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PubMed1985

Adherence of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes to endothelial monolayers: effects of temperature, divalent cations, and chemotactic factors on the strength of adherence measured with a new centrifugation assay.

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) adhere to endothelial cells at sites of acute inflammation. To examine this phenomenon in vitro, we have developed a new assay to measure adherence of PMNs to cultured endothelial cells. Human PMNs were labeled with 111indium-oxine and incubated in microtiter wells with monolayers of either human umbilical vein or bovine aortic endothelial cells. Following incubation, the wells were sealed, inverted, and centrifuged at varying speeds. Results are expressed as the percentage of PMNs added initially that remained attached to the monolayers after being subjected to dislodgment forces (ie, relative centrifugal forces) ranging from 1 to 1,200 g. Adherence of PMNs to endothelial monolayers was temperature dependent, dependent on the concentration of extracellular Mg2+ (but not Ca2+), and enhanced significantly by the chemotactic peptides, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) and human C5a. It was found that fMLP and C5a not only increased the number of PMNs that adhered to endothelial cells, but also increased the strength of adherence.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

In vitro proliferation of haemopoietic cells in the presence of adherent cell layers. II. Differential effect of adherent cell layers derived from various organs.

Mouse bone marrow-derived adherent cell populations promoted proliferation of haemopoietic cells in vitro in a liquid culture system for at least 4 weeks. Adherent cell layers derived from other haemopoietic organs (foetal liver, adult spleen) and fibroblasts from embryonic tissues did not maintain haemopoietic cells in this system. Medium, conditioned by adherent cells derived from foetal liver, spleen and embryonic tissues displayed a considerable colony stimulating activity (CSA). Marrow-derived adherent cells produced no detectable CSA. A possible relationship between the in vitro expression of a growth-promoting activity of an adherent cell population on haemopoietic cells, and its endogenous CSA production, is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

A simple method to evaluate leucocyte adherence and adherence inhibition in tubes.

A simple rapid method for the measurement of leucocyte adherence and adherence inhibition in tubes is described. The procedure is based on determining the amount of cell protein. We compared measurement of adherent cells by protein assay with the automated counting of the non-adherent cells in the tube leucocyte adherence inhibition test. Both procedures gave quantitatively similar results and a high statistical correlation was found between them. The results suggest that the protein assay is a reliable substitute for cell counting.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗

PubMed1983

A leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay of anti-tumor immunity in rats using selective radioimmunological assessment of adherence of T lymphocytes and monocytes.

A new, highly sensitive micro-glass-tube leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay has been developed to detect anti-tumor sensitization in a rat colon carcinoma system. This technique requires fewer cells and smaller amounts of antigen preparations than the previous glass tube method. The microscopic enumeration of adherent cells is replaced by a cellular radioimmunoassay (CRIA) which utilizes antibodies binding to mononuclear cells (MNC) and 125I-labelled protein A. Antigen preparations were shown to be adsorbed to glass. Precoating of glass vials with fetal calf serum or antigen preparations was shown to cause a major increase in nonspecific LAI. The new LAI technique is designed to minimize such nonspecific LAI. By applying an anti-T-cell monoclonal antibody (McAb), an anti-Ig antiserum and an anti-monocyte (MC) antiserum it became possible to assess selectively the change of adherence of T cells, B cells and monocytes. The specificity of the assay was demonstrated with anti-T-cell and anti-MC reagents in criss-cross experiments using two defined antigens and different tissue extracts as test antigens. The LAI response of peripheral blood MNC was examined after the subcutaneous isografting of 1 X 10(7) X-irradiated DMH-W49 colon carcinoma cells. Six days after sensitization all the rats showed an LAI response detectable with anti-T-cell and anti-MC reagents, which gave considerably higher LAI indices than anti-MNC antiserum. After the subcutaneous isografting of 1 X 10(5) viable DMH-W49 cells, 12 of 24 rats (50%) showed an LAI response detectable with the anti-MNC antiserum during a 3-week follow-up period. On the other hand, an LAI response was detected in all the 14 tumor-inoculated rats tested when the adherence of T lymphocytes and monocytes was assessed selectively.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2003

