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PubMed1992

Dealing with sadness, madness and hostility. New psychotropic drug remedies for the future.

The objective of this article is to present an overview of new forms of psychotropic drug therapy that may be expected to play a role in psychiatric practice in the 1990s. In predicting these future developments, three lines of approach have been followed. Firstly, progress in elucidating basic neuronal mechanisms is described. The radioligand receptor binding technique has proved to be an especially powerful tool in the search for novel psychoactive compounds. Secondly, those mental health problems most likely to undergo intensive study are discussed. It is likely that special attention will be devoted to organic mental disorders related to aging (dementia) or chronic exposure to toxic substances. In addition, research will be aimed at explaining and reducing the occurrence of auto-aggressive and hetero-aggressive behaviour. Thirdly, the types of newly designed agents and treatment strategies currently under investigation are outlined. In particular, the development of pharmacological agents that interfere with serotonergic molecular mechanisms has opened the way to improving existing psychotropic drugs, to inventing drugs that achieve known clinical effects via different mechanisms of action, and even to discovering entirely new categories of psychotropic drugs.

Forecasting↗
PubMed2005

When are neighbours hostile? Inhibitory neighbour effects in visual word recognition.

Using masked priming, Segui and Grainger (1990) reported inhibitory effects of higher frequency neighbours on lower frequency targets (e.g., avec - AVEU), but not of lower frequency neighbours on higher frequency targets (e.g., aveu - AVEC). Conversely, with unmasked (conscious) priming, they observed inhibition for word pairs of the type "aveu - AVEC", but not for word pairs of the type "avec - AVEU". Both inhibitory effects were explained in terms of the frequency difference between the prime and the target. We argue that the observed inhibitory effects may emerge from the absolute frequency of the prime or the target, rather than their relative frequency. To test this, we investigated inhibitory effects between neighbour words of the same frequency under both masked and unmasked priming conditions. The results showed inhibition for same-frequency neighbours in case the prime and the target were high-frequency words, but not in case the prime and the target were low-frequency words. The theoretical implications of the findings are discussed within the context of interactive activation based models (e.g., Grainger & Jacobs, 1996; McClelland & Rumelhart, 1981).

Affect↗
PubMed1985

Influence of food and water deprivation on the behavior of the white rat foraging in a hostile environment.

Rats were trained to feed 2 hr per day, the food offered being placed at 16 m from a warm refuge and the ambient temperature being - 15 degrees C. They were food deprived for 0, 12, 22, 46, 70 and 94 hr prior to the six feeding sessions. Speed of feeding and meal duration were not influenced by food deprivation. The amount eaten, the number of meals, the time spent at the feeder, the speed of running to the feeder and the number of foraging rats increased from 0 hr fast to 22 hr then plateaued for the 46, 70 and 96 hr fasts. The same experiment was carried out after water deprivation for 0, 12, 22, 46 and 70 hr. Rats could find, at -15 degrees C, water kept at 30-40 degrees C and at 16 m from their warm refuge. The speed of running to water and the rate of drinking were not influenced by water deprivation. The amount drunk, drinking-bout duration, the number of drinking-bouts, total drinking time and the number of rats drinking increased monotonically from 0 to 70 hr deprivation. Two main conclusions are drawn from these data: (1) in the rat, up to 70 hr deprivation, the motivation to feed seems to be stronger than the motivation to drink; (2) to satisfy hunger or thirst, the nervous system uses several different motor subsystems of behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Management of carotid injuries in a hostile neck using endovascular grafts.

Pseudoaneurysms and iatrogenic injuries of the extracranial carotid artery are not common but represent unique operative challenges with associated high morbidity and mortality. We report two cases in which a Wallgraft was used via percutaneous femoral access to treat such injuries. In the first, a 6-cm carotid pseudoaneurysm was successfully excluded by coil embolization of the external carotid artery and stent grafting across the carotid bifurcation. In the second case, an endovascular graft was used to treat an intraoperative common carotid injury in a re-operated, radiated neck. These cases demonstrate the utility of endovascular graft treatment of emergent carotid injuries.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Hypothalamic involvement in sexuality and hostility: comparative psychological aspects.

Evidence presented in this article shows the representation of sexual and aggressive behaviors at the level of the hypothalamus to be more prominent than in all other brain areas involved. Indeed, there are good arguments to attribute a central position to the hypothalamus within larger structural systems encompassing the limbic system, where aspects of the behaviors involved can be influenced. So far, however, the arguments are purely descriptive and factual and do not contribute much to answering questions about hypothalamic function: the grounds for and consequences of this massive representation of apparently almost all emotionally relevant social behavioral complexes, so universally established in a diversity of species, still has to be detected. A second and equally important aspect of hypothalamic function obviously has to be related to its central position within various hormonal systems. The present article concentrated on the acute dynamics and behavioral significance of activation of the pituitary-adrenocortical and pituitary-gonadal axes. Evidence indicates that the unconditioned behavioral stimuli or the consequences of behavior, but also stimuli conditioned to emotionally relevant events, may drastically alter hypothalamic hormonal regulation. Most importantly, these hormonal consequences in themselves again seem to determine further behavior and responses in relevant situations. The evidence presented with respect to reward and aversion, associated with alterations of specific hormones of the gonadal axis, may add a new dimension to our understanding of psychoendocrine functions of the hypothalamus (see also Gary, 1975; Leshner et al., 1981; Carey, 1987). Psychologically, such data can be taken as an argument for a more thorough study of the relation between memory processes and emotion (Bower et al., 1981). However fragmentary and incomplete this review may be, it will be clear that hypothalamic substrates and directly related areas, as well as affiliated hormonal mechanisms, play a central role in many of the most complex motivational and emotional syndromes and disorders. The prime idea in this is that the psychological concomitants of hypothalamic (dys)function are as much output as input, and as much the consequences as the cause within related syndromes. Such a view places the hypothalamus at the core of psychological theories of emotion and motivation, which from their most early origin have been heavily set towards hormonal and humoral changes and their relationships with psychological experience.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Aggression↗