. The bulk of the tumor was composed of spindle cells with the appearance of Antoni A and Antoni B tissue. Rare mitotic figures were noted. In several areas of the tumor, numerous well-differentiated ducts were present. Most resembled normal cutaneous sweat ducts. In some areas, cystic dilatation of the ducts was present. Focal areas demonstrated poorly formed ducts and single cells with prominent nuclei and ample cytoplasm. Well formed ducts, poorly formed ducts, and single cells marked with AE 1/3 (keratin) and epithelial membrane antigen. The spindle cell proliferation marked for S 100 protein and vimentin. Sweat duct differentiation has not been reported previously in either benign or malignant schwannoma. Light and electron microscopic features of this tumor are presented.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Toxic epidermal necrolysis. A study of the sweat glands.

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare dermatological emergency which is caused by drugs and results in a high morbidity and a mortality rate of 20-30%. Ten confirmed cases of TEN were retrieved and the sweat glands were examined. Abnormalities of the sweat duct were found in all the cases and included basal vaculopathy, increased lymphocytic infiltration, basal apoptosis, basal cell hyperplasia and necrosis of the duct. Destruction and loss of the distal duct was present in 40% of the cases and was accompanied by dilatation of the proximal duct. In all cases, the proximal duct was involved to a lesser degree and in continuity with the distal duct, supporting the possibility of cytokine action. The secretory gland was normal. The presence of a significant reduction of sweat ducts in a disease process that involves 30-100% of the total body surface area is of clinical importance.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Mucinous differentiation in adnexal sweat gland tumors.

We report an eccrine acrospiroma, on the cheek of a 29-year-old female, in which the presence of abundant mucinous (goblet cell) metaplasia closely mimicked a primary mucoepidermoid carcinoma. To determine the frequency of mucinous differentiation in benign adnexal sweat gland tumors, we evaluated sixty-five cases in hematoxylin and eosin stained sections for the presence of goblet cells and sixty of these for mucicarmine positivity. Goblet cell metaplasia was seen in 3 of 12 acrospiromas, 1 of 8 mixed tumors, and in 1 of 9 cases of syringocystadenoma papilliferum. All goblet cells were positive for mucicarmine, except in one case of acrospiroma, where goblet cells were not detected on the section stained with mucicarmine. In addition, intracellular mucin, inclusive of goblet cells, was seen in 5 of 12 acrospiromas, 1 of 11 poromas, 5 of 8 mixed tumors, 3 of 13 spiradenomas, 1 of 5 cylindromas, 3 of 9 cases of syringocystadenoma papilliferum and 1 of 3 nipple adenomas. The majority of the tumors had both extracellular mucicarmine positivity (40 of 60) and luminal mucicarmine positivity (39 of 60). We conclude that mucinous differentiation in sweat gland tumors, as defined by the presence of goblet cells and/or intracellular mucicarmine positivity, is common and does not indicate aggressive behavior. Mucinous differentiation in benign sweat gland tumors should not be confused with more aggressive mucoepidermoid carcinomas of salivary gland origin or adenosquamous carcinoma.

Acrospiroma↗

PubMed1980

Plasma and sweat electrolyte concentrations in the horse during long distance exercise.

Blood samples were taken from 20 horses competing in a 100 km endurance ride and plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate and protein measured. Measurements were performed on samples taken before the ride (pre-ride), at the mid point and end of the ride and after a 30 min recovery period (post-ride). Sweat samples were collected from 6 horses competing in the endurance ride and 14 horses competing in a 3-day event competition and sweat concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride measured. There were substantial decreases in plasma electrolyte concentrations, which were greater than previously reported. Decreases from pre to post ride samples of 5 mmol/1 of sodium, 1.2 mmol/1 of potassium and 16 mmol/1 of chloride were found. These losses appeared to be related directly to sweat electrolyte concentrations, where potassium and chloride had relatively greater concentrations than in plasma.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Modified ventilated capsule for the measurement of sweating rate in the exercising horse.

