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PubMedDate not supplied

Teenagers and contraception.

Early sexual activity in young women has created new problems in contraception and gynecologic pathology for physicians. None of the existing birth control methods seems ideally adapted to the young: oran contraceptives, the only infallible method, may present adverse effects. Intrauterine devices may result in expulsion or infection. Diaphragms or spermicides are less effective and not always well accepted by young girls. The physician, however, must bear in mind that whatever inconvenience may result, birth control is always preferable to an unwanted pregnancy or to abortion. Given the seemingly growing incidence of veneral disease and of abnormalities of cervical cytology, physicians must exercise the utmost care and consider a birth control consultation by a young girl as a full medical act.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Analyzes of three common thrombophilic gene mutations in German women with recurrent abortions.

BACKGROUND: Several etiological factors have been proposed as a cause for recurrent fetal abortions. Changes in blood coagulation during pregnancy may play an important role in the occurrence of recurrent abortions (RA). METHODS: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of factor V Leiden, factor II prothrombin, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) mutations in women with recurrent abortions (> or =2 abortions) in the German population. The mean number of abortions was 3 (range 2-8). RESULTS: Frequencies of the factor V Leiden mutation and the prothrombin G20210A mutation were equally high in the patient group compared with our control group (for factor V Leiden: 11/101 vs. 9/122; p-value: 0.348; for prothrombin G20210A: 2/101 vs. 3/122; p-value: 0.81). Moreover, in both the patient and control groups, 15 of the women were homozygous for the MTHFR C677T allele (15/101 vs. 15/122; p-value: 0.635). The occurrence of FV Leiden, FII and MTHFR mutations was not significantly increased in the patient group compared with our control group. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study reveal no relationship between these common three thrombophilic mutations and recurrent abortions for the German population, and further studies are essentially recommended on whether a thrombophilia evaluation should be performed in patients with recurrent abortions.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed1979

May spina bifida result from an X-linked defect in a selective abortion mechanism?

It is suggested that the major genetic factor in determining the birth of children with neural tube defects may be a single X-linked gene. It acts as an X-linked dominant, not by producing neural tube defects, but by enabling the affected fetus to survive selective spontaneous abortion. This mechanism, mediated at the deciduoplacental junction, may be under the control of both maternal and fetal genes. With more mutant alleles, survival would become more likely, reaching a maximum in the homozygous affected female fetus of a homozygous affected mother. The female excess in anancephaly is greater than that in spina bifida because of its prenatal severity, thus requiring relatively more mutant alleles for survival.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1973

Free contraceptives in Great Britain.

An amendment to the National Health Service (NHS) Bill has been submitted to the Parliament of Great Britain recommending free contraception within the NHS. Free contraceptive pills and devices for both men and women who would desire them, would cut down the number of unwanted pregnancies and would decrease the number of abortions presently performed under the Abortion Law of 1969. Many doctors resent the legalization of abortion since the patients seeking abortions crowd the hospitals and take away the physician's time and hospital bed availability from patients with diseases needing immediate attention. Also, a great number of young girls undergo abortions, the consequent trauma of which endangers their future emotional and physical health. Prevention rather than termination of pregnancy would be more desirable. Besides there is a need for population control. Parliament will most likely act favorably on this proposed amendment.

Contraception↗
PubMed1994

Gynaecologists and abortion in Northern Ireland.

The evidence from gynaecologists in Northern Ireland shows confusion in interpretation and practice of abortion law, with some women even being denied abortion after rape. Over two-thirds of gynaecologists supported a change in the law which would leave the abortion decision to the woman and her doctor, but less than half wanted the introduction of the British law.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1981

Induction of luteolysis by dihydrotestosterone in the pregnant rat.

