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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources

PubMed1999

Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of veterinary tranquillizers in urine: evaluation of method performance.

A method for analysis of veterinary tranquillizers in urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is described. Detection limits are 5 microg/l for ketamine, azaperone and the phenothiazines (chlor-, aceto- and propionylpromazine), 10 microg/l for haloperidol, 20 microg/l for xylazine and 50 microg/l for azaperol, recoveries for all analytes were higher than 70%. Method performance in terms of within-batch, between-days and between-analysts reproducibility was studied and found to be acceptable. Compliance with European Union criteria for confirmation of GC-MS "positive" results is evaluated and discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Responses of the pituitary-adrenal system of the pig to environmental changes and drugs.

1 The reactivity of the pituitary-adrenal axis of the young pig was tested for its suitability as a sensitive index for any discomfort that might be experienced under certain conditions of intensive husbandry.2 In a thermoneutral environment, most undisturbed piglets showed only slight variations in the plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and corticosteroids.3 Stimuli such as exposure to ambient temperatures of +40 degrees C or -5 degrees C were required to cause large rises in the plasma concentrations of ACTH and corticosteroids.4 Apparently milder stimuli, such as change of environment, slight frustration or changes in ambient temperatures between +5 degrees C and +30 degrees C only rarely caused a significant rise in plasma corticosteroids. Thus changes in plasma corticosteroid concentrations are not a sensitive index for the reaction of a piglet to its environment.5 Increases in plasma ACTH concentrations occurred faster than those of the corticosteroids, were larger when expressed as a percentage of the basal values and occurred following relatively small disturbances such as omission of the reward in an operant behaviour test when corticosteroid changes were often not detectable. Thus rises in plasma ACTH might be a useful indication that a given situation is disturbing to a pig. The reaction of plasma ACTH concentrations to chronic irritations as they might occur in intensive husbandry remains to be investigated.6 Azaperone (2 mg/kg i.m.), a drug which is used as a sedative in pigs, caused a rise of about 50% in plasma corticosteroid concentrations. It did not diminish the large steroid output seen when the animals were exposed to high and low ambient temperatures.

Abdomen↗

PubMed2004

A review of drugs and techniques used for sedation and anaesthesia in captive rhinoceros species.

Captive rhinoceros species are most frequently sedated and/or anaesthetised with the potent opioid, etorphine hydrochloride in combination with an alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonist or the butyrophenone, azaperone. Carfentanil citrate based combinations have also been used to a lesser extent. In recent years butorphanol tartrate based combinations have been used with good success to induce neuroleptanalgesia. Sedation and anaesthesia are complicated by the large size of all rhinoceros species and their sensitivity to potent opioids. Potential complications include respiratory depression, hypoxaemia, hypertension, pulmonary shunting and ventilation/perfusion mismatch. The pharmacology of the principal drugs used for sedating/anaesthetising rhinoceros is reviewed. Techniques for sedating/anaesthetising the various species and potential complications associated with chemical restraint are discussed.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗

PubMed1978

Immobilisation of free-ranging wild animals using a new drug.

Field trials were conducted with the potent morphine-like analgesic, R33799 (Janssen Pharmaceutica; Beerse, Belgium) in South African national parks on 217 free-ranging wild animals, representing 20 different species. The drug was found to be effective and safe for a wide range of ungulates and pachyderms and Burchell's zebra (Equus burchelli) did not react to expected dosage levels. A suggested dosage regime for 19 species is given. Recommended optimal dosage rates varies from about 1 microgram per kg for pachyderms to about 10 microgram per kg for most of the larger ungulates. Xylazine and azaperone were found valuable adjuncts to R33799 in dosage ratios of 10:1 and 30:1 respectively.

Animal Population Groups↗

PubMed1997

Comparison of three injectable anaesthetic techniques in pigs.

Forty-six near-adult pigs (mean age 10 months, mean weight 156 kg) were anaesthetised for laparoscopy. After intramuscular azaperone (1.0 mg/kg) and ketamine (2.5 mg/kg), 14 of the pigs received intravenous etomidate (200 micrograms/kg) and midazolam (100 micrograms/kg) and 17 were given ketamine (2 mg/kg) and midazolam (100 micrograms/kg). The other 15 pigs were anaesthetised with pentobarbitone (15 to 20 mg/kg) without pre-anaesthetic medication. The duration and adequacy of anaesthesia, recovery rate, and seven physiological variables (ECG, heart rate, indirect arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate, minute volume, mean end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration and percentage oxygen saturation of haemoglobin) were compared. Repeated injections were needed in 29 of the 46 cases. Pentobarbitone was the least satisfactory drug because although the haemodynamic variables were greater, it caused more respiratory depression and a higher overall complication rate than the other methods. Apnoea occurred in two pigs, and was fatal in one, and positive pressure ventilation with oxygen was needed in three others. Intubation conditions were poorer and the times to standing, walking and rooting were longer in the pigs anaesthetised with pentobarbitone.