Adherence to colorectal cancer screening in mammography-adherent older women.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer mortality among women. Screening can prevent the development of CRC or diagnose early disease when it can effectively be cured, however existing screening methods are underutilized. In this study, we examined the utility of an updated Health Belief Model to explain CRC screening adherence. The present study included 280 older women seeking routine mammography at a large, urban breast diagnostic facility. Overall, 50% of women were adherent to CRC screening guidelines. Multiple regression indicated that self-efficacy, physician recommendation, perceived benefits of and perceived barriers to screening accounted for 40% of variance in CRC screening adherence. However, there was no evidence for two mediational models with perceived benefits and perceived barriers as the primary mechanisms driving adherence to CRC screening. These findings may inform both future theoretical investigations as well as clinical interventions designed to increase CRC screening behavior.

Aged↗

PubMed1991

Gelatin sponge model of effector recruitment: tumoricidal activity of adherent and non-adherent lymphokine-activated killer cells after culture in interleukin-2.

This study examined the specific tumoricidal activity of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells derived from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes that prevent the growth of secondary tumors in animals harboring progressing primary tumors. A pre-implanted gelatin sponge was employed to capture infiltrating host effectors during the expression of concomitant tumor immunity. Additionally, this study compared the cytolytic activity of these sponge-derived cells with those of counterpart splenic lymphocytes. The cells from both sources were cultured for 4 days in IL-2 to generate LAK cells which were further expanded in IL-2-containing medium for up to 11 days. The cytotoxic activities of these cells were measured in a Chromium-51 release assay. The data revealed that the culture of splenic, or sponge-derived lymphocytes results in the emergence of non-adherent and adherent cell populations with LAK activity. The 4-day sponge-derived LAK cells (adherent and non-adherent) exhibited significant cytolysis of EMT6 cells while the spleen-derived counterparts showed minimal cytotoxicity toward these targets. Some NK activity in LAK cells derived from both sources was evident by their lysis of YAC-1 cells. LAK cells from both sources were incapable of lysing histo-compatible EL-4 (H-2b) tumor cells. The lysis of the EMT6 cells by the sponge-derived LAK cells was maintained over an 11-day period of culture in IL-2. Conversely, the spleen-derived LAK cells were unable to significantly lyse EMT6 cells during this period of in vitro culture. These results show the superior specific tumoricidal activity of LAK cells derived from lymphocytes mediating tumor rejection in vivo (sponge-derived) over that of counterpart splenic lymphocytes.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

An enzyme-assessed microplate-assay for neutrophil adherence. I. IgA-induced adherence of human PMNs.

The binding of PMNs to extracellular matrix and cells is crucial to PMN host defense. Adherence mechanisms and the many families of molecules involved are major areas of study. We present here details of an enzyme-assessed microtiter plate assay for neutrophil adherence. This assay uses low numbers of cells (50,000/well) and permits analysis of several hundred wells in a short period of time, by using an ELISA reader. With this assay we observed 5- to 10-fold increases in the number of adherent human PMNs in response to nanogram amounts of LPS or as little as 5.0 micrograms/ml of aggregated IgA. Although fluoride blocked the LPS-induced adherence response, IgA-induced cell binding was largely unaffected.

Cell Adhesion↗

PubMed1991

Differences between the LPS cores in adherent and non-adherent strains of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli 0119.

Adherent enteropathogenic Escherichia coli 0119 strains had a larger lipopolysaccharide core than non-adherent strains, although the O-chains were identical. The core from the non-adherent strain 19392 contained five hexose residues in the outer region, with three L-glycero-D-manno-heptose residues and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (KDO) in the inner region. The core of adherent strain JCP88 had an atypical structure consisting of six hexose residues, KDO, and equimolar amounts of L-glycero-D-manno-heptose and D-glycero-D-manno-heptose. The core of a rough JCP88 mutant resembled an incomplete 19392 core.

