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PubMed2004

The effect of a range of disinfectants on the dimensional accuracy of some impression materials.

In this study the dimensional accuracy of two model materials; dental stone and plaster of Paris, reproduced from three commonly used impression materials; alginate, polyether and addition-cured silicone, retained by their adhesives in acrylic resin trays and exposed to four disinfectant solutions was evaluated. Ninety casts were used to investigate the effect of the four disinfectants on the dimensional accuracy of alginate, polyether and addition-cured silicone impression material. For each impression material 30 impressions were taken, half were poured in dental stone and half in plaster of Paris. The disinfectants used were Dimenol, Perform-ID, MD-520, and Haz-tabs. Measurements were carried out using a High Precision Reflex Microscope. For the alginate impressions only those disinfected by 5-minute immersion in Haz-tabs solution and in full-strength MD 520 were not adversely affected by the disinfection treatment. All polyether impressions subjected to immersion disinfection exhibited a clinically acceptable expansion. Disinfected addition-cured silicone impressions produced very accurate stone casts. Those disinfected by spraying with fill-strength Dimenol produced casts that were very similar to those left as controls, but those treated by immersion disinfection exhibited negligible and clinically acceptable expansion. The results of the studied demonstrated that the various disinfection treatments had different effects on the impression materials. It is important that an appropriate disinfectant is used for each type of impression material.

2-Propanol↗

PubMed2000

Function after Achilles tendon rupture in the elderly: 25 patients older than 65 years followed for 3 years.

We retrospectively analyzed the function after Achilles tendon rupture in 25 patients older than 65 years, 3 (1-5) years after the initial treatment. The patients' median age at the time of injury was 71 (65-86) years. The initial management was surgical in 14 patients and non-surgical (8-week immobilization) in 10, 1 patient was not treated. The ratio of the number of heel-raises on the injured to the uninjured side was median 0.64 (0-1.14), showing a reduction in performance. However, in both surgically- and non-surgically-treated patients, the subjective impairment was mild, and the patients were able to perform most walking activities. Only 9 patients reached their previous activity level. Co-morbidity was frequent: 17 patients had other diseases that affected their performance. 14 complications occurred in 11 patients. 5 patients sustained a rerupture (4 following initial closed treatment with plaster), 1 a deep venous thrombosis and 4 had superficial infections requiring antibiotic treatment. 1 patient sustained a fibular nerve injury following compression by the plaster cast and another a sural nerve injury during the operation. 2 patients had symptoms due to adhesions between the tendon and the skin. We conclude that Achilles tendon rupture in patients older than 65 years reduces lower limb function and that complications are common following surgical and non-surgical treatment.

Achilles Tendon↗

PubMed2004

Effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor treatment and forced arm use on functional motor recovery after small cortical ischemia.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Both the administration of growth factors and physical therapy such as forced arm use (FAU) are promising approaches to enhance recovery after stroke. We explored the effects of these therapies on behavioral recovery and molecular markers of regeneration after experimental ischemia. METHODS: Rats were subjected to photothrombotic ischemia: sham (no ischemia), control (ischemia), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF; ischemia plus BDNF, 20 microg), and FAU (ischemia plus FAU, 1-sleeve plaster cast ipsilateral limb). Animals survived 1 or 6 weeks and underwent behavioral testing (Rotarod, beam balance, adhesive removal, plantar test, neuroscore). After the rats were killed, brain sections were immunostained for semiquantitative analysis of MAP1B, MAP2, synaptophysin, GFAP expression, and quantification of infarct volumes. RESULTS: Infarct volumes were not different between the groups 1 or 6 weeks after ischemia. BDNF-treated animals had better functional motor recovery (Rotarod, beam balance, neuroscore) compared with all other groups (P<0.05). There was no significant adverse effect of early FAU treatment on motor recovery, although sensorimotor function (adhesive removal test) was impaired (P<0.05). There were no differences between groups as measured by nociception of the left and right forepaw (plantar test). BDNF treatment transiently induced MAP1B expression in the ischemic border zone and synaptophysin expression within the contralateral cortex 6 weeks after ischemia (P<0.05). Both BDNF and FAU reduced astrogliosis compared with controls (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Postischemic intravenous BDNF treatment improves functional motor recovery after photothrombotic stroke and induces widespread neuronal remodeling. Early FAU treatment after stroke does not increase infarct size, impairs sensorimotor function, but leaves motor function unchanged. Postischemic astrogliosis was reduced by both treatments.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

[Lateral ligament ruptures of the ankle joint in young athletes].