Adjuvants, Anesthesia↗

PubMed1998

Effect of muscle injection site and drug temperature on pre-anaesthetic sedation in pigs.

The responses of 83 Meishan gilts given azaperone (1.0 mg/kg) and ketamine (5 mg/kg) intramuscularly at one of four sites: the cervical muscles (20); the triceps muscle (m triceps brachii) (20); the middle gluteal muscle (m gluteus medius) (22); and the fascia lata muscle (m fascia lata) (21) were recorded. There were more reactions to the injection into the fascia lata muscle than to injections into the middle gluteal muscle and the triceps muscle (P = 0.024) and fewest after injections into the cervical muscles (P = 0.013). The injection site did not influence the time from injection to recumbency but there was least variability with the fascia lata muscle. The degree of sedation achieved, and the response to venous cannulation were similar in all four groups. There were no long-term complications (lameness or abscess formation) associated with the injections at any of the sites. In a second study with 68 pigs the same drug mixture was injected into the triceps muscle at either 6 to 8 degrees C (23), 19 to 22 degrees C (23) or 38.5 to 40.5 degrees C (22). There was no significant difference (P = 0.078) between the numbers of responses to the injections at each temperature. Mean time to recumbency was shortest with the injections at the highest temperature although the differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.498). The degree of sedation achieved, the response to venous cannulation and the incidence of complications were similar in all three groups.

Absorption↗

PubMed1999

Comparison of two combinations of sedatives before anaesthetising pigs with halothane and nitrous oxide.

Two groups of 21 three-month-old Landrace x Large White pigs were sedated with either azaperone (2 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) and ketamine (5 mg/kg) (group A), or detomidine (100 microg/kg), butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) and ketamine (5 mg/kg) (group D) administered intramuscularly, before being anaesthetised with halothane, oxygen and nitrous oxide for a bilateral stifle arthrotomy. The pigs' heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial blood pressure, electrocardiogram, arterial oxygen saturation, arterial blood gases, and oesophageal and rectal temperature were measured while they were anaesthetised and five minutes after they were disconnected, and their recovery times and any complications were recorded. Both groups were well sedated. Their heart rate was unchanged during the period of anaesthesia but increased when they recovered. The respiratory rate, mean arterial blood pressure and rectal temperature were lower in group A than in group D (P<0.05). Mild respiratory acidosis developed during anaesthesia in both groups. Both groups recovered equally rapidly and complications were generally minor, though two pigs in group D appeared to develop malignant hyperthermia.

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗

PubMed2000

Standing laparoscopic-guided uterine biopsy in a southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum).

Transrectal ultrasonography of a 35-yr-old captive female southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) with a history of chronic mucohemorrhagic vulvar discharge revealed right transmural uterine horn enlargement. Abdominal laparoscopic surgery, although extremely difficult because of inadequate instrumentation, permitted uterine visualization and biopsy. Standing anesthesia, incorporating butorphanol and azaperone together with local anesthetic infiltration, facilitated the laparoscopy. A leiomyoma was suspected on the basis of history, physical examination, ultrasonographic appearance, and histopathology. Prior rhinoceros laparoscopies have failed, primarily from limitations imposed by recumbency.

Analgesics, Opioid↗

PubMed1989

Influence of infused beta-adrenergic agonists on porcine blood metabolites and catecholamines.

Anesthetized pigs were infused sequentially with increased concentrations of beta-adrenergic agonists. At selected times during infusion, blood pressure, heart rate and plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, glucose, lactate, norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine were measured. Azaperone, a drug used to calm the pigs before anesthesia, caused hypotension and bradycardia but did not affect plasma metabolites. Infusion of norepinephrine, epinephrine, isoproterenol or clenbuterol produced changes in plasma metabolites and plasma catecholamines. These changes during norepinephrine infusion were attributed to the infused agonist, whereas those during epinephrine infusion might have resulted to some extent from release of norepinephrine. Plasma isoproterenol was not quantified because it interfered with the assay of epinephrine and dopamine so that it was not possible to distinguish between infused isoproterenol and release of endogenous epinephrine and dopamine. Infusion of clenbuterol caused a small increase in plasma norepinephrine so that some of the increase in plasma FFA, glycerol and lactate during clenbuterol infusion may result from release of endogenous norepinephrine.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗

PubMed1976

Experience with drugs for capture and restraint of wildebeest, impala, eland and hartebeest in Kenya.