Bacterial Adhesion↗

PubMed2004

A novel model to study bacterial adherence to the transplanted airway: inhibition of Burkholderia cepacia adherence to human airway by dextran and xylitol.

BACKGROUND: Lung infection with Burkholderia cepacia complex before lung transplantation in patients with cystic fibrosis is a major risk factor for decreased post-operative survival rates compared with those of patients colonized with the more common opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Because adherence to mucosal surfaces is an important initial step in infection, we investigated the use of non-toxic neutral polysaccharides and a sugar alcohol to prevent adherence of B cepacia complex to allograft airway epithelium. METHODS: We used human airway explants prepared from donor tracheobronchial tissue to test the effect of dextrans and xylitol in inhibiting the binding of Burkholderia cepacia complex. We used immunofluorescence and electron microscopy to determine the distribution of bacteria in the explants. RESULTS: Burkholderia cepacia complex bound to the explants and was found only in the surface mucus layer. Dextran 40 kd applied before adding the bacteria decreased the number of bound organisms by 80% to 99%. Smaller molecular mass dextrans (4 and 20 kd) were ineffective. Xylitol inhibited bacterial binding by 67% to 85%. Both agents seemed to decrease the thickness of the surface mucus, suggesting that they may indirectly inhibit bacterial binding by removing adherent surface mucus. CONCLUSIONS: Treating donor lungs with dextran 40 kd or xylitol before (and possibly after) surgery may inhibit the adherence of Burkholderia cepacia complex to airways and may prevent or decrease subsequent infection of the allografts.

Bacterial Adhesion↗

PubMed2000

The NPY effects on murine leukocyte adherence and chemotaxis change with age. Adherent cell implication.

The two-way communication between the nervous and immune system is currently well-known, but the age-related changes in this communication have been scarcely studied. In the present work, we have investigated the in vitro effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) at concentrations ranging from 10(-13) to 10(-7) M on the adherence and chemotaxis capacities of spleen, axillary node, thymus and peritoneum leukocytes from BALB/c mice. The NPY effect on these functions was examined on cells from animals of four different ages, i.e. young (12+/-2 weeks old), adult (24+/-2 weeks old), mature (50+/-2 weeks old) and old (72+/-2 weeks old). In young animals, NPY stimulates the adherence of leukocytes from spleen, axillary nodes and thymus and inhibits it in cells from peritoneum. In adult animals NPY inhibits the adherence of leukocytes from thymus. These effects disappear with ageing in all locations. Chemotaxis is stimulated by this neuropeptide at all ages in cells from axillary nodes and peritoneum, but this effect is absent in old mice. NPY exerts an inhibitory effect on the chemotaxis of leukocytes from thymus at all ages studied. These NPY effects on leukocytes seem to be carried out through adherent cells.

Aging↗

PubMed1999

Characteristics in adherence of streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various infective skin lesions: serum IgA decreases adherence of Streptococcus pyogenes but not Staphylococcus aureus.

We characterized adherence of streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from various infective skin lesions in terms of hydrophobicity, negative charge, tube adherence, slime production, and influence on adherence to coverslips by plasma and serum immunoglobulins. High hydrophobicity was more frequently observed in Streptococcus pyogenes strains than in Streptococcus agalactiae strains (P < 0.01) and S. aureus strains (P < 0.001) and slime production was more frequently observed in S. agalactiae strains than in S. pyogenes strains (P < 0.05). Serum IgA decreased adherence to coverslips of S. pyogenes strains but not that of S. aureus strains.

Bacterial Adhesion↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The Client Adherence Profiling-Intervention Tailoring (CAP-IT) intervention for enhancing adherence to HIV/AIDS medications: a pilot study.