Treatment of lateral ligament rupture of the ankle has previously been primarily surgical. Immobilisation in a plaster cast has recently become more usual, and gradually this treatment is partially being replaced by immobilisation in adhesive elastic bandage. Operation of younger, athletic patients with large ruptures is, however, still recommended. It is inexpedient to operate these patients. They will be delayed for several weeks in their return to sport.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Sodium alginate as a mould release agent.

The use of sodium alginate as a mould release agent during the casting of epoxy or polyester resins in plaster moulds is discussed. The optimal concentration of a retarder is determined, taking into consideration the setting behaviour and the adhesive bond strength. The above characteristics are critical for the application and efficiency of the coating.

Alginates↗

PubMed1978

Ideas on the suspension of the below-knee prosthesis.

Comparative studies with the PTB-suction prosthesis and the ordinary PTB prosthesis have provided opportunities to analyze and understand some functional differences in the suspension of below-knee prostheses. In a roentgenological study of the stump-socket contact signficantly less vertical displacement in the PTB-suction prosthesis has been shown. A study of the pressure variations in the suction socket verified the theory of the necessary pressure gradient in the PTB-suction socket. Added negative pressure by muscle action was also observed. An electromyographic study suggested a muscular activity pattern in the suction prosthesis similar to that of a normal leg, as a contrast to the ordinary PTB prosthesis where simultaneous contractions of antagonistic muscles seemed to be the usual pattern. The latter is interpreted as a defence reaction. An optimal prosthesis has been deduced. It shall have a soft prosthetic socket with a perfect fit, a suction, adhesion and friction fixation and a pressure gradient between the skin and the socket wall with minimum compression distally. The plaster casting shall be done in a downward modelling manner making available space for soft tissue without compression.

Amputation, Surgical↗

PubMed2004

Fixed flexion deformity of the knee following femoral physeal fracture: the Inverted Cyclops lesion.

An adolescent inter-condylar fracture of the distal femur was treated with percutaneous cancellous screws and an above-knee plaster. The subsequent fixed flexion deformity of the knee was initially considered to be due to soft tissue capsular scarring and adhesions but arthroscopic assessment of the joint identified an "Inverted Cyclops" lesion. This consisted of excess callus and fibrous tissue arising from the femoral notch. Arthroscopic excision of this tissue cured the deformity.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The treatment of congenital hip dislocation between the ages of 1 and 3.

A total of 81 patients (103 hips) with a diagnosis of congenital hip dislocation were reviewed, who had been treated between one and three years of age. All of the patients were initially treated with adhesive band traction prior to non-surgical reduction, which was performed under general anesthesia using gentle reduction maneuvers followed by immobilization in plaster. Non-surgical reduction was performed in 69 hips (67%), surgical in the remaining 34 (33%). A total of 91 associated surgical procedures were performed for the treatment of residual subluxation. Average follow-up was 12 years (minimum 5, maximum 19). The clinical results of the non-surgical reductions were excellent in 75% of the cases. Radiographically, 48% are hips which have a normal aspect, while 42% have a moderate degree of residual dysplasia or deformity of the femoral epiphysis and of the acetabulum. Hips that were initially classified as grade III dislocations show fair results. Hips treated non-surgically included 11 cases of avascular necrosis (16%); recovery was adequate. Hips treated surgically included 14 cases of avascular necrosis (30%), which was more accentuated in those hips that had initially been treated elsewhere, and in those classified as grade III. The clinical and radiographic results obtained for the hips treated surgically demonstrate poor results in 17% of the cases (6 out of 34), as a consequence of types III and IV osteochondrosis. It may be concluded that in this age group congenital hip dislocation is best treated by non-surgical reduction, possibly followed by surgery of the femur and acetabulum. Surgical reduction was only indicated when conservative methods failed.

Acetabulum↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Medical plasters].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1989

Fibrin glue osteosynthesis of epiphyseal injuries in children.