Two hundred and sixteen wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), 111 impala (Aepyceros melampus), 39 eland (Taurotragus oryx) and 9 hartebeest (Alcelaphlus buselaphus cokii) were drug-immobilized for capture or for handling in captivity. Drugs used for capture were combinations of xylazine, etorphine and acepromazine, or xylazine and fentanyl, with or without the addition of azaperone. For restraint in captivity, xylazine alone proved to be satisfactory in most instances. Drugs were injected with projectile syringes. Recommendation on dosage are given.

Acepromazine↗

PubMed2001

Optimization of intraperitoneal injection anesthesia in mice: drugs, dosages, adverse effects, and anesthesia depth.

PURPOSE: The goals of the study were to find a safe intraperitoneal injection anesthesia protocol for medium-duration surgery in mice (e.g., embryo transfer/vasectomy) coupled with a simple method to assess anesthesia depth under routine laboratory conditions. METHODS: Eight anesthetic protocols consisting of combinations of dissociative anesthetics (ketamine, tiletamine), alpha2-agonists (xylazine, medetomidine), and/or sedatives (acepromazine, azaperone, zolazepam) were compared for their safety and efficacy (death rate, surgical tolerance), using observations and reflex tests. The four best protocols were further evaluated during vasectomy: physiologic measurements (respiratory rate, electrocardiogram, arterial blood pressure, body temperature, blood gas tensions, and acid-base balance) were used to characterize the quality of anesthesia. The reactions of physiologic parameters to surgical stimuli were used to determine anesthesia depth, and were correlated with reflex test results. RESULTS: The protocol with the highest safety margin and the longest time of surgical tolerance (54 min) was ketamine/ xylazine/acepromazine. Three further anesthetic combinations were associated with surgical tolerance: ketamine/ xylazine, ketamine/xylazinelazaperone, and tiletamine/xylazine/zolazepam (Telazol/xylazine). The protocols consisting of ketamine/medetomidine and ketamine/azaperone were not associated with clearly detectable surgical tolerance. The most reliable parameter of surgical tolerance under routine laboratory conditions was the pedal withdrawal reflex. CONCLUSIONS: The best intraperitoneal injection anesthesia regimen consisted of ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine. The dose must be adapted to the particulars of each experimental design (mouse strain, sex, age, mutation). This is best done by measuring surgical tolerance, using the pedal withdrawal reflex.

Acepromazine↗

PubMed1975

The capture and translocation of gemsbok Oryx gazella gazella in the Nambi Desert with the aid of fentanyl, etorphine and tranquillizers.

Twenty-three gemsbok in the Namib Desert were captured with combinations of fentanyl or etorphine hydrochloride, hyoscine hydrobromide and tranquilizers such as azaperone, SU - 9064, triflupromazine hydrochloride and acetylpromazine maleate. Fentanyl, a New immobilizing compound, proved to be a safe and effective immobilizing drug for capturing gemsbok. The gemsbok were chased on the interdune plains and darted from a Land Rover with the Palmer powder-charge Cap-Chur gun. A six-seater helicopter was used on a trial basis to dart a gemsbok, but it is suggested that a smaller, more manoeuvrable helicopter be used for further operations. All the gemsbok were transported under narcosis from the capture area to an enclosure. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride was injected into the captured gemsbok to sedate them in their new confined environment. Tranquillizers such as chlorpromazine hydrochloride, acetylpromazine maleate and a new tranquillizer SU - 9064 were used to sedate the animals during long distance transportation in crates. This prevented the animals from injuring themselves and damagin the crates. For the first time in South West Africa wild animals were transported by air. A journey by road which under normal circumstances would have taken over 40 hours, was completed in less than 9 hours by utilizing aerial transportation. There were no losses during transportation and only two gemsbok were injured during the translocation operation.

Acepromazine↗

PubMed1988

[Anesthesia in swine].

Pigs are not only anaesthetized in case of operations but often also if diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are necessary. Choice of the anaesthetic and way of application depend on the size of the patient and the indication. The only important local anaesthesia in pigs is epidural anaesthesia. It is indicated in all longer lasting painful procedures in caudal regions. The technique of this anaesthesia is described. From the possible methods of general anaesthesias, in practice injection anaesthesia has been generally accepted for several reasons. Together with barbiturate anaesthesia neurolept-analgesia with Azaperone--Metomidate has become more and more important, because with this form of anaesthesia the technically easy intra-abdominal application is possible in pigs under 15 kg of body weight.

