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Results for “Adolescent, Institutionalized”

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PubMed1997

Platelet serotonin measures in adolescents with conduct disorder.

Dysregulation of serotonergic function has been associated with aggression in several studies involving children, adolescents, and adults. This study investigated the relationship of platelet serotonergic measures to conduct disorder type, severity of aggression, and social skills impairment. Standardized assessments of diagnosis, aggression, impulsivity, and social skills were obtained from 43 male adolescents (ages 13-17) incarcerated at an involuntary residential treatment facility for juvenile offenders. Blood samples were collected and assayed for whole blood serotonin (5-HT) and platelet [3H]-paroxetine-labeled 5-HT-transporter binding. Whole blood 5-HT was higher in adolescents with conduct disorder, childhood type than in subjects with conduct disorder, adolescent type. Whole blood 5-HT was positively correlated with violence rating of the current offense and total offense points, and staff ratings of social skills impairment. Our findings are consistent with a relationship between 5-HT dysregulation and aggressive behavior in incarcerated adolescent boys with conduct disorder, particularly of childhood onset.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

The effects of a cognitive strategy intervention on the problem-solving abilities of delinquent youths.

Social problem-solving skills and a self-evaluation procedure were taught to institutionalized delinquent adolescents as part of a cognitive-behavioral therapy program. A multiple-baseline design across subjects and an alternating-treatments design were used. Five youths participated in the program in which hypothetical social dilemmas were presented in individual sessions. In addition, the effects of intervention on the youths' self-recorded personal problem-solving was assessed. Training involved the acquisition of a problem-solving strategy for the hypothetical dilemmas. Self-evaluation was later introduced through a checklist procedure. All youths showed improvement during the training of problem-solving on the hypothetical dilemmas. The self-evaluation procedure had little effect on performance. Some youths generalized their use of the problem-solving strategy to the untrained problems during the alternating-treatments condition. Follow-up data suggested that maintenance of treatment gains occurred for all youths. The generalization of improved skills to personal problem-solving also occurred for some youths. General improvements in youths' social behavior outside of therapy sessions were suggested by anecdotal information that showed improved rates of progress through the institution's behavioral level system.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Serological survey: immunity to vaccine preventable diseases among detainees at a Juvenile Hall facility.

Sera from 378 juveniles interned in a juvenile hall facility between February and March, 1978, were tested for antibody to polio viruses types 1, 2, and 3; diphtheria; tetanus; measles; and rubella. Only 57% of juveniles ages 11-18 years had neutralizing antibody greater than or equal to 1:8 to all three types of polio viruses. Juveniles most often lacked antibody to polio type 3. Over 92% of juveniles tested had a protective level of antitoxin (greater than or equal to .01 U/ml) to diphtheria and tetanus. Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody tests performed for measles and rubella revealed 87.5% and 81% with titers greater than or equal to 1:8 respectively. No major differences in immune status were found between those with a previously documented vaccination history and those without. Based on these data a uniform immunization policy was adopted for Los Angeles County's Juvenile Hall facilities.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Tattooing and body piercing among adolescent detainees: relationship to alcohol and other drug use.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this preliminary study was to document self-reported tattooing and body piercing behavior among a sample of 860 adolescent detainees. Additionally, the study examined the relationship of alcohol and drug use to tattooing and body piercing--an often overlooked HIV risk behavior. METHODS: Adolescents (N = 860) participating in a substance use and HIV risk reduction intervention were surveyed upon entrance to a Youth Development Campus (YDC). RESULTS: Twenty-nine percent of the sample (N = 245) had at least one tattoo, and more than half (69%) had at least one body piercing. Fifteen percent had two or more tattoos, while 28% had three or more piercings. Although a small percentage of the youth reported knowingly sharing needles for tattoos or piercings (2% and 1.5%, respectively), 21% had tattoos that had been administered unprofessionally and 20% had unprofessionally administered piercings. Marijuana and alcohol were the highest reported substances used in this sample, 62% and 54%, respectively. Alcohol, marijuana, antidepressants, and sedatives were significant correlates of having tattoos. Alcohol was found to be a marginally significant (P = .052) correlate of body piercing. CONCLUSION: The popularity of tattooing and piercing and the risk involved with these activities make them an HIV risk behavior worthy of address. Risk reduction messages to youth should consistently address these behaviors and focus on them as they relate to substance use.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Three-day dietary intake of incarcerated and nonincarcerated adolescent males.