A dihydrotestosterone (DHT) pellet (4 mg) inserted under each ovarian bursa on day 9 of pregnancy induced within 24 h, a 40% decline in serum progesterone (P) concentrations in rats; a further reduction was observed on days 12 and 15. Although P levels were significantly reduced by DHT treatment, fetuses remained alive on day 12. However, by day 15, complete abortion occurred in 75% of the rats, indicating that a decline in P secretion precedes abortion, To further determine whether the abortifacient action of DHT was due to its luteolytic effect, 20-cm DHT capsules were implanted subcutaneously in ovariectomized rats treated with 4 mg P and 0.5 micrograms of estradiol (E). Control rats were sham-operated and treated with empty capsules. DHT treatment induced complete abortion by day 15 only in rats with ovaries present, further indicating that DHT was not directly detrimental to the fetuses but acted on the ovaries to induce luteolysis. When DHT treatment was started on day 12, no luteolytic effect was detectable. To determine whether the effect of DHT was mediated by either a decrease in the ovarian production of E, a decline in luteal cell content of luteinizing hormone (LH) receptors or both, testosterone (T) levels in the peripheral circulation and E and P concentrations in the ovarian vein were measured on day 15 in rats implanted with two DHT pellets under the ovarian bursa on day 9. Luteal content of LH receptors was also measured on day 12 in similarly treated rats. DHT treatment had no effect on serum levels or on ovarian vein concentration of E, but induced a significant decrease in the ovarian vein levels of P. DHT also did not depress LH receptor content in corpora lutea. DHT levels in the ovaries increase significantly between days 18 and 22 of pregnancy, concomitant with the cessation of corpus luteum function. These results indicate that DHT possesses a potent luteolytic activity and could be involved in the luteolytic process in the pregnant rat.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Women and postfertilization effects of birth control: consistency of beliefs, intentions and reported use.

BACKGROUND: This study assesses the consistency of responses among women regarding their beliefs about the mechanisms of actions of birth control methods, beliefs about when human life begins, the intention to use or not use birth control methods that they believe may act after fertilization or implantation, and their reported use of specific methods. METHODS: A questionnaire was administered in family practice and obstetrics and gynecology clinics in Salt Lake City, Utah, and Tulsa, Oklahoma. Participants included women ages 18-50 presenting for any reason and women under age 18 presenting for family planning or pregnancy care. Analyses were based on key questions addressing beliefs about whether specific birth control methods may act after fertilization, beliefs about when human life begins, intention to use a method that may act after fertilization, and reported use of specific methods. The questionnaire contained no information about the mechanism of action of any method of birth control. Responses were considered inconsistent if actual use contradicted intentions, if one intention contradicted another, or if intentions contradicted beliefs. RESULTS: Of all respondents, 38% gave consistent responses about intention to not use or to stop use of any birth control method that acted after fertilization, while 4% gave inconsistent responses. The corresponding percentages for birth control methods that work after implantation were 64% consistent and 2% inconsistent. Of all respondents, 34% reported they believed that life begins at fertilization and would not use any birth control method that acts after fertilization (a consistent response), while 3% reported they believed that life begins at fertilization but would use a birth control method that acts after fertilization (inconsistent). For specific methods of birth control, less than 1% of women gave inconsistent responses. A majority of women (68% or greater) responded accurately about the mechanism of action of condoms, abstinence, sterilization, and abortion, but a substantial percentage of women (between 19% and 57%) were uncertain about the mechanisms of action of oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices (IUDs), Depo-Provera, or natural family planning. CONCLUSION: Women who believe that life begins at fertilization may not intend to use a birth control method that could have postfertilization effects. More research is needed to understand the relative importance of postfertilization effects for women in other populations, and in relation to other properties of and priorities for birth control methods. However, many women were uncertain about the mechanisms of action of specific methods. To respect the principles of informed consent, some women may need more education about what is known and not known about the mechanisms of action of birth control methods.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Prevalence of genetic markers for thrombophilia in recurrent pregnancy loss.