Anesthesia↗

PubMed1986

Long-acting intramuscular anesthetic regimen for swine.

A two-stage, long-acting, injectable anesthetic regimen which provided pain-free restraint for swine was developed using nine mixed-breed domestic pigs. Each animal was administered a first-stage drug combination consisting of meperidine hydrochloride and azaperone in the caudal thigh muscles, followed after 20 minutes by a second-stage group of injections consisting of ketamine hydrochloride combined with morphine sulfate in the same muscles of the opposite leg. A mean surgical anesthetic time of 60.6 +/- 18.6 minutes was achieved with this regime and it was found that total anesthetic time could be doubled by a second injection of the ketamine and morphine components alone. All animals had a rapid, uneventful recovery. This combination regime not only provided reliable, long-acting anesthesia but was administered easily, required no tracheal intubation and produced no significant changes in the animals' heart rate or body temperature during the anesthetic period.

Anesthesia↗

PubMed1983

[Tranquilizers in the transport of slaughtering pigs: a problem of residues?].

Selection of a meatier type of pig previously gave rise to problems during transport because of susceptibility to stress. A symptomatic approach of the problem resulted in administration of tranquilizers prior to transport. The properties of the tranquillizers azaperone and propiopromazine are discussed, as are the results of studies on residues. It is concluded that the residues detected so far are not detrimental to public health. In view of other possible approaches designed to prevent or reduce injury due to transport, the use of tranquillizers not strictly indicated is undesirable.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor in rabbit aorta: characterization by butyrophenone analogs.

The contractile response of isolated rabbit aorta rings to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was antagonized by spiperone and four other butyrophenone analogs in a competitive manner. The Kb values were (nanomolar):spiperone, 0.8; spirilene , 2.1; benperidol , 4.4; azaperone, 16.6; and haloperidol, 96.6. The Kd values for four of these drugs, whose affinities for [3H]ketanserin and [3H]spiperone binding sites in rat brain membranes have been measured, are almost indistinguishable from the Kb values in inhibiting 5-HT-induced contraction of the rabbit aorta. This suggests a congruence between the aortic "D" receptors and 5-HT2 type binding sites in rat brain. Among the drugs we tested, one portion of the molecule is almost identical; the other portion of the molecule differs in four of the five compounds. It is suggested that their rank order as antagonists of the 5-HT receptor in the aorta depends on the degree of recognition of the nonbutyrophenone part of the molecules by the receptor.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Excitement in an elephant after intravenous administration of atropine.

A 28-year-old Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) was anesthetized for cesarean section to remove a dead calf. The elephant was sedated with azaperone, and atropine was administered IV 90 minutes later in preparation for induction of anesthesia with etorphine HCl. Within 1 minute of injection of atropine, the elephant began swaying, kicking, and moving in an agitated manner around the stall. There is considerable variation among species in the toxicity of atropine, although development of toxicosis usually is associated with overdosage.

Anesthesia↗

PubMed1994

Cardiopulmonary effects of three prolonged periods of isoflurane anesthesia in an adult elephant.

An adult 3,500-kg female African elephant was anesthetized 3 times for treatment of subcutaneous fistulas over the lateral aspect of each cubitus (anesthesia 1 and 2) and for repair of a fractured tusk (anesthesia 3). Lateral recumbency and anesthesia were achieved with etorphine (anesthesia 1 and 2) or etorphine and azaperone (anesthesia 3). The elephant's trachea was intubated and anesthesia was maintained by use of isoflurane and oxygen delivered via 2 standard large animal anesthesia machines joined in parallel. The range of total recumbency time was 2.4 to 3.3 hours. Breathing and heart rates, systemic arterial pressure, rectal temperature, PaO2, pH, and end-tidal gases were monitored. After administration of etorphine, measurements were made while the air-breathing elephant was recumbent, then every 5 minutes (cardiovascular) or 15 minutes (blood gases) after commencement of administration of isoflurane and oxygen. Tachycardia and hypertension were detected after administration of etorphine, but heart rate and systemic arterial pressure decreased to within normal ranges after administration of isoflurane and oxygen. The elephant remained well oxygenated while anesthetized and breathing a high oxygen mixture. The elephant had an uneventful recovery from each anesthesia.

Anesthesia↗