This article describes the Client Adherence Profiling-Intervention Tailoring (CAP-IT) intervention designed to enhance adherence to HIV/AIDS medications and reports the results of a pilot study aimed at assessing the feasibility of CAP-IT. Initially, CAP-IT was designed to be implemented by nurse case managers during regularly scheduled home visits; it is currently under revision for use in an outpatient, ambulatory care setting. CAP-IT is an innovative, structured nursing assessment and care-planning activity that allows a standardized assessment of client needs and tailored highly active antiretroviral therapy adherence intervention strategies. CAP-IT is significantly different from the current standard nursing case management practice. Pilot study results in a sample of 10 home care patients suggests that clients have knowledge and skill deficits related to adherence and in the management of the side effects of medications. In addition, the pilot study supported the acceptability of the protocol to clients and the feasibility of integrating CAP-IT into nurse case manager practice. The pilot study results also provided evidence for the efficacy of CAP-IT. The next steps include testing CAP-IT in a randomized clinical trial to determine its effectiveness.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

Corynebacterium parvum stimulation of adherent and non-adherent cytotoxic cells in mice.

Two naturally occurring cytotoxic cell populations have been identified in the peritoneal cavity of mice inoculated with C. parvum (CP), and are distinguishable on the basis of target-cell reactivity and intrinsic properties. The first effector cell was non-adherent to nylon wool and glass and non-phagocytic. These cells were selectively cytotoxic to the NK-sensitive target cell line K562, and present in the peritoneal cavity of mice 2 days after treatment with 700 micrograms of CP. The second cytotoxic effector cell was adherent to nylon wool and glass, and killed EL4 lymphoma cells derived from in vivo tumour transplants; these target cells are susceptible to phagocytic cell killing, but not NK-cell cytotoxicity in short-term (4h) assays. The adherent cytotoxic population of effector cells was present 4 days after inoculation of CP. In vivo studies showed that CP injected i.p. induced resistance to i.p. challenge with lymphoma EL4 cells, but no resistance was evident when the challenge dose was administered s.c. Adoptive-transfer studies showed that the effector cell type responsible for inhibiting tumour growth was nylon-wool adherent, probably CP-activated macrophages.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Regulation of Src family tyrosine kinase activities in adherent human neutrophils. Evidence that reactive oxygen intermediates produced by adherent neutrophils increase the activity of the p58c-fgr and p53/56lyn tyrosine kinases.

Src family tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the adhesion-dependent activation of neutrophil functions (Yan, S. R., Fumagalli, L., and Berton, G. (1995) J. Inflamm. 45, 297-312; Lowell, C. A., Fumagalli, L., and Berton, G. (1996) J. Cell Biol. 133, 895-910). Because the activity of tyrosine kinases can be affected by oxidants, we investigated whether reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) produced by adherent neutrophils regulate Src family kinase activities. Inhibition of ROI production by diphenylene iodonium, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, or degradation of H2O2 by exogenously added catalase inhibited the adhesion-stimulated activities of p58(c-fgr) and p53/56(lyn). In addition, adhesion-stimulated p58(c-fgr) and p53/56(lyn) activities were greatly reduced in neutrophils from patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) that are deficient in the production of ROI. Exogenously added H2O2 increased p58(c-fgr) and p53/56(lyn) activities in nonadherent neutrophils. Although ROI regulated the activities of p58(c-fgr) and p53/56(lyn), they did not affect the redistribution of the two kinases to a Triton X-100-insoluble, cytoskeletal fraction that occurs in adherent neutrophils. Tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins in adherent, CGD neutrophils was only partially inhibited, suggesting that the full activation of p58(c-fgr) and p53/56(lyn), which depends on endogenously produced ROI, does not represent an absolute requirement for protein tyrosine phosphorylation. The adhesion-stimulated activity of the tyrosine kinase p72(syk) was not affected by catalase in normal neutrophils, and it was comparable in normal and CGD neutrophils. These findings suggest that ROI endogenously produced by adherent neutrophils regulate Src family kinases activity selectively and establish the existence of a cross-talk between reorganization of the cytoskeleton, production of ROI, and Src family tyrosine kinase activities in signaling by adhesion.

Catalase↗

PubMed2000

Measuring medication adherence: are missed doses reported more accurately then perfect adherence?

Self-reports overestimate adherence compared to more objective measures such as electronic monitoring. However, self-report is the most feasible method for clinical settings; therefore, it is important to identify the context in which this method can provide an accurate assessment. To address whether self-reports are more accurate when missed doses are reported, we conducted a secondary analysis of data from a methodological study comparing multiple measures of adherence (including self-report and electronic monitoring) to a two-week placebo regimen mimicking HAART among 30 HIV-positive patients not on HAART. Results indicated a mean adherence of 85% and 62%, as measured by self-report and electronic monitoring, respectively. Self-report and electronic monitoring were not significantly correlated in the measurement of proportion of prescribed doses taken among the sub-group of 17 patients who reported missed doses (r = 0.22), nor among those who reported no missed doses, or the group as a whole. Using electronic monitoring as the validity criterion, these findings indicate that self-reports overestimate adherence even among patients who report missed doses.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1997

Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis adherence to human bronchial and oropharyngeal cells: the role of adherence in lower respiratory tract infections.

To study the role of Moraxella (subgenus Branhamella) catarrhalis (B. catarrhalis) adherence to airway cells in lower respiratory tract infections, the in vitro attachments of B. catarrhalis to upper airway (oropharyngeal) and lower airway (bronchial) epithelial cells were compared. The adherence of 4 strains (1 nonfimbriated and 3 fimbriated) of B. catarrhalis to respiratory tract epithelial cells collected from 11 patients with chronic pulmonary disease (CPD) and 11 healthy individuals was evaluated. Both the fimbriated and nonfimbriated strains showed increased attachment to oropharyngeal cells in the CPD patients (mean +/- SEM; 25.0 +/- 3.2/cell; P < 0.01) when compared to the control subjects (12.1 +/- 1.1/cell). On the average, the attachment to bronchial cells was 6.1 to 13.6 times greater per surface area (bacteria/micron2) than the attachment to oropharyngeal cells. The fimbriated strains tended to adhere in higher numbers to bronchial cells (19.0 +/- 1.8/cell) than the nonfimbriated strain (8.7 +/- 1.2/cell), although there was no difference between the CPD and control groups. In conclusion, the attachment of B. catarrhalis to oropharyngeal cells may be an enhancing factor for colonization in the upper respiratory tract in patients with CPD, and elevated adherence of the bacteria to bronchial cells may suggest pathogenic importance when mucociliary function is impaired.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Inhibitory ability of adherent blood cells from patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia on DNA-synthesis in non-adherent leukaemic cells and PHA-stimulated lymphocytes.

Mononuclear blood cells were isolated from patients with different types of leukaemia and studied in vitro with regard to cell functions - adhesiveness, phagocytosis, DNA synthesis and inhibitory effects of adherent cells on non-adherent leukaemic cells and PHA stimulated lymphocytes. Cells from patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) adhered to the plastic surface of the culture dishes and showed esterase staining reactions as monocytes/macrophages. They showed a normal capacity to ingest Candida albicans, while the digestion capacity appeared reduced. Non-adherent cells from CML showed a high ability to incorporate thymidine, indicating DNA synthesis. Adhesive cells from patients with CML inhibited DNA synthesis in nonadherent CML cells and in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes to about the same extent as adhesive cells from normal donors. Blood cells from acute myeloid leukaemia and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia showed on adhesiveness and a very low spontaneous thymidine incorporation.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Adherent bacterial populations on the bovine rumen wall: distribution patterns of adherent bacteria.

Fourteen tissue sites from the bovine reticulo-rumen were examined by scanning electron microscopy to determine the distribution patterns of bacterial populations adhering to the epithelium. Although diet variations did not appear to influence the total number of tissue-adherent bacteria present in adult Herefords, diet affected their distribution. It appeared that the distribution of the bacterial populations may be directly affected by the physical state of the digesta. The digesta may be mechanically removing adherent bacteria from the tissue surface by abrasive action. The total adherent population consisted of subpopulations with separate distribution patterns, and macropopulations of morphologically similar bacteria were occasionally observed at specific sites on the epithelial surface. Ureolytic organisms on the epithelium followed a distribution pattern considerably different from the general bacterial distribution.

Animals↗