BACKGROUND: The genetic predispositions to venous thrombosis such as factor V Leiden (FVL) mutation (Arg 506 Gln), prothrombin (FII) gene mutation (G20210A), and mutation of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene (C677T) have been reported to be associated with recurrent pregnancy loss. This paper examines the prevalence of markers for genetic thrombophilias in women with recurrent miscarriage. METHODS: The prevalence of FVL, FII G20210A and MTHFR C677T was compared in 108 women with three or more pregnancy losses either exclusively in the first trimester, or mixed first and second trimester losses, with the prevalence found in 82 fertile parous control women without miscarriages. Markers for the thrombophilias were assessed by PCR analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-three of the 108 patients (21.3%), had thrombophilia markers, which was similar to the proportion of patients in the control group (20.7%) with these markers. The prevalences of FVL and FII G20210A were lower in the study group than in the control group (3.7 versus 6.1% for FVL and 4.6 versus 6.1% for FII respectively); however, the difference was not statistically significant. In contrast, the prevalence of MTHFR C677T was higher in the study group than the control population (13 versus 8.5% respectively), but this difference was not statistically significant. There was no statistically significant prevalence of any particular thrombophilia in patients with previous first and second trimester pregnancy losses compared with patients with first trimester losses alone. CONCLUSION: Thrombophilia was not found to be associated with recurrent pregnancy loss.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed1992

Barnes v. Moore.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1988

Alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in pregnant sheep and chronic fetal catheterization.

25 female sheep of the Texel breed were made hyperglycaemic by administration of alloxan monohydrate (ALX) in early pregnancy and 15 ewes served as controls. Average venous glucose levels (mean +/- standard deviation) increased from 3.5 +/- 0.2 to 14.0 +/- 1.8 mmol/l. All hyperglycaemic sheep were treated with long-acting insulin in doses adjusted individually (0.2-1.0 U/kg per day) to keep glucose levels above 8 mmol/l. After a temporary significant increase, maternal venous concentrations of urea and creatinine returned to normal levels. One sheep died on day 6 after administration of ALX. Another hyperglycaemic sheep died at induction of anaesthesia. Eight hyperglycaemic ewes aborted between days 90 and 128 of gestation. Between days 103 and 135 of gestation the remaining hyperglycaemic (n = 15) and control (n = 15) ewes were operated upon and the fetuses were provided with EEG, nuchal EMG and ECG electrodes and catheters in the trachea, amniotic fluid, jugular vein and carotid artery. Use of the chronic sheep preparation for the study of diabetes mellitus and fetal reactions was successful in 10 out of 25 cases, as in the diabetic group postoperative intra-uterine fetal survival varied between 2 and 19 days and in 10 cases was at least 5 days. Postoperative intrauterine fetal survival in the controls was significantly longer and varied between 4 and 28 days, and in 13 cases was at least 5 days. A highly significant correlation (P less than 10-6) between maternal and fetal blood glucose levels was seen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alloxan↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Family background. Parity. Breast feeding and cancer of the breast].

A study has been carried out of case-controls in a population of 482 women aged between 40 and 98. Of these, 194 had been diagnosed with breast cancer by means of a biopsy and the remaining 288 were controls whose lack of tumoral processes had been ensured by the usual diagnostic means. In the population under study we have found that the maternal family background in the first degree was a risk factor for breast cancer, while giving birth and breast-feeding, both one's own and one's children, acted as protective factor.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2004

Therapeutic vaccination using CD4+CD25+ antigen-specific regulatory T cells.

Autoimmune disease results from the dysregulation of basic tolerogenic processes designed to control self/non-self-discrimination. Approaches to treat autoimmunity have focused historically on potent immunosuppressives that block the activation and expansion of antigen-specific T cells before they differentiate into pathogenic T cell responses. These therapies are very efficient in reducing clonal expansion and altering early signaling pathways. However, once the pathogenic responses are established (i.e., autoimmunity), the interventions are less effective on activated and differentiated T cell subsets (including memory T cells) or acting in the presence of an inflammatory milieu to abort immune responses at the target tissue and systemically. Moreover, the current immunotherapies require continuous use because they do not redirect the immune system to a state of tolerance. The continuous treatment leads to long-term toxicities and can profoundly suppress protective immune responses targeted at viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens. Over the past decade, there have been tremendous advances in our understanding of the basic processes that control immune tolerance. Among the most exciting has been the identification of a professional regulatory T cell subset that has shown enormous potential in suppressing pathologic immune responses in autoimmune diseases, transplantation, and graft vs. host disease. In this review, we summarize current efforts to induce and maintain tolerance in the autoimmune diabetes setting by using therapeutic vaccination with CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. Emphasis will be placed on approaches to exploit regulatory T cells either directly or through the use of anti-CD3 immunotherapy.

Animals↗