The osteosynthesis of epiphyseal injuries by a two-component fibrin glue was performed in five children. Three of them had finger fractures, two patients had slightly displaced distal tibial and fibular fractures. All children recovered without sequelae. They have been followed for three to twelve months after surgery and did not show any negative consequences. The glue osteosynthesis of physeal injuries will be appropriate only in more stable fractures where the fragments are not exposed to greater dislocating power because this type of synthesis is not very firm. In open injuries it is possible to add antibiotic to the glue, which represents a great advantage compared with the use of metal. It is essential to combine the osteosynthesis with plaster of Paris during the whole healing period.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Bond strength and interfacial micromorphology of four adhesive systems in primary and permanent molars.

The purpose of this study was to assess the dentin bond strength of four adhesives and the interfacial micromorphology in primary and permanent teeth. Thirty-two for each primary and permanent molar were divided into four groups. Buccal and lingual dentin surfaces were wet ground up to 600 grit. The teeth were bonded following the manufacturers' instructions, thermocycled (500x), mounted on plaster and sheared with instron machine. Some teeth were sectioned for SEM evaluation. The mean bond strengths (in MPa) for primary and permanent teeth respectively were: Scotchbond Multipurpose 19.4 +/- 4.0, 18.9 +/- 4.8; One Step 30.6 +/- 3.6, 35.6 +/- 1.9, Prime and Bond 2.1 28.3 +/- 4.8, 31.8 +/- 4.0, EBS Bond 31.5 +/- 4.6, 33.6 +/- 4.8. There was no significant difference between the last three adhesives nor between primary and permanent teeth except with One Step. All the adhesives formed a hybrid layer which was wider in permanent teeth. It was concluded that the products tested produced a strong bond strength to dentin and may function well clinically. The bond strength was not totally dependent on hybrid layer formation.

Adhesives↗

PubMed2006

Clinical performance and SEM evaluation of direct composite restorations in primary molars.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcome of composite restorations performed in primary molars after 18 months and the morphology of the dentin/resin interface. METHODS: 41 primary molars from children aged 4-9 years were restored with Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus adhesive system and Z100 resin-based composite. The restorations were evaluated at baseline, 6, 12 and 18 months using the USPHS method for direct clinical analysis. Plaster models were made at each evaluation period for indirect evaluation. For the morphologic analysis of the dentin/resin interface, seven exfoliated teeth were sectioned longitudinally in a mesio/distal direction and observed in the electro scanning electron microscope. RESULTS: 100% (n = 40) of the restorations evaluated at 6 months were scored as Alpha for anatomical form, color matching, secondary caries, color alteration, and marginal degradation. At 12 months, 96.4% (n = 28) of the restorations received Alpha score and 3.4% Charlie score. At 18 months, all restorations evaluated (27/27) received Alpha score. 23 restorations were indirectly evaluated at 6, 12 and 18 months postoperatively. No significant wear or fractures were observed in any of the restorations. In the evaluation of the dentin/resin interface, the formation of a consistent hybrid layer was observed and the restorations were well adapted to the dentin at 18 months postoperatively.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed1995

Effects of hydroxyapatite and alumina sheaths on postoperative peritendinous adhesions in chickens.

Two experimental methods for restoring flexor tendon sheath integrity and preventing adhesions around traumatized flexor tendons utilizing artificial tendon sheaths made of either hydroxyapatite (HAp) or alumina were studied in a flexor tendon-trauma model and compared to a standard tendon sheath repair and a control. Eighty toes were divided equally into a control group, a sheath repair group, an HAp group, and an alumina group. Profundus tendons in zone II were divided and repaired after sublimis excision in all groups. In the sheath repair group, the flexor sheath was also repaired after suturing the tendon. In artificial sheath groups, sheaths made of HAp and alumina were placed over the repair sites to protect them from the surrounding tissues. In the control group, after repairing the tendon, the flexor sheath was excised and no artificial sheaths were used. Each toe was immobilized in a plaster cast for 3 weeks. After three weeks, the plaster cast was removed followed by the removal of the sheaths in the artificial sheath groups through a small incision in the skin in zone II. Active mobilization was encouraged in each group. Postoperative adhesions were examined at 3, 6, 9, and 12 week intervals by using light microscopic techniques. To further explore the effects of artificial sheaths on tendon healing, transmission electron microscopy was done for the HAp and alumina groups at 3, 6, and 12 week intervals. Results demonstrated decreased severity of postoperative adhesions in the HAp as well as in the alumina groups in comparison with the sheath repair and controls. A space resembling the fibro-osseous canal was formed around the tendon after removing the sheaths. This space remained patent until 12 weeks, 9 weeks after removing the sheaths, and a newly formed tendon sheath-like structure lined by synovial cells and with a peritenon-like structure over the tendon surface was observed. In the sheath repair and control groups, the severity of adhesions was decreased with the passage of time, to some extent due to unrestricted mobility. However, a newly formed tendon sheath or peritenon-like structure was not observed. Electron microscopic studies confirmed good healing at the suture in the HAp and alumina groups with no evidence of necrosis. These results are qualitative in nature as no statistical tests were performed. From these results we conclude that if the tendon is separated from the surrounding granulation tissue by a barrier with good biocompatibility, the tendon can heal with fewer adhesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Aluminum Oxide↗