Modification of a ventilated capsule technique for the measurement of sweating rate (SR) is described for application in an exercising horse. The plastic capsule was sealed against the coat of the horse. Dry air was blown through the capsule over the skin and the change in absolute humidity (g/m3) between air entering and leaving the capsule was used to calculate SR. The effect of flow rate on the response characteristics of the system was investigated and measured over a range of sweating rates in a group of horses completing a short exercise test. Repeatability of SR measurements made at 2 sites, one 10 cm distal to the tuber sacrale (SRS) and the other approximately overlying C4 in the neck (SRN), were compared. To encourage the rapid and complete evaporation of moisture from the area of coat enclosed by the SR capsule, it was demonstrated that the degree of saturation of the air leaving the capsule should be maintained below 15% relative humidity (RH). This was best achieved at flow rates exceeding 35 l/min. No significant difference was found between the 2 repeated tests separated by 3 days, with respect to right atrial temperature (TRA) and SR. The modified system for the measurement of SR in the exercising horse used in this study was shown to be fast responding and capable of measuring a wide range of sweating rates. A good seal was maintained throughout and the capsule was removed without causing damage to the coat.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

The cholinergic regulation of potassium (86Rb+) permeability in sweat glands isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis.

Sweat glands isolated from skin obtained from normal subjects and patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) were pre-loaded with 86Rb+ and superfused with a physiological salt solution and the rate of 86Rb+ efflux was measured as an indicator of cellular potassium permeability. Acetylcholine always evoked a permeability increase in the glands from control subjects and this response could be resolved into calcium-dependent and calcium-independent components. Sweat glands from CF patients did not show such consistent responses. In three individuals the glands were abnormally insensitive to acetylcholine but normal responsiveness was seen in a fourth case. It is proposed that CF can induce dysfunction of calcium-dependent control processes in sweat glands.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1966

Skin temperature, thermal comfort, sweating, clothing and activity of men sledging in Antarctica.

1. Three men were studied while dog-sledging 320 km in 12 days in Antarctica. Conventional Antarctic clothing (;sweaters and windproofs') was worn. Four hundred observations were made of medial thigh skin temperature, thermal comfort, sweating, clothing, activity and environmental conditions.2. Work occupied an average of 11.0 hr/day and sleep 7.5 hr. Estimated daily energy expenditure averaged 5100 kcal (range 2740-6660 kcal).3. Skin temperature fell on exposure to cold despite the clothing worn, but was not changed by the level of activity. Sweating, and thermal comfort, were directly related to both skin temperature and activity.4. Inside the tent, the modal value of skin temperature was 33 degrees C (range 27-36 degrees C) and the men were comfortable in 94% of observations.5. During the 9.2 hr/day spent outdoors the modal value of skin temperature was 27 degrees C (range 18-33 degrees C) and the men felt too cold (but did not shiver) in 11% (range 7-20%) of observations, suggesting that cold stress was not negligible. However, they also felt too hot in 20% of observations and were sweating in 23%.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed1988

Human eccrine sweat gland epithelial cultures express ductal characteristics.