We collected 3-day dietary intake information from both incarcerated (n = 137) and nonincarcerated (n = 42) adolescent males to provide an objective assessment of diets of residents of a juvenile correctional facility. Average daily intake of energy, protein, 13 indicator micronutrients and of macronutrients as percent of energy were calculated. Average intakes of the total group of adolescents (n = 179) were greater than 90% of the 1980 recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for energy, protein, and 10 micronutrients. There were no statistically significant differences between black (n = 63) and white (n = 63) incarcerated subgroups and white (n = 41) nonincarcerated subjects on average measures of energy, protein, macronutrients as percent of energy, and seven micronutrients. Cumulative intakes (as a proportion of the 1980 RDA) of nonincarcerated subjects and at least one group of incarcerated subjects were significantly different for vitamin B6, folate, vitamin C, iron, sodium, and thiamin. However, average intakes of vitamin C, sodium, and iron by all groups exceeded the RDA. Overall, the total group of adolescents did not appear to be at significant nutritional risk. Folate, copper, and magnesium intakes were consistently below RDA in all groups. We suggest that these findings are not indicative of nutritional inadequacy but are, rather, cues that some RDAs may be inappropriately high.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Cognitive and neuropsychological functioning in transnationally adopted juvenile delinquents.

AIM: To evaluate cognitive and neuropsychological abilities of adopted delinquent adolescents in institutional care. METHODS: Transnationally adopted adolescents admitted to institutional care (n = 20) and non-delinquent controls who were also transnationally adopted (n = 21) were compared concerning the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and Adults (WISC and WAIS), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Tower of London test (TOL). The adoptive parents answered questions about the adoption, early childhood and family circumstances by a questionnaire sent by mail. RESULTS: The adopted delinquents had a significantly lower IQ and significantly lower results on several other measurements in the WISC/WAIS compared to the controls even after adjustment for age of arrival in the adoptive home. Both groups of adoptees scored low in the WISC/WAIS subscale of arithmetics when compared to the population mean. The TOL test showed that the delinquents were slower and made more errors than the controls. CONCLUSION: The delinquent adoptees scored significantly lower on many variables in the WISC/WAIS. Both delinquent and non-delinquent adoptees had some difficulties with arithmetic. The weak performances in arithmetics might point to some weaknesses in the neuropsychological domain. These results probably have complex explanatory causes and need to be further evaluated.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Psychiatric disorders in children with intellectual disability.

We investigated psychiatric disorders in intellectually disabled children; the prevalence rate and types of psychiatric disorders, and the association of psychiatric disorders with sex, residence type, level of disability, and epilepsy were examined. The population comprised 155 intellectually disabled children. Medical information was obtained from case files, which indicated that a psychiatric disorder had previously been diagnosed for 11% of patients. A careful re-examination of the case files revealed a psychiatric disorder for 33%. The criteria of a psychiatric ICD-10 diagnosis were fulfilled by 23%, and a further 10% had an unspecified mental disorder. The most common diagnoses were pervasive developmental disorders and hyperkinetic disorders. The former were less common among children with mild intellectual disability. In conclusion, about one-third of children with intellectual disability have a psychiatric disorder which needs to be taken into account in treatment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Attachment representations in adolescence: further evidence from psychiatric residential settings.

The Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) has afforded the opportunity to profile the various ways in which people make sense of early experience. While the initial research with the AAI was primarily based on non-clinical populations, this paper extends the growing body of knowledge concerning attachment representations in clinical samples, specifically among severely emotionally disturbed adolescents. The study investigated 39 adolescents resident on five regional adolescent units in the south-east of England. As predicted, the number of adolescents presenting as securely attached was low (n = 4), whilst the incidence of insecure attachment patterns in the sample was high (n = 35). When interviews were rated additionally in terms of lack of resolution, 59% of the sample were unresolved with respect to experiences of trauma or loss. Discussion addresses the possible uses of the AAI in therapeutic interventions for severely disturbed adolescents, which are centrally based on the formation of a secure, safe relationship with a non-threatening adult.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

The disclosure model versus a developmental illness experience model for children and adolescents living with HIV/AIDS in São Paulo, Brazil.

Whether, how, and when children's HIV/AIDS diagnosis needs to be disclosed to them has received growing attention. This paper describes and conceptualizes how communication about HIV/AIDS influences disease knowledge and psychosocial development in a group of children and adolescents living with perinatally acquired HIV infection in an AIDS institution in São Paulo, Brazil. Data consist of the lived experience of 36 children ages 1 to 15 and was gathered through ethnographic research methodologies: participant observation and semistructured informal interviews. Results show that AIDS diagnosis is not disclosed to children, who experience a growing confusion about the interconnected meanings of sickness, medications, living at a house/institution, and having AIDS. Children younger than 6 learn to accept medication taking and to silence illness-related questions. Seven to 9-year olds perceive that the word AIDS and/or being sick are considered negative attributes, but are confused about how these relate to their lives. Preadolescents' growing awareness of the relationship between their lives and negative social values associated with AIDS produces shame and anger. Adolescents exhibit a poor understanding of the implications of HIV/AIDS for their lives and cynicism toward AIDS care, their future, and information about risks to their health. In conclusion, lack of communication about HIV/AIDS creates a context of confusion and mistrust, is detrimental to psychosocial development and coping, compromises disease knowledge, and increases vulnerability to risk behavior. Providing developmentally appropriate information about HIV/AIDS that matches children's illness experiences at all ages would eliminate the need for disclosure and reduce children's emotional distress.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Educational options and AIDS-related behaviors among troubled adolescents.

Examined whether educational parameters could predict AIDS-related knowledge, attitude, and behavior, controlling for sociodemographic variables, among delinquent and abused adolescents. 358 adolescents, ages 11-18 years, who were placed in 15 residential centers in Midwestern cities completed self-report questionnaires. Multivariate analyses showed that after controlling for sociodemographic factors, AIDS-related knowledge, attitude, and behaviors were predicted by educational parameters, such as relationship with teachers and educational aspirations. Data indicate that these educational parameters can be used to identify adolescents who are most at risk for HIV infection among already troubled youth. It is suggested, therefore, that the educational difficulties of troubled adolescents cannot be ignored when preventive programs for this population are planned.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluating the treatment of emotionally disturbed adolescents.

The authors designed a scale, the Massachusetts Adolescent Level of Functioning Scale, for measuring the behavior of emotionally disturbed adolescents. Among the many uses of the scale are specifying a standard intervention for any given problem indicator and measuring the outcome. A pilot test demonstrated that the scale has broad applications for determining cost-effectiveness of programs and for improving service delivery.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Language disorders and learning disabilities in school-refusing adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: We undertook this study to test the hypothesis that school-refusing adolescents hospitalized on an inpatient psychiatric unit have more language and learning disabilities than diagnosis-, age-, and sex-matched psychiatric controls. METHOD: The Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement-Revised (WJTA-R), the WISC-R, the Adolescent Language Screening Test, the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Revised, and the Test of Language Competence (TLC) were given to a group of well-characterized, primarily depressed school refusers and matched psychiatric controls. RESULTS: We found that school-refusing adolescents had significantly lower WISC-R verbal intelligence scores, lower Math and Written Language subscale scores on the WJTA-R, and lower scores on the TLC than nonrefusers. School refusers were found to have a significantly higher incidence of both language impairments and learning disabilities than controls. CONCLUSIONS: We infer that academic and communicative frustration and the adolescent's resulting inability to meet the academic and social demands in the school environment may play a role in the etiology of school refusal.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Vision care in a juvenile detention facility.

Optometry plays a key role in the provision of vision care services at the San Bernardino Juvenile Hall (SBJH), where 400 juvenile offenders, aged 12 to 18 years, are incarcerated. This program in San Bernardino, California, was established in 1979 by a practicing optometrist with support from federal, state, and local funding agencies. It operates as an outreach clinical program to train senior students of the Southern California College of Optometry for professional practice opportunities in a nontraditional setting. An important component of the SBJH program is an ongoing clinical research program to study the relation between vision problems and juvenile delinquency, and the effect of vision training on the rehabilitation of delinquent youths. Preliminary data indicate a reduction in the recidivism rate for this population group.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

The mental health of looked after children: matching response to need.

Previous research has established high rates of mental health need in looked after children. The study described in this paper aimed to explore in more depth the mental health problems of looked after children and to examine the service response to those needs in two English local authorities. The study utilised a purposive sample of 80 looked after children which was biased towards those with high needs but which reflected the characteristics of looked after children in the two areas with regard to age, gender and type of placement. Key data on children and young people were collected from social services' case files and a set of indicators of mental health need was designed by the research team in order to distinguish different types and levels of mental health problems. High levels of mental health need in the study group were associated with placement disruption. Educational difficulties were also apparent in the group with the highest levels of mental health need. Longer-term input from child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) professionals did not appear to be targeted on the group with the highest level of mental health needs. The researchers conclude that longer-term CAMHS interventions could be usefully focused on looked after children who have experienced high levels of placement disruption. As the professional group most likely to be providing substantial intervention to looked after children and their carers, social workers require relevant training in identifying and responding to mental health needs. CAMHS professionals could develop and strengthen their consultative roles with front-line carers, social workers and schools.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Decisions about substance abuse among adolescents in juvenile detention.

Ethnographic research was done to discover how adolescents make decisions about substance abuse while in juvenile detention. Segments of transcribed data from small focus group discussions portray the perspectives of 20 teenage girls in one juvenile detention facility located in a large metropolitan area. Observations and individual interviews corroborated the dynamic interactive dialogue occurring among the teens during group discussions. The young women described the situations and problems that led to substance abuse and their subsequent detention. The sharing of life experiences provided an opportunity to reinforce resolutions to change and plans to abstain from troublesome behaviors in the future.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Emotional disorders in young offenders.

PROBLEM: To estimate rates of emotional disorder in the Maryland Juvenile Justice system as a guide for planning and policy efforts. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, psychopathology and level of functioning in a random sample of 312 committed and detained youth (60 females, 252 males) were assessed. Youth diagnostically classified met criteria for mental disorder using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC) combined with a cut-off score (60 or below) on the Child Global Assessment Scale (CGAS), as established by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). FINDINGS: Fifty-three percent were classified with diagnosable mental disorders on the DISC, but were above the cut-off scores on the CGAS. Forty-six percent met criteria for diagnosis and low functioning. Twenty-six percent of youth indicated need for immediate mental health services. Fourteen percent with serious mental disorders and substantial functional impairment were in need of a highly restrictive environment as determined by the severity of their offenses. CONCLUSIONS: The number of youth in the Maryland Juvenile Justice System in need of mental health services indicates a need to examine treatment options that meet the requirements for security and treatment. The complexity of problems found in this sample indicates the need for collaborative efforts between mental health and juvenile justice personnel in planning for the immediate and future needs of these youth.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The manipulator reputation in juvenile detention: collective labeling in a total institution.

Adolescent manipulative behaviors are the focus of a combined field study and literature review. A taxonomy of manipulation generated within the setting of a large metropolitan juvenile detention facility is compared with literature sources and examined from the theoretical construct of a total institutional behavioral environment. Issues are raised which require consideration in planning nursing care for this and similar client populations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Melatonin treatment in an institutionalised child with psychomotor retardation and an irregular sleep-wake pattern.

An institutionalised 13 year old girl with psychomotor retardation suffered from an irregular sleep-wake pattern. Multiple measurements of urinary sulphatoxy-melatonin (aMT6) concentrations were abnormally low, without any significant day-night differences. Administration of exogenous melatonin (3 mg) at 18:00 resulted in increased nocturnal urinary aMT6 concentrations and improvements in her sleep-wake pattern. Melatonin may help disabled children suffering from sleep disorders.

Adolescent↗