PubMed2006

Transdermal scopolamine for prevention of motion sickness : clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic applications.

A transdermal therapeutic system for scopolamine (TTS-S) was developed to counter the adverse effects and short duration of action that has restricted the usefulness of scopolamine when administered orally or parenterally. The plaster contains a reservoir of 1.5 mg of scopolamine programmed to deliver 0.5 mg over a 3-day period. A priming dose (140 microg) is incorporated into the adhesive layer to saturate certain binding sites within the skin and to accelerate the achievement of steady-state blood levels. The remainder is released at a constant rate of approximately 5 microg/hour. The protective plasma concentration of scopolamine is estimated to be 50 pg/mL. TTS-S attains that concentration after 6 hours; a steady state of about 100 pg/mL is achieved 8-12 hours after application. Yet 20-30% of subjects failed to attain the estimated protective concentration, and plasma concentrations measured in subjects who failed to respond to TTS-S were lower than in responders. These findings may explain some of the treatment failures. Overall, the product appears to be the approximate functional equivalent of a 72-hour slow intravenous infusion. A combination of transdermal and oral scopolamine (0.3 or 0.6 mg) was effective and well tolerated in producing desired plasma concentrations 1-hour post-treatment. TTS-S has proved to be significantly superior to placebo in reducing the incidence and severity of motion sickness by 60-80%. It was more effective than oral meclizine or cinnarizine, similar to oral scopolamine 0.6 mg or promethazine plus ephedrine, and the same as or superior to dimenhydrinate. The addition of ephedrine or the use of two patches did not improve its efficacy, but rather increased the rate of adverse effects. TTS-S was most effective against motion sickness 8-12 hours after application. Despite previous evidence to the contrary, a recent bioavailability study demonstrated similar intraindividual absorption and sustained clinical efficacy with long-term use of the drug. The adverse effects produced by TTS-S, although less frequent, are qualitatively typical of those reported for the oral and parenteral formulations of this agent. Dry mouth occurs in about 50-60% of subjects, drowsiness in up to 20%, and allergic contact dermatitis in 10%. Transient impairment of ocular accommodation has also been observed, in some cases possibly the result of finger-to-eye contamination. Low-dose pyridostigmine was found effective in preventing cycloplegia but not mydriasis. Adverse CNS effects, including toxic psychosis (mainly in elderly and paediatric patients), have been reported only occasionally, as have difficulty in urinating, headache, rashes and erythema. Adverse effects were not correlated with plasma scopolamine concentrations. TTS-S produced only about half the incidence of drowsiness caused by oral dimenhydrinate or cinnarizine, and a level of adverse effects similar to that found with oral meclizine. Performance is not affected by short-term use. Prolonged or repeated application may cause some impairment of memory storage for new information. However, sea studies revealed significantly less reports of a decrement in performance or drowsiness due to prevention of sea sickness. The recommended dosage is a single TTS-S patch applied to the postauricular area at least 6-8 hours before the anti-motion sickness effect is required. For faster protection, the patch may be applied 1 hour before the journey in combination with oral scopolamine (0.3 or 0.6 mg). After 72 hours, the patch should be removed and a new one applied behind the opposite ear. Its place in therapy is mainly on long journeys (6-12 hours or longer), to avoid repeated oral doses, or when oral therapy is ineffective or intolerable.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed2004

A variation on split-cast mounting for complete denture construction.

This article describes a variation of the split-cast mounting technique wherein the border of the definitive cast is wrapped with masking tape to form a container for the dental plaster normally used to affix the cast to the articulator. The entire inferior surface of the cast is coated with a thin film of petroleum jelly, and the cast is mounted in the articulator. After the dental plaster has set, the cast is retained by means of the masking tape. The cast is separated from the dental plaster simply by removing the masking tape.

Adhesives↗

PubMed1990

[Arthrolysis of the elbow in posttraumatic contracture].

Intra- and periarticular fractures about the elbow joint are treated with open reduction and internal fixation. This allows early functional after-treatment. Nevertheless, the range of motion remains more or less unsatisfactory. In these cases open arthrolysis provides a considerable improvement in joint function. We therefore recommend this operation when the hardware is removed about 9 months after the accident. The reasons for post-traumatic contracture of the elbow could be intrinsic such as interposed fragments, intra-articular adhesions, incongruity of the articular surfaces--or extrinsic--like contractures of the capsule and ligaments, adhesions of different layers, ectopic bone formations. In most cases a combination of both can be found. Important conditions for successful arthrolysis are mostly intact joint surfaces, failure of all conservative efforts to improve the arc of motion, a motivated patient who understands clearly the risks and benefits that could reasonably be expected by the operative procedure and rehabilitation and, last but not least, a skilled, experienced surgeon. The choice of the approach depends on the main location of the post-traumatic changes and on previous incisions. Osteotomy of the radial epicondyle gives a much better view of the joint and should be performed whenever necessary. The exact course of the operation may not be standardized. The main point is to remove scarred adhesions and bony irregularities. An individually modified rehabilitation program is as important as the operative procedure itself to achieve the best results possible. In general, the exercises should not cause pain. In the first few days plaster casts in flexion and extension are used. Physiotherapy is supported by CPM machines as early as possible. Patients must be prepared with the help of drugs and the application of ice bags. Even after months improvement of motion can be obtained. In a retrospective follow-up study, 125 out of 168 patients with arthrolysis of the elbow joint were reviewed. Most patients sustained a fracture of the distal humerus. In 77%, the results were graded as very good, good or satisfactory, i.e., the average relative improvement amounted to at least 40% according to the criteria of W. Blauth. Patients with very severe (preoperative ROM 0-30 degrees) and severe (preoperative ROM 30-60 degrees) contractures profited more (relative improvement 60%) than the others (relative improvement 45%). Overall, the average arc of total motion increased 49 degrees; the relative improvement of motion increased by 58%.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Development and evaluation of transdermal patches of nonivamide and sodium nonivamide acetate.

Transdermal patches were developed and evaluated for two synthetic derivatives of capsaicin, nonivamide (NVA) and sodium nonivamide acetate (SNA), by in vitro and in vivo skin permeation. The designed system was essentially based on natural rubber or polymeric Gelva dispersion. The characterization of physicochemical properties of the patches showed adequate adhesive force and low thickness which suggested these patch formulations possessed good quality. In the study of in vitro percutaneous experiment, the predicted therapeutic activities of patches were all higher than that of a commercially available plaster after the calculation of antinociceptive index. The highest in vitro penetration flux was found in the Gelva patch for NVA. The result of in vivo experiments revealed a high obverse correlation with that of in vitro experiments. The information of this present study is helpful for the further development of NVA and SNA transdermal drug delivery system.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed1989

[Patellar fractures. Modified tension band osteosynthesis].

In a retrospective investigation, the ability of modified tension band osteosynthesis to retain 45 reduced fractures of the patella and the functional end result was studied. Postoperatively, 24 patients were immobilized in plaster casts for 0-14 days and the remainder for 25-56 days. Postoperative radiographs revealed nine fractures (four transverse, three comminuted and two pole fractures) with fragment displacements exceeding 2-3 millimeters. Among these, three fractures had secondary dislocation and, further, one exactly reduced pole fracture dislocated. Operation was complicated with infection in four cases: two superficial wound infections, one subcutaneous fistula and one pyarthron. Operative release of adhesions was performed in five cases, two patients were patellectomized and one required a condyle prosthesis. At follow-up 18-80 months after the injury, 37 patients were examined clinically. Among 29 patients without concomitant injuries, seven patients were free of symptoms and 13 patients were without any pain. Free knee movement and quadriceps atrophy less than or equal to 1.5 cm was found in 17 patients. The modified tension band can retain adequately reduced transverse and comminuted fractures of the patella, probably also without plaster immobilisation. Dislocated fracture of the patella is a serious lesion, which must be treated with care.

Adolescent↗