1. Isolated human eccrine sweat glands were cultured in vitro. Cells were harvested and plated onto permeable supports to form confluent cell sheets, area 0.2 cm2. These were used to study the electrogenic transepithelial transport of ions by measurement of short-circuit current (SCC). Epithelial sheets had a basal SCC of 5.89 +/- 0.62 microA cm-2 (n = 33) and a transepithelial resistance of 74.1 +/- 5.6 omega cm2 (n = 33). The transepithelial potential difference varied between -0.2 and -1.8 mV with a mean value of -0.71 +/- 0.09 mV (n = 33). 2. The basal current was abolished by addition of 10 microM-amiloride to the apical bathing solution. The concentration of amiloride which inhibited basal SCC by 50% (EC50) was 0.4 microM. Cultures prepared from the secretory coil of sweat glands, rather than from whole glands, were similarly sensitive to amiloride (EC50 = 0.8 microM). 3. Lysylbradykinin (LBK), carbachol, isoprenaline, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and A23187 all increased SCC in cultures from whole glands. LBK responses were obtained with basolateral and not with apical application. Furthermore LBK actions were not substantially altered by cyclo-oxygenase inhibition but showed marked desensitization upon repeated application. Sheet cultures prepared from sweat gland coils also showed SCC responses to both carbachol and LBK. Forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase, did not alter SCC in either type of preparation. 4. Replacement of chloride and of chloride and bicarbonate in the bathing solution did not cause attenuation of the responses to LBK or carbachol in whole-gland sheet cultures. Furthermore responses were unaffected by piretanide or acetazolamide. These results were taken to indicate that anion secretion was not the basis for the SCC responses. 5. Responses to LBK and carbachol were significantly reduced by amiloride (10 microM), this effect being reversible. No responses to LBK or carbachol were seen when N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) was used to replace sodium, whereas reintroduction of sodium ions restored responsiveness to these agents. 6. The SCC responses to the muscarinic agonist carbachol and to LBK appear to be due to stimulation of amiloride-sensitive, electrogenic sodium absorption in whole-gland sheet cultures. Further it would appear that, in culture, the pleuripotential capacity of the cells is revealed since both whole-gland and secretory coil cultures exhibit some properties usually associated in vivo with duct cells. Many mammalian epithelia show electrogenic chloride secretion both in response to carbachol and LBK but also in response to activation of adenylate cyclase with forskolin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Amiloride↗

PubMed1975

Negative sweat tests and cystic fibrosis.

Two brothers are described with chronic suppurative pulmonary disease. One has classical cystic fibrosis with complete pancreatic involvement and abnormal sweat test. The other had incomplete pancreatic disease with repeatedly normal sweat tests. The implications of a negative sweat test in patients with cystic fibrosis are discussed.

Amylases↗

PubMed1988

Sweat tests and flucloxacillin.

Sweat tests were carried out on 14 patients with cystic fibrosis and 14 controls when on no antibiotics and when taking oral flucloxacillin. No significant differences in results were obtained for either group whether on or off antibiotics. Oral flucloxacillin does not affect sweat electrolytes and is not a contraindication to sweat testing.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Indirect measurements of sweat electrolyte concentration in the laboratory diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.

AIM: To investigate whether analytical methods based on the colligative physical chemical properties of ions or solutes in sweat are less effective than the specific measurement of electrolytes in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF). METHODS: A single sweat sample was collected (Macroduct) from each of 211 infants and children, of whom 57 had CF, for the measurement of sodium, chloride, osmolality, and conductivity. RESULTS: The ranges within which CF and non-CF individual values overlapped (equivocal ranges), were wider for sodium and osmolality measurement than for chloride or conductivity. Neither of the latter two measurements provided a discriminatory advantage over the other. The utilisation of broadly based age related ranges for non-CF control subjects served to improve the discriminatory power of all four measurements to an extent that, in this cohort, both chloride and conductivity provided complete discrimination. CONCLUSION: Sweat conductivity is as effective as chloride measurement in the laboratory diagnosis of CF.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Abnormal sweat electrolytes in symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection in a child.

A 3 1/2 year old girl presented with failure to thrive and a five month history of diarrhoea and recurrent cough. The results of sweat sodium tests suggested a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis; but atypical organisms were found (Haemophilus influenzae, Candida albicans, but no Staphylococcus aureus), she failed to respond to treatment, and her sweat sodium concentrations fell in response to fludrocortisone. She also had hyperglobulinaemia, neutropenia, and reduced numbers of T4 lymphocytes, which prompted the performance of a test for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This proved positive, and she was treated with co-trimoxazole, zidovudine, and human immunoglobulin. Both parents and two siblings were also positive for HIV, though all had normal sweat sodium concentrations. Children with symptoms suggestive of cystic fibrosis but who also show atypical features, as in this case, should have their HIV state